本研究旨在探討透過不同教學媒體的型態，包含電腦簡報投影片媒體（PowerPoint）、作品展示、錄影媒體及電腦媒體對餐旅相關科系學生「創意廚藝」課程修習的學習動機與學習成效之影響。採用準實驗研究法，進行實際的教學實驗，以中餐廚藝系及餐旅管理學系大四選修「創意廚藝」課程之學生為對象，透過問卷調查與教師訪談，獲致之主要研究結果如下：

一、不同教學媒體的運用，對於學生學習動機的影響的確有所不同。其中
以錄影媒體所引起學生學習動機效果最好，作品展示次之。
二、經媒體教學實驗介入之後，學生在廚藝創意產品「專業技能構面」、「香
氣、味道與口感構面」、「色彩構面」、「造型與排盤構面」、「盤飾
構面」、「器皿構面」、「食材選用構面」、「整體評估構面」皆達顯
著，即學生的學習成效有所進步。此外，經由訪談結果分析，教師對於教
學媒體使用皆持肯定的態度，特別是餐旅相關科系學生偏好實務操作課
程，透過錄影媒體以及作品展示媒體的輔助教學，有助於對於此單元的學
習啟發，並提升其學習成效。
三、運用錄影媒體之學習動機與創意產品之表現有關聯，媒體所引起之學
習動機愈高者，其創意產品表現愈佳，顯示學習成效也愈好。

依據上述之研究結果，對餐旅廚藝教學及未來研究提出建議。

一、中文部份

王珩(2005)。從ARCS 模式探討英語學習動機之激發策略。臺中教育
大學學報：人文藝術類，19(2)，89-100。
朱則剛(1994)。教育工學的發展與派典演化。臺北市：師大書苑。
李宗薇(1992)。教學媒體與教育工學。臺北市：師大書苑。
李春芳(1990)。國民中學教學媒體之研究。臺北市：師大書苑。
吳天元(2001)。美國、歐洲各國與我國技職教育發展趨勢之比較。技職教
育新意涵國際教育學術研討會，國立臺北科技大學。
沈中偉(2004)。科技與學習理論與實務。臺北市：心理。
邱皓政(2006)。量化研究法（二）：統計原理與分析技術。臺北市：雙葉書
廊。
林奇賢(1998)。網路學習環境的設計與應用。資訊與教育，67，34-49。
林菁、李曉媛(2003)。網路教學的媒體呈現方式之研究。教學科技與媒
體，65，34-58。
岳修平(1999）。網路教學於學校教育之應用。課程與教學季刊，2(4) ，
61-76
周文欽(2002)。研究方法--實徵性研究取向。臺北市：心理。
洪久賢(2004a)。從美澳餐旅教育發展模式反思台灣餐旅教育之發展。師大學
報：教育類，48(2)，125-150。
洪久賢(2004b)。餐旅網路數位學習之探討研究。中華家政學刊，36，93-
113。
洪久賢、胡夢蕾(2008)。廚藝創造力發展歷程量表之發展研究。教育心理學
報，已接受刊登，付印中。
陳正昌(2004)。行為及社會科學統計學：統計軟體應用。臺北市：巨流圖
書。
陳龍安(2004)。創造思考教學的理論與實際（5版）。臺北市：心理。
黃政傑(1996)。教學媒體與教學資源。臺北市 : 師大書苑。
黃耀德、蕭顯勝(2006)。ARCS動機設計模式在網路教學的應用—以
生活科技課程為例。學習環境設計與開發。第十屆全球華人計算機
教育應用會議，北京清華大學。
彭台臨(2001)。知識經濟時代的職業教育政策。技職教育新意涵國際教育學
術研討會，國立臺北科技大學。
楊美雪(2002)。教學媒體訊息設計之研究。臺北市：漢文。
楊昭景、邱文彬(2006)。技術課程教師對大學生學習型態與職業刻板印象的
影響：示範有利性的角色。教育心理學報，38(2)，131-150。
張添洲(2000)。教學教法--發展與革新。臺北市：五南。
張玉燕(1994)。教學媒體。臺北市：五南。
張霄亭(1994)。視聽教育與教學媒體。臺北市：五南。
張霄亭(1994)。中國視聽教育會出席美國視聽教育會(AECT)1994年年會暨
美、日考察視聽教育報告。視聽教育，35(6)，1-11。
張霄亭(1997)。淺談「教學媒體」與「教學科技」的「定義、領域範疇」發
展。台灣教育，560，2-7。
張霄亭(2002)。教學媒體與學習科技。臺北市：雙葉書廊。
張靜儀(2005)。國小自然科教學個案研究—以ARCS動機模式解析。科學教育
學刊，13(2)，191-216。
梁雲霞(2003)。大腦知識與教學。臺北市：遠流。

二、西文部份

Airey, D., & Tribe, J. (2000) . In Search of Hospitality: theoretical perspectives and
debates, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Alavi, M., Marakas, G. M., & Yoo, Y. (2002). A comparative study of distributed
learning environments on learning outcomes. Information Systems
Research,13(4), 404-415.
