在以知識為基礎的時代，知識已成為大多數經濟體發展最主要的要件之一。對企業來說，有價值的知識與智慧財產權必須擁有法律的保障，且具有原創性和獨特市場的特性。專利是一種為推進科技進步的法律和經濟方法，來鼓勵人們創造發明與促進經濟發展的保障制度。另外，專利具有高度的排他性，因此可保護發明人在法定期限內具有充分公開之發明內容的有效專屬權，且這些資訊可以作為競爭性分析以及技術開發的基礎。然而，如何將專利的資訊應用於公司的能力分析與策略的訂定卻很少被討論。所以本研究目的為解決研究的缺口。因此本研究以能力集合擴展為基礎更進一步的擴大範圍與專利資訊介紹，為跨越目前研究工作主要集中於專利資訊探勘的缺口。本文首先定義將進行分析的技術範圍，並確認選擇檢索的專利數據資料庫(例如美國專利商標局USPTO)，然後根據專利檢索結果來建構技術功效矩陣。為滿足某特定產品功能創新所需的技術，會基於混合多準則決策方法包括決策實驗室分析法(DEMATEL)基於網絡程序(DNP)以及以專家意見為基礎的方法VIKOR被評估與選擇。接著針對技術於現階段的能力與預期達到之能力的差距根據專家意見進行評估。為跨越技術能力集合之缺口所需之成本與時間來擴展，於是引入由Tzeng and Huang (2013)提出之以能力集合擴展為基礎之模糊多目標決策（FMODM）方法。根據上述能力集合擴展流程得出之結果，可以得出縮減能力缺口的成本與能力集合擴展路徑圖，應用於特定組織。所產生之最佳解為達到預期花費最少之成本。實證研究以停車場節能照明系統為例進行專利檢索並進行技術能力集合擴展，同時也可透過達到預期水準之擴展所需資源來驗證此方法架構的可行性，分析結果亦可以作為停車場節能照明系統策略訂定的基礎。

Patent is a legal and economic means to encourage people to create and invent, to take forward scientific and technological progress, and promote economic development of security systems. Such information provides detailed descriptions of invention and thus, can serve as basis for competitive analysis and further technology development. Therefore, this research aims to resolve this research gap. In order to cross the research gap between the current works which mainly focus on mining patent information, this research further extend the scope and introduce patent information as the basis for competence set expansion. The study first defines the scope of the technology to be analyzed. Then, the technology/functionality matrix is constructed according to the patent search results. The technology being required to fulfill the functionality belonging to some specific product innovation will be evaluated and selected based on hybrid MCDM methods consisting of the DEMATEL based ANP and the VIKOR method based on experts’ opinions. To cross the technology competence gaps, the cost and time being required for expanding. Based on the results being derived by the Competence Set Expansion processes, the costs and the competence set expansion roadmap being required for closing the competence gaps of some specific organization can be derived. The optimal solutions generated can determine the minimum budget necessary to achieve the meta-optimum. An empirical study based on the patent analysis of the parking lot energy-saving illumination system, a competence set expansion of the parking lot energy-saving illumination system technologies, as well as the derivations of resources being required for expanding the technological competences to the aspired level are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed analytic framework. The analytic results can also serve as the basis for strategy definitions of the parking lot energy-saving illumination system technologies.

Reference
Abraham, B. P., & Moitra, S. D. (2001). Innovation assessment through patent analysis. Technovation, 21(4), 245-252.
Asosheh, A., Nalchigar, S., & Jamporazmey, M. (2010). Information technology project evaluation: An integrated data envelopment analysis and balanced scorecard approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(8), 5931-5938.
Bacon, C. J. (1992). The use of decision criteria in selecting information systems/technology investments. MIS quarterly, 335-353.
Bandarian, R. (2008). Measuring commercial potential of a new technology at the early stage of development with fuzzy logic. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 2(4), 73-85.
Basberg, B. L. (1987). Patents and the measurement of technological change: a survey of the literature. Research Policy, 16(2), 131-141.
Bellman, R. (1952). On the theory of dynamic programming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 38(8), 716.
Boguslauskas, V., & Kvedaraviciene, G. (2015). Difficulties in identifying Company‘s Core Competencies and Core Processes. Engineering Economics, 62(2).
Brooks, N. (1996). The quest for competencies: competency studies can help you make HR decision, but the results are only as good as the study. Training, 33.
Cantwell, J., & Fai, F. (1999). Firms as the source of innovation and growth: the evolution of technological competence. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 9(3), 331-366.
Carlsson, C., & Korhonen, P. (1986). A parametric approach to fuzzy linear programming. Fuzzy sets and systems, 20(1), 17-30.
Cetindamar, D., Daim, T., Beyhan, B., & Basoglu, N. (2013). Strategic planning decisions in the high tech industry. US: Springer.
