讚美是日常生活中經常出現的言語行為。過往以讚美言語行為為主題的研究大多皆聚焦於面對面溝通，較少以網路溝通中的讚美言語行為作為研究主題。此外，在跨文化語用學研究中，讚美行為對比的文獻中多數以英文對比其他語言為主，對比中德讚美言語行為之研究仍為少數。本研究欲藉由網路語境中之真實語料，對比中德讚美言語行為，探討其中異同之處，因此本研究以在臺灣與德國皆具代表性的旅遊評論網站《Booking.com》作為語料來源，蒐集中、德語料共1200筆，語料發表時間介於2018至2021之間，本研究的分析重點為中文與德文使用者實施讚美行為策略時，所採取的主體策略、輔助策略以及策略結構組合。
研究結果顯示，中、德偏好的兩大主體策略皆為肯定策略與表願策略。策略的結構上，兩者皆以兩種主體策略結構為主，單一主體策略為輔。中文偏好同時搭配單一輔助策略來實施讚美行為，而德文語料則以不使用任何輔助策略為主。至於輔助策略，中文使用者的首選為自述策略，德文則是釋因策略。本研究試圖以高／低語境、集體／個人主義文化以及單任務型／反應型文化來解釋研究結果，本研究認為德文網路讚美語料反映出德國的文化標準，而中文網路的讚美行為比起面對面溝通更為直接。
根據研究結果，本研究設計出一份華語讚美言語行為教案，並提供四種練習題型供教師參考，希望能藉此提升學習者在中文語境裡恰當使用讚美策略的語用能力。

Praise is a common speech act in daily life. Most previous studies on the speech act of compliment focused on face-to-face communication, while relatively few had the speech act of compliment in online communication as the research topic. In addition, in the literature on cross-cultural pragmatics research, most articles focus on the comparison of compliment acts between English and other languages, while there continue to be few studies on the comparison of the speech act of compliment between Chinese and German. This study aims to compare the speech act of compliment between Chinese and German and explore the similarities and differences using real corpus in an online context. Therefore, this study used Booking.com, a representative tourism review website in both Taiwan and Germany, as the corpus source and collected 1,200 entries of corpus in Chinese and German published from 2018 to 2021. The analysis in this study focused on the main strategies, auxiliary strategies, and strategy structure combinations adopted by Chinese and German users when employing compliment act strategies.
The results showed that the two main strategies preferred by Chinese and German users were the affirmation strategy and wish expression strategy. In terms of the structure of strategies, both Chinese and German users mainly adopted a structure of two main strategies and a single main strategy as the auxiliary strategy. Chinese users preferred to simultaneously use a single auxiliary strategy to implement the praise act, while German corpus mostly did not use an auxiliary strategy. For auxiliary strategies, the first choice for Chinese users was the self-report strategy, while for German users, it was the cause interpretation strategy. This study attempts to explain the results in terms of high/low context, collective/individualistic culture, and single-task/reactive culture. It holds that the German online praise corpus reflects the cultural standards in Germany, while the Chinese online praise act is more direct than face-to-face communication.
According to the research results, this study designed a teaching plan for the Chinese speech act of compliment and provided four types of practice exercises for teachers’ reference in the hope of improving learners’ pragmatic ability to use praise strategies appropriately, in the Chinese context.