Alessi. S. M., & Trollip, S.R. (2001). Multimedia for learning: Methods and
development. (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. NY: Springer-Verlag .
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organization. In B.M.
Staw, & L. L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 10,
123-167. Aldine Publishing Company.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in Context: Update to the Social Psychology of
Creativity. Oxford: Westview Press, Inc.
Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating Creativity in Organizations: On Doing What You
Love and Loving What You Do. California Management Review, 40(1), 39-58.
Andrew, D., & Karen, P. (2003). Becoming a Chef. (Revised ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons.
Apperson, J. M., Laws, E. L., & Scepansky, J. A. (2006).The impact of presentation
graphics on students’ experience in the classroom. Computers & Education,
47(1), 116-126.
Ashley, R. A., Bach, S.A., Chesser, J.W., Ellis, E.T., Ford, R.C., LeBruto, S.M.,
Milman, A., Pizam, A., & Quain, W.J. (1995). A customer-based approach to
hospitality education. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration
Quarterly, 36(4), 74-79.
Balazs, K. (2001) Some like it haute: leadership lessons from France’s great chefs.
Organizational Dynamics, 30(2), 134-148.
Balazs, K. (2002). Take one entrepreneur: The recipe for success of France’s great
chefs. European Management Journal, 20(3), 247-259.
Barron, P., & Arcodia, C. (2002). Linking learning style preferences and ethnicity:
international students studying hospitality and tourism management in Australia.
Journal If Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education 1 (2), 1-13.
Basadur, M. S., Runco, M. A., & Vega, L. A. (2000). Understanding how creative
thinking skills, attitudes and behaviors work together: A causal process model.
Journal of Creative Behavior, 34(2), 77-87.
Bassili, J. N. (2006). Promotion and prevention orientations in the choice to attend
lectures or watch them online. Journal of computer Assisted Learning 22(6),
444-455.
Bates, A.W., & Poole, G. (2003). Effective Teaching with Technology in Higher
Education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Berliner, D. C., & Gage, N. L. (1998). Educational psychology. Boston, NY:
Houghton Mifflin Company.
Bockoven, J. (2004). The pedagogical toolbox: Computer-generated visual displays,
classroom demonstration, and lecture. Psychological Reports, 94(3), 967-975.
Bowie, M. M. (1985). Media utilization in the classroom. Drexel Library Quarterly,
21(2), 105-125
Briggs, L. J., & Wager, W. W. (1981). Handbook of procedures for the design of
instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Education Technology Publications.
Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (1997). Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS for Windows. London: Routedge.
Cassidy, S. (2003). Learning styles: an overview of theories, models and measures.
Paper presented at the 8th Annual Conference of the European Learning Styles
Information Network (ELSIN), June 30th - July 2nd, 2003, Hull, UK.
Chang, M., & Lehman, J.D. (2002). Learning Foreign Language through an Interactive
Multimedia Program: An Experimental Study on the Effects of the Relevance
Component of the ARCS Model. CALICO Journal, 20(1), 81-98.
Clark, R.E. (1985). Confounding in educational computing research. Journal of
Educational Computing Research, 1(2), 137-148.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.).
Hillsdale, NJ: Eribaum.
Cole, D. G., Sugioka, H. L., & Yamagata-Lynch, L. C. (1999). Supportive classroom
environments on creativity in higher education. Journal of Creative Behavior, 33(4), 277-293.
Conrad, D.L. (2002). Engagement, excitement, anxiety, and fear: Learners’
experiences of starting an online course. The American Journal of Distance
Education, 16(4), 205-226.
Cropp, D. (1990). Are media needs being met for the beginning teachers? Journal of
Education Technology System, 18(3).215-234.