Chen, A., & Chen, R. (2007). Design patent map: an innovative measure for corporative design strategies. Engineering Management Journal, 19(3), 14-29.
Chen, R. (2009). Design patent map visualization display. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(10), 12362-12374.
Chen, T.-Y. (2001). Using competence sets to analyze the consumer decision problem. European journal of operational research, 128(1), 98-118.
Cheng, T.-Y. (2012). A New Method of Creating Technology/Function Matrix for Systematic Innovation without Expert. Journal of technology management & innovation, 7(1), 118-127.
Cheng, T.-Y., & Wang, M.-T. (2013). The Patent-Classification Technology/Function Matrix-A Systematic Method for Design Around. Journal of Intcllectunl Property Rights, 18, 158-167.
Choi, J., & Hwang, Y.-S. (2014). Patent keyword network analysis for improving technology development efficiency. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 83, 170-182.
Chyu, C.-C., & Fang, Y.-C. (2014). A hybrid fuzzy analytic network process approach to the new product development selection problem. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014.
Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A. (1995). Competing on Resources: Strategy in the 1990s. Harvard business review, 73(4), 118-128.
Daim, T. U., Rueda, G., Martin, H., & Gerdsri, P. (2006). Forecasting emerging technologies: Use of bibliometrics and patent analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 73(8), 981-1012.
Delgado, M. C. M., Garmendia, J. L. G., Cabanes, M. P. F., & Fernández-Mondéjar, E. (2016). Professional Competence and Teamwork in the Treatment of Patients With Acute and Critical Heart Disease. Revista Española de Cardiología, 69(6), 632-632.
Esfahani, S., Soltani, I., & Jafarpishep, J. (2013). Represent a Pattern for Extract and Prioritize Core Competence and Factors of Competitive Advantage using Multi-criteria Decision Methods. International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences, 2(9), 737-745.
Feng, J. W., & Yu, P. (1998). Minimum spanning table and optimal expansion of competence set. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 99(3), 655-679.
Gabus, A., & Fontela, E. (1972). World problems, an invitation to further thought within the framework of DEMATEL. Geneva, Switzerland: Battelle Geneva Research Center.
Gimzauskiene, E., & Staliuniene, J. D. (2015). Model of Core Competence Ranking in Audit Business. Engineering Economics, 21(2).
Grant, R. M. (1991). The Resource-based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-135.
Guillaume, R., Houé, R., & Grabot, B. (2014). Robust competence assessment for job assignment. European Journal of Operational Research, 238(2), 630-644.
Hall, B. H., Jaffe, A., & Trajtenberg, M. (2005). Market value and patent citations. RAND Journal of economics, 16-38.
Hall, R. (1992). The strategic analysis of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 13(2), 135-144.
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard business review, 68(3), 79-91.
Herce, J. L. (2001). WIPO patent information services for developing countries. World patent information, 23(3), 295-308.
Hoenen, S., Kolympiris, C., Schoenmakers, W., & Kalaitzandonakes, N. (2014). The diminishing signaling value of patents between early rounds of venture capital financing. Research Policy, 43(6), 956-989.
Hotelling, H. (1933). Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components. Journal of educational psychology, 24(6), 417.
Hsieh, Y.-l., Tzeng, G.-h., Lin, G. T.-R., & Yu, H.-c. (2010). Wafer sort bitmap data analysis using the PCA-based approach for yield analysis and optimization. IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, 23(4), 493-502.
Hsu, C.-W., Chang, P.-L., Hsiung, C.-M., & Lin, C.-Y. (2014). Commercial application scenario using patent analysis: Fermentative hydrogen production from biomass. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(33), 19277-19284.
Hu, Y.-C., Chen, R.-S., & Tzeng, G.-H. (2002). Generating learning sequences for decision makers through data mining and competence set expansion. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on, 32(5), 679-686.
Hu, Y.-C., Chen, R.-S., Tzeng, G.-H., & Chiu, Y.-J. (2003). Acquisition of compound skills and learning costs for expanding competence sets. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 46(5), 831-848.
Huang, C. Y., & Shyu, J. Z. (2006). Developing e-commerce business models for enabling silicon intellectual property transactions. International journal of information technology and management, 5(2), 114-133.
Huang, C. Y., Shyu, J. Z., & Tzeng, G. H. (2007). Reconfiguring the innovation policy portfolios for Taiwan's SIP Mall industry. Technovation, 27(12), 744-765.
Huang, C. Y., Tzeng, G. H., & Ho, W. R. J. (2011). System on chip design service e-business value maximization through a novel MCDM framework. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(7), 7947-7962.
Huang, J.-J., Tzeng, G.-H., & Ong, C.-S. (2006). Optimal fuzzy multi-criteria expansion of competence sets using multi-objectives evolutionary algorithms. Expert Systems with Applications, 30(4), 739-745.