中文文獻
丁梅芳（2010）。論外語教學中語言能力的培養。赤峰學院學報（哲學社會科學版），31(1)，153-154。
尹良潤（2009）。數字化時代的流行文化―以網路“火星文”為例。天津師範大學學報（社會科學版），3，66-69。
王雅萱（2019)。漢英網路評論的讚美行為對比研究。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文（未出版）。
申麗輝（2006）。網路語言探析。紅河學院學報，4(2)，87-89。
李子瑄、曹逢甫（2009）。漢語語言學。新北市：正中書局。
何兆熊（2000）。新編語用概要。上海：上海外語教育出版社。
何自然、冉永平（2009）。新編語用學概論。北京：北京大學出版社。
沈光浩（2009）。網路語言的語值考察。渤海大學學報（哲學社會科學版），31(1)，135-139。
卓淑玲、陳學志、鄭昭明（2013）。臺灣地區華人情緒與相關心理生理資料庫－中文情緒詞常模研究。中華心理學刊，55(4)，493-523。
林麗娟（2012）。電腦媒介溝通。檢自：http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1678778/
范曉、陳光磊、杜高印（1987）。漢語動詞概述。上海：上海外語教育出版社。
唐紅芳（2007）。跨文化語用失誤研究。四川：西南交通大學出版社。
桂孟秋（2007）。淺議網路語言。河南財政稅務高等專科學校學報，21(5)，92-93。
張有軍（2009）。口頭語？書面語？－網路語言對語體二分法的挑戰。US-China Foreign Language，7(11)，5-8。
梁麗（2010）。現代漢語第二人稱代詞的社會語言學解析。中南林業科技大學學報，4(4), 104-106。
許國萍（2007）。現代漢語差比範疇研究。上海：學林出版社。
湯廷池、許淑慎（2014）。華語詞法研究入門（上）。臺北：致良出版社。
湯璐、許川妹、楊會蘭（2015）。北京地區第二人稱代詞用法的社會語言學研究。現代語文，30，90-93。
黃素文（2009）。淺析網絡語言中的符號網語。現代語文，12，86-88。
賈玉新（1997）。跨文化交際學。上海：上海外語教育出版社。
鄭昭明、陳英孜、卓淑玲、陳學志（2013）。華人情緒類別的結構分析。中華心理學刊，55(4)，417-438。
謝佳玲（2015）。漢語與英語跨文化對比：網路社會之語用策略研究。臺北：文鶴出版有限公司。
瞿學偉（1995）。中國人的面具人格模式。二十一世紀雙月刊，12，149-157。
鐘艷萍、王吉明（2009）。網路語言新探。萍鄉高等專科學校學報，26(2)， 104-107。
顧曰國（1992）。禮貌、語用與文化。外語教學與研究，4，10-17。

教材
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第一冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第二冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第三冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第四冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第五冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第六冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第七冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第八冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第九冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
孫懿芬主編（2016）。學華語向前走第十冊課本（A、B）。臺灣：行政院僑務委員會。
葉德明主編（2020）。遠東生活華語（第一冊）。臺北市：遠東圖書公司。
葉德明主編（2020）。遠東生活華語（第二冊）。臺北市：遠東圖書公司。
葉德明主編（2020）。遠東生活華語（第三冊）。臺北市：遠東圖書公司。
鄧守信主編（2015）。當代中文課程（第一冊）。新北市：聯經出版社有限公司。
鄧守信主編（2015）。當代中文課程（第二冊）。新北市：聯經出版社有限公司。
鄧守信主編（2015）。當代中文課程（第三冊）。新北市：聯經出版社有限公司。
鄧守信主編（2015）。當代中文課程（第四冊）。新北市：聯經出版社有限公司。
鄧守信主編（2015）。當代中文課程（第五冊）。新北市：聯經出版社有限公司。
鄧守信主編（2015）。當代中文課程（第六冊）。新北市：聯經出版社有限公司。
謝佳玲主編（2017）。新版實用視聽華語1。臺北市：正中書局。
謝佳玲主編（2017）。新版實用視聽華語2。臺北市：正中書局。
謝佳玲主編（2017）。新版實用視聽華語3。臺北市：正中書局。
謝佳玲主編（2017）。新版實用視聽華語4。臺北市：正中書局。
謝佳玲主編（2017）。新版實用視聽華語5。臺北市：正中書局。
Liu, Y., & Yao, D. (2018). Integrated Chinese. Boston, MA: Cheng & Tsui.

英文文獻
Adachi, C. (2011). Sociolinguistic investigation of compliments and compliment responses among young Japanese (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, England.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford, England: The Clarendon.
Barnlund, D. C., & Araki, S. (1985). Intercultural encounters: The management of compliments by Japanese and Americans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16(1), 9-26. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002185016001002
Bardovi-Harlig, K. (2013). Developing L2 Pragmatics. Language Learning, 63(1), 68-86. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00738.x
Billmyer, K. (1990). "I really like your lifestyle": ESL learners learning how to compliment. Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, 6(2), 31-48.