Csikszentmihalyi, M.,＆Wolfe, R. (2000). New Conceptions and research approaches
to creativity: Implications of systems perspective for creativity in Education. In
K. A. Heller, F. (6) J. Monks, R. J. Sternberg, & R. F. Subotnik. (eds.).
International Handbook of Giftedness and Talents. (2nd ed .). NY: Pergamon,
81-93.
Curry, L. (1987). Integrating Concepts of Cognitive or Learning Styles: A Review
With Attention to Psychometric Standards. Ottawa, ON: Canadian College of
Health Service Executives.
Daniels, L. (1999). Introducing technology in the classroom: PowerPoint as a first
step. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 10(2), 42-56.
Dennis H, F., & Florence, B. (1985). Encourage creativity in hospitality education. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 26(2), 74-76.
DeVells, R. F. (1999). Scale development: Theory and application. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Dunn, R.,& Dunn, K. (1993). Teaching Secondary Students Through Their Individual
Learning Styles. West Nyack, NY：Parker Publishing.
Dunn, R., Griggs, S. (2000). Practical Approaches to Using Learning Styles in Higher
Education. Westport, CN: Bergin & Garvey.
Dutton, W., & Lievrouw, L. (1982). Teleconferencing as an educational medium.
Madison: University of Wisconsin-Extension, Center for Interactive Programs.
Eom, W., & Reiser, R. A.(2000). The effects of self-regulation and instructional
control on performance and motivation in computer-based instruction.
International Journal of Instructional media, 27(3), 247-260.
Ferguson, D.H., & Berger, F., (1985). Encouraging creativity in hospitality Education.
Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 26(2), 74-76.
Frank, M., Reich, N., & Humphreys, K.(2003). Respecting the human needs of
students in the development of e-learning.Computers & Education, 40(1), 57-70.
Gary A. F. (1992). The culture of Production：Aesthetic choices and Constraints in
Culinary Work . The American Journal of Sociology, 97(5), 1268-1294.
Gazzoli, J. J. (1995). The recipe for “three star” management success. Trusts &
Estates, 134(12), 8-14.
Given, B. (2002). Teaching to Brain’s Natural Learning Systems. Alexandria,
VA : ASCD.
Grebner, R. (1997). Use of instructional materials in universal teleteaching
environments. Computer Networks and ISDN System, 29(15), 1787-1797.
Gropper, G. L. (1991). Text display: Analysis and systematic design. Englewood
Cliffs,NJ: Educational Technology.
Hayagreeva, R., Philippe, M., & Rodolphe, D. (2003). Institutional change in Toque
Villa: Nouvelle cuisine as an identity movement in French gastronomy. The
American Journal of Sociology, 108(4), 795-843.
Hegarty, J.A., & O’Mahony, G.B. (2001). Gastronomy: A phenomenon of cultural
expressionism and an aesthetic for living. International Journal of Hospitality
Management, 20(1), 3-13.
Hegarty, J. (2004). Standing the heat: Assuring curriculum quality in culinary arts and
gastronomy. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., & Russell, J. D. (1993). Instructional Media and the New
Technologies of Instruction. ( 3thed.). NY: Macmillan..
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J.D., & Smaldino, S. E. (2002). Instructional
Media and Technologies for Learning（7thed.）Upper Saddle, NJ: Merrill Prentice
Hall.
Horng, J. H. (2006, May). The research on creative culinary products. Proceedings of the 12th Asia Pacific Tourism Association & 4th ApacCHRIE Joint Conference, HuaLian, Taiwan.
Horng, J. ,& Lee, Y. (2006a). What does it take to be a creative culinary artists?
Journal of Culinary Science and Technology, 5, (2/3), 5-22.
Horng, J., & Lee, Y. (2006b). What environmental factors influence creative culinary
artists? Proceedings of the 12th Asia Pacific Tourism Association & 4th ApacCHRIE Joint Conference, HuaLian, Taiwan.
Horng, J. H., & Lin, L. (2007, Jul.). The development of evaluation tools for creative
culinary product. Proceedings of the 1st Hospitality & Leisure: Business
Advances and Applied Research Conference, Lausanne. Switzerland.
Horton, S. (2000). Web teaching guide: a practical approach to creating course web
sites. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hsu, C.H.C. (1996). Needs and Concerns of International Students: What Can
Educators Do ? Hospitality and Tourism Educator, 8(2/3), 68-75.
Hsu, C. H.C. (1999). Learning styles of hospitality students: Nature or nature?
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18(1), 17-30.