Huang, K.-W., Huang, J.-H., & Tzeng, G.-H. (2016). New hybrid multiple attribute decision-making model for improving competence sets: enhancing a company’s core competitiveness. Sustainability, 8(2), 175.
Hung, C.-Y., & Lee, W.-Y. (2016). A proactive technology selection model for new technology: The case of 3D IC TSV. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 103, 191-202.
Javidan, M. (1998). Core competence: what does it mean in practice? Long range planning, 31(1), 60-71.
Ji, G. (2012). Research on the Intrinsic Relationship of Customer Value and Corporate Core Competence. Physics Procedia, 33, 1894-1898.
Jun, S. (2015). Patent Statistics for Technology Analysis. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 9(5), 155-164.
Junwen, F. (2012a). Competence System Management. Management Science and Engineering, 6(4), 7-14.
Junwen, F. (2012b). A Study on Competence Sets Expansion Facing on Engineering Management Decision. Management Science and Engineering, 6(4), 1-6.
Keršienė, K., & Savanevičienė, A. (2015). Defining and Understanding Organization Multicultural Competence. Engineering Economics, 42(2), 45-52.
Kim, H., & Song, J. (2013). Social network analysis of patent infringement lawsuits. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(5), 944-955.
Kim, Y. G., Suh, J. H., & Park, S. C. (2008). Visualization of patent analysis for emerging technology. Expert Systems with Applications, 34(3), 1804-1812.
King, A. W., & Zeithaml, C. P. (2001). Competencies and firm performance: Examining the causal ambiguity paradox. Strategic Management Journal, 22(1), 75-99.
Lee, H., Lee, S., & Park, Y. (2009). Selection of technology acquisition mode using the analytic network process. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 49(5), 1274-1282.
Lee, S., Yoon, B., Lee, C., & Park, J. (2009). Business planning based on technological capabilities: Patent analysis for technology-driven roadmapping. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(6), 769-786.
Levitas, E. F., McFadyen, M. A., & Loree, D. (2006). Survival and the introduction of new technology: a patent analysis in the integrated circuit industry. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 23(3), 182-201.
Li, H., & Yu, P. (1994). Optimal competence set expansion using deduction graphs. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 80(1), 75-91.
Liu, C. H., Tzeng, G. H., & Lee, M. H. (2012). Improving tourism policy implementation–The use of hybrid MCDM models. Tourism Management, 33(2), 413-426.
Liu, K., Yen, Y., & Kuo, Y.-H. (2013). A quick approach to get a technology-function matrix for an interested technical topic of patents. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 2(6), 85-96.
Liu, S.-J., & Shyu, J. (1997). Strategic planning for technology development with patent analysis. International Journal of Technology Management, 13(5-6), 661-680.
Małachowski, B., & Korytkowski, P. (2016). Competence-based performance model of multi-skilled workers. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 91, 165-177.
Meade, L. M., & Presley, A. (2002). R&D project selection using the analytic network process. IEEE transactions on engineering management, 49(1), 59-66.
MIAO, C.-l., FENG, J.-w., & WANG, H.-t. (2010). Competence Set Expansion Decision-Making Analysis Based on Important Degree Coefficient. Canadian Social Science, 3(6), 49-52.
Mills, J., Platts, K., & Bourne, M. (2003). Competence and resource architectures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 23(9), 977-994.
Mirabile, R. J. (1997). Everything You Wanted to Know about Competency Modeling. Training and development, 51(8), 73-77.
Öberg, C. (2013). Competence integration in creative processes. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(1), 113-124.
Opricovic, S. (1998). Multicriteria optimization of civil engineering systems. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade, 2(1), 5-21.
Opricovic, S., & Tzeng, G.-H. (2003). Defuzzification within a multicriteria decision model. International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, 11(05), 635-652.
Opricovic, S., & Tzeng, G. H. (2002). Multicriteria planning of post-earthquake sustainable reconstruction. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 17(3), 211-220.
Opricovic, S., & Tzeng, G. H. (2003). Fuzzy multicriteria model for post-earthquake land-use planning. Natural Hazards Review, 4(2), 59-64.
Opricovic, S., & Tzeng, G. H. (2007). Extended VIKOR method in comparison with outranking methods. European journal of operational research, 178(2), 514-529.
Pani, A. K., Amin, K. G., & Mohanta, H. K. (2016). Soft sensing of product quality in the debutanizer column with principal component analysis and feed-forward artificial neural network. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 55(2), 1667-1674.
Park, Y., Yoon, B., & Lee, S. (2005). The idiosyncrasy and dynamism of technological innovation across industries: patent citation analysis. Technology in Society, 27(4), 471-485.