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Boxer, D., & Pickering, L. (1995). Problems in the presentation of speech acts in ELT materials: the case of complaints. ELT Journal, 49(1), 44-58. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/49.1.44
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, D. (2008). Txtng: The gr8 db8. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Ferrara, K., Brunner, H., & Whittemore, G. (1991). Interactive written discourse as an emergent register. Written Communication, 8, 34-38.
Gao, G., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1998). Communicating effectively with the Chinese. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. A., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., Duan, L., Almaliach, A., Ang, S., Arnadottir, J., Aycan, Z., Boehnke, K., Boski, P., Cabecinhas, R., Chan, D., Chhokar, J., D'Amato, A., Ferrer, M., Fischlmayr, I. C., Fischer, R., Fülöp, M., Georgas, J., Kashima, E. S., Kashima, Y., Kim, K., Lempereur, A., Marquez, P., Othman, R., Overlaet, B., Panagiotopoulou, P., Peltzer, K., Perez-Florizno, L. R., Ponomarenko, L., Realo, A., Schei, V., Schmitt, M., Smith, P. B., Soomro, N., Szabo, E., Taveesin, N., Toyama, M., Van de Vliert, E., Vohra, N., Ward, C., & Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332(6033), 1100-1104. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197754
Ghanbaran, S., Rahimi, M., & Rasekh, A. E. (2014). Intensifiers in Persian discourse: Apology and compliment speech acts in focus. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 542-551. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.450
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41-58). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Gu, Y. G. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(2), 237-257.
Gudykunst, W. B., Ting-Toomey, S., & Chua, E. (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gudykunst, W. B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., & Nishida, T. (1996). The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research, 22(4), 510-543. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00377.x
Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1192-1217. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.827159
Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. (1990). Understanding cultural differences. Yarmouth, Me: Intercultural Press
Hawkins, D. I. (2001). Consumer behavior: building marketing strategy. Eighth edition. Boston: Irwin/McGraw Hill.
Herring, S. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social and cross-cultural perspectives. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Hofstede, G. (1983a). National cultures revisited. Behavior Science Research, 18(4), 285-305. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718301800403
Hofstede, G. (1983b). National cultures in four dimensions: A research-based theory of cultural differences among nations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 13(1/2), 46-74. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40396953
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival (Revised and expanded 3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Holmes, J. (1986). Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics, 28(4), 485-508. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028355
Holmes, J. (1988). Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategy. Journal of Pragmatics, 12(4), 445-465. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(88)90005-7
House, J., Kasper, G., & Ross, S. (2003). Misunderstanding in social life : discourse approaches to problematic talk. London, England: Longman.
Hu, H. C. (1944). The Chinese concept of ‘face’. American Anthropologist, 46(1), 45-64. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1944.46.1.02a00040
Jung, W.-H.(1994, March 16). Speech Acts of "Thank You" and Responses to It in American English [Conference presentation]. American Association for Applied Linguistics, Baltimore, MD, United States.
Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., & McGuire, T. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 657-682.
Knapp, M. L., Hopper, R., & Bell, R. A. (1984). Compliments: A descriptive taxonomy. Journal of Communication, 34(4), 12-31. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02185.x
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London, England: Longman.
Lewis, R. D. (2005). Finland, cultural lone wolf. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Lewis, R. D. (2006). When cultures collide: leading across cultures. London, England: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
Lin, C. Y., Woodfield, H., & Ren, W. (2012). Compliments in Taiwan and Mainland Chinese: The influence of region and compliment topic. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(11), 1486-1502. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2012.06.012
Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism Management, 29(3), 458-468. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.011
Ma, R. (1996). Computer-mediated conversations as a new dimension of intercultural communication between East Asian and North American college students. In S.C. Herring (Ed.), Computer-mediated communication: Linguistic, social and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 173-185). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Manes, J., & Wolfson, N. (1981). The compliment formula. Conversational routine: Explorations in standardized communication situations and prepatterned speech (pp. 115-132). The Hague: Mouton.
Manes, J. (1983). Compliments: A mirror of cultural values. Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, 5(3), 96-106.