Keller, J. M. (1983). “Motivational design of instruction,” In C. M. Reigeluth
(Ed.) Instructional design theories and models, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Keller, J. M. (1987a). Development and use of the ARCS Model of instructional
desing. Journal of instructional development, (10)3, 2-10.
Keller, J. M. (1987b). Strategies for stimulating the motivation to learn. Perfomance
and Instruction, 26(8), 1-7.
Keller, J. M. (1987c). The systematic process of motivational design. Perfomance and
Instruction, 26(9-10), 1-8.
Koehler. M., Yadav. A., Phillips. M., & Cavazos-Kottke S. (2005) . What is video good
for? Examining how media and story genre interact. Journal of Educational
Multimedia and Hypermedia, 14(3), 249-272.
Kozma, R.B. (1991). Learning with media. Review of Educational Research, 61(2),
79-211.
Kozma, R.B. (1994). Will media influence learning? Reframing the debate.
Educational Technology Research and Development 42(2), 7-19.
Lashley, C. (1999). On making silk purse: developing reflective practitioners in
hospitality management education. International Journal of Contemporary
Hospitality Management , 11(4), 180-185.
Lashley, C., & Barron, P. (2006). The learning style preferences of hospitality and
tourism students: Observations from an international and cross-cultural study.
International journal of Hospitality Management, 25(4), 552-569.
Lee, C. Y. (2000). Student motivation in the online learning environment. Journal of
Educational Technology, 1(1), 7-30.
Lee, W. W., & Owens, D. L. (2000). Multimedia-based instructional design:
Computer-based training, web-based training, distance broadcast training. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.
Leffingwell, T. R., Thams, D.G., & Elliott, W. H.(2007) . Microsoft Producer: A
Software Tool for Creating Multimedia PowerPoint ® Presentations. Teaching of
Psychology, 34(1), 57-63.
Lubart, T. I., & Gatz, I.(1997). Emotion, metaphor, and the creative process. Creative
Research Journal, 10(4), 285-301.
Lundberg, C. C. (1998). A prolegomen to course in hospitality management:
Fundamental considerations.Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 10(2),
28.
Maki, R.H., & Maki,W.S. (2002). Multimedia comprehension skill predicts
differential outcomes of Web-based and lecture courses. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 8(2), 85-98.
Maki R.H., & Maki W.S. (2003) . Prediction of learning and satisfaction in Web-based
and lecture courses. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 28(3), 97-219.
Mantei, E. J. (2000). Using internet class notes and PowerPoint in physical geology
lecture: comparing the success of computer technology with traditional teaching
techniques. Journal of College Science Teaching, 29(5), 301-305.
Mayer, R. E. (2003), The promise of multimedia learning: using the same instructional
design methods across different media. Learning and Instruction, 13(2), 125-139.
McCombs, B. L. (2000). Reducing the achievement gap. Society, 37 (5), 29-39.
Mielke K.W. (1968). Questioning the questions of ETV research. Educational
Broadcasting Review , 2, 6-15.
Moir, J. (2002), "The ultimate challenge", Daily Telegraph, 7-8.
Misanchuk, E. R. (1992). Preparing instructional text: Document design Using
desktop publishing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology.
Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance education: A systems view. Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth.
Moreno, R. (2006). Does the modality principle hold for different media? A test of the
method-affects-learning hypothesis. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,
22(3), 149-158.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed). NY: McGraw-Hill.
Perlik, A., Sheridanand M., & Yee, L. (2003). Kitchen conjurers: Fifteen chefs worth
watching as they help shape foodservice's future. Restaurants and Institutions,
113(27), 20-36.
Perlik, A.. (2002). Chfes a la mode. Restaurant & Institution, 15, 40-52.
Peterson, M. W. (1997). Planning and management for a changing environment: A
handbook on redesigning postsecondary institutions. San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass.
Pratten, J. D. (2003). What makes a great chef? British Food Journal, 105(7), 454-459.
Rieber, L. (1989). A Review of Animation Research in CBI. In Proceedings of selected
research papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for
Educational Communications and Technology, 370-489, Dallas, TX.
Ridge, D. ( 2001). Training Culinary Talent. Food Management, 20-28.
Rodgers, D.L., & Withrow- Thorton, B.J. (2005). The effect of instructional media on
learner motivation. International Journal of Instructional Media , 32(4), 333-342.
Romiszowski, A. J. (1990). Designing instruction systems : Decision making in course
planning and curriculum design. New York, NY : Nichols Publishing.