Phillips-Wren, G. (2010). Advances in Intelligent Decision Technologies: Proceedings of the Second KES International Symposium IDT 2010 (Vol. 4). Verlag Berlin Hidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media.
Po, L. Y., & Zhang, D. (1992). Optimal expansion of competence sets and decision support. INFOR, 30(2), 68.
Schragis, S. (2000). The Economics and Management of Intellectual Property: Towards Intellectual Capitalism. Publishing Research Quarterly, 16(3), 85-85.
Sheau-Pyng, J., Ming-Fong, L., & Chin-Yuan, F. (2012). Using patent analysis to analyze the technological developments of virtualization. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 146-154.
Shee, D. Y. (2006). An analytic framework for competence set expansion: lessons learned from an SME. Total Quality Management, 17(8), 981-997.
Shehabuddeen, N., Probert, D., & Phaal, R. (2006). From theory to practice: challenges in operationalising a technology selection framework. Technovation, 26(3), 324-335.
Shen, Y.-C., Lin, G. T., & Tzeng, G.-H. (2011). Combined DEMATEL techniques with novel MCDM for the organic light emitting diode technology selection. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(3), 1468-1481.
Shi, D., & Yu, P. (1996). Optimal expansion and design of competence sets with asymmetric acquiring costs. Journal of Optimization theory and Applications, 88(3), 643-658.
Shi, D., & Yu, Y. J. (2011). Design of linear phase FIR filters with high probability of achieving minimum number of adders. Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on, 58(1), 126-136.
Shneiderman, B. (1997). The next generation of graphical user interfaces: information visualization and better window management. Displays, 17(3), 125-129.
Son, C., Suh, Y., Jeon, J., & Park, Y. (2012). Development of a GTM-based patent map for identifying patent vacuums. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(3), 2489-2500.
Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, P. S. M. (1993). Competence at Work models for superior performance. US: John Wiley & Sons.
Su, F.-P., & Lai, K.-K. (2011). Using Patent Family to Explore Core Technological Competence Development. International Journal of Commerce and Strategy, 3(2), 67-79.
Teece, D. J. (2006). Reflections on "Profiting from Innovation". Research Policy, 35(8), 1131-1146.
Trappey, C. V., Trappey, A. J., Peng, H.-Y., Lin, L.-D., & Wang, T.-M. (2014). A knowledge centric methodology for dental implant technology assessment using ontology based patent analysis and clinical meta-analysis. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 28(2), 153-165.
Tsai, J.-F., Wang, P.-C., & Lin, M.-H. (2012). Optimal expansion of competence sets with multilevel skills. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 62(3), 770-776.
Tzeng, G.-H., & Huang, J.-J. (2013). Fuzzy multiple objective decision making. New York: CRC Press.
Tzeng, G., & Opricovic, S. (2002). A comparative analysis of the DEA-CCR model and the VIKOR method. Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research, 18, 187-203.
Tzeng, G. H., Chiang, C. H., & Li, C. W. (2007). Evaluating intertwined effects in e-learning programs: A novel hybrid MCDM model based on factor analysis and DEMATEL. Expert Systems with Applications, 32(4), 1028-1044.
Tzeng, G. H., Lin, C. W., & Opricovic, S. (2005). Multi-criteria analysis of alternative-fuel buses for public transportation. Energy Policy, 33(11), 1373-1383.
Tzeng, G. H., Teng, M. H., Chen, J. J., & Opricovic, S. (2002a). Multicriteria selection for a restaurant location in Taipei. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 21(2), 171-187.
Waters, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Social competence as a developmental construct. Developmental review, 3(1), 79-97.
Wong, K. C. (2011). Using an Ishikawa diagram as a tool to assist memory and retrieval of relevant medical cases from the medical literature. Journal of medical case reports, 5(1), 120.
Yu, P.-L. (1991). Habitual domains. Operations Research, 39(6), 869-876.
Yu, P.-L., & Chen, Y.-C. (2010). Dynamic MCDM, Habitual Domains and Competence Set Analysis for Effective Decision Making in Changeable Spaces. In M. Ehrgott, R. J. Figueira & S. Greco (Eds.), Trends in Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (pp. 1-35). Boston, MA: Springer.
Yu, P.-L., & Chen, Y.-C. (2012). Dynamic multiple criteria decision making in changeable spaces: from habitual domains to innovation dynamics. Annals of Operations Research, 197(1), 201-220.
Yu, P., & Zhang, D. (1993). Marginal analysis for competence set expansion. Journal of Optimization theory and Applications, 76(1), 87-109.
Zehir, C., Acar, A., & Tanriverdi, H. (2006). Identifying organizational capabilities as predictors of growth and business performance. The Business Review, 5(2), 109-116.
Zha, X., & Chen, M. (2010). Study on early warning of competitive technical intelligence based on the patent map. Journal of Computers, 5(2), 274-281.