Martínez-Flor, A. (2010). Suggestions: How social norms affect pragmatic behavior. In A. Martínez-Flor & E. Usó-Juan (Eds.), Speech act performance: Theoretical, empirical and methodological issues (pp.257-274). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Murray, D. E. (2000). Protean communication: The language of computer-mediated communication. TESOL Quarterly, 34(3), 397-421. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3587737
Nelson, G. L., Bakary, W. E., & Batal, M. A. (1993). Egyptian and American compliments: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17(3), 293-313. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(93)90036-8
Norton, R. W. (1978). Foundation of a communicator style construct. Human Communication Research, 4(2), 99-112. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1978.tb00600.x
Park, D.-H., Lee, J., & Han, I. (2007). The effect of online consumer reviews on consumer purchasing intention: The moderating role of involvement. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 11(4), 125-148. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2753/JEC1086-4415110405
Qanbar, N. (2012). Compliments in the Yemeni society: A sociolinguistic perspective. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 12. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11494424.pdf
Romiszowski, A., & Mason, R. (2004). Computer-mediated communication. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 397-432.
Searle, J. R. (1976). A Classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society, 5(1), 1-23. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4166848
Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and meaning: studies in the theory of speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sharifi Moghaddam, A., Bahreini, M., & Abolhassanizadeh, V. (2017). An Experimental Study on the Effect of Age and Gender on the Use of Compliments in Persian. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 1(2), 64-71. Retrieved from http://sociolinguistics.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_3998_1874c9d65d3939f5b4ccd3e78647adb0.pdf
Sparks, B. A., Perkins, H. E., & Buckley, R. (2013). Online travel reviews as persuasive communication: The effects of content type, source, and certification logos on consumer behavior. Tourism Management, 39, 1-9. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.03.007
Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1986). Reducing social context cues: Electronic mail in organizational communications. Management Science, 32(11), 1492-1512. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2631506
Stern, H. H. (1992). Issues and options in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure. Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 91-112. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/4.2.91
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907-924. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169
Wang, Y., & Tsai, P.-H. (2003). An Empirical Study on Compliments and Compliment Responses in Taiwan Mandarin Conversation. Concentric Studies in Linguistics, 29, 118-156.
Wierzbicka, A. (1987). English speech act verbs: A semantic dictionary. Sydney, Australia: Academic Press.
Yates, S. J. (1996). Oral and written linguistic aspects of computer conferencing. In S. C. Herring (Ed.), Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, social, and Cross-Cultural Perspectives (pp. 29-46). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
Yoo, K. H., & Gretzel, U. (2008). What motivates consumers to write online travel reviews? Information Technology and Tourism, 10(4), 283-295. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3727/109830508788403114
Yuan, Y. (2002). Compliments and compliment responses in Kunming Chinese. Pragmatics, 12(2), 183-226. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.12.2.04yua

德文文獻
Balawender, A. (2011). Sicher formulieren, sicher kommunizieren, sicher
auftreten – über die sprachliche Höflichkeit in der deutschen Sprache [德語言語禮貌的使用方式]. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria.
Bonacchi, S. (2017). (Un)Höflichkeit - eine kulturologische Analyse Deutsch - Italienisch - Polnisch [禮貌對比分析-德國、義大利、波蘭]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH.
Broszinsky Schwabe, E. (2011). Interkulturelle Kommunikation: Missverständnisse – Verständigung [跨文化溝通：誤解與理解]. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Engst, J., Pellengahr, C., & Schmitt-Ackermann, S. (2008). Duden, Der Deutsch-Knigge : Sicher Formulieren, Sicher Kommunizieren, Sicher Auftreten [德文禮儀指南]. Germany: Dudenverlag。
Fink, G., Nový, I., & Schroll-Machl, S. (2000). Tschechische, österreichische und deutsche Kulturstandards in der Wirtschaftskooperation [跨文化溝通：誤解與理解]. Journal of East European Management Studies, 5, 361-377. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2000-4-361
Grein, M. (2008). Der Sprechakt des Kompliments im interkulturellen Vergleich [跨文化讚美行為對比]. In M. Grein (Ed.), Dialogue in and between Different Cultures (pp. 15-32). Münster, Germany: University of Münster.
Jansson, M. (2020). Anrede im Wandel? : Eine diachrone Studie des Anredeverhaltens in Deutschland anhand der Talkshow Wetten, dass..? 1981-2014 [從脫口秀看德文的稱謂演變史]. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Kutschker, M., & Schmid, S. (2