Reiser, R., & Gagne, R. M. (1982). Characteristics of media selection models. Review
of Education Research, 52(4), 499-512.
Reiser, R. A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part1: A
History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and
Development, 49(1), 53-64.
Rubinsten, R. & Hersh, H. M. (1984). The Human factor: Designing computer system
for people. NY: Digital Press.
Runco, M. A., & Walberg, H. J. (1998). Personal explicit theories of creativity. The
Journal of Creative Behavior, 32(1), 1-17.
Sachs, J. (2001). A path model for adult learner feedback. Educational Psychology,
21(3), 267-275.
Sadler-Smith, E. (1997). Learning style frameworks and instruments. Educational
Psychology, 17 (1/2), 51-65.
Santich, B. (2004). The study of gastronomy and its relevance to hospitality education
and training. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(1), 15-24.
Sankaran, S. R., & Bui, T. (2001). Impact of learning strategies and motivation on
performance: a study in web-based instruction. Journal of Instructional
Psychology, 28(3), 191-198.
Sankaran, S. R., Sankaran D., & Bui T.X. (2000). Effects ofstudent attitude to course
format on learning performance: an empirical study in Web vs. Lecture
instruction. Journal of Instructional Technology 27(1), 66-73.
Schramm W. (1977) . Big Media, Little Media. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
Schunk, D. H. (1990). Goal setting and self-efficacy during self-regulated learning.
Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 71-86.
Schuster, K. (2000). What a concept! How to build successful in-house brands. Food
Management, 35(7), 34-36.
Seels, B., & Glasgow, Z. (1998). Making Instructional Design Decision. NJ:
Prentice-Hall, Ins.
Small, R. (2000). Motivation in instructional design. Teacher Librarian, 27(5), 29-31.
Small, R. V., & Gluck, M. (1994). The Relationship of Motivational Conditions to
Effective Instructional. Educational Techology, 36 (8), 33-40.
Smith, G., & Cooper, C. (2000). Competitive approaches to tourism and hospitality curriculum design. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 90-96.
Smith, S. M., & Woody, P. C. (2000). Interactive effect of multimedia instruction and
learning styles. Teaching of Psychology, 27(3), 220-223.
Song, S.H., & Keller, J.M. (2001). Effectiveness of motivationally adaptive
computer-assisted instruction on the dynamics aspects of motivation .
Educational Technology, 49(2), 5-22.
Starko, A. J. (1995). Creativity in the classroom: Schools of curious delight. New
York, NY: Longman Publishers.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T.I . (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and
paradigms, In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp.3-15). NY:
Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Williams, W. M. (1996). Developing creativity in students。
Alexandria,VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development。
Strom, R.D., & Strom, P.S. (2002). Changing the rules：Education for creative
thinking. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 36(3), 183-200.
Susskind, J. E. (2005). PowerPoint’s power in the classroom: enhancing students’
self-efficacy and attitude. Computer & Education, 45(2), 203-215.
Tan, A. G. (2001). Singaporean teachers’ perception of activities useful for fostering
creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 35(2), 131-148.
Thies, A.P. (2003). Connections: neuropsychology, neuroscience, and learning styles.
Paper presented at the 8th Annual Conference of the European Learning Styles
Information Network (ELSIN), June 30th - July 2nd, 2003, Hull, UK.
Tormod, N., & Tone, E. N. (2004). Creative design- an efficient tool for product
development. Food Quality and Preference, 15(2), 97-104.
Tufe, E. R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, CT:
Graphics Press
Wang A.Y., & Newlin M.H. (2000). Characteristics of students who enroll and
succeed in psychology Web based classes. Journal of Educational
Psychology , 92(1), 137-143.
Wileman, R. E. (1993). Visual communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational
Technology.
Willis, B. (1992). Making distance learning effective：key roles and responsibilities.
Educational Technology, 36(2), 35-37.
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation. Psychology
Review, 92(4), 548-573.
Westlake, J. (2002). Issue of curriculum in tourism and hospitality Education: A UK
Perspective. Proceedings of 2002 Hospitality Education International Conference
(pp.17-40).Taipei, Taiwan.
Wong, S., & Pang, L. (2003). Motivators to creativity in the hotel industry –
perspectives of managers and supervisors. Tourism management, 24(5), 551-559.
Yang, J. F. (2006). The discussion of media selection and accessible equity in distance
Education. Journal of American Academy of Business, 10(1), 126-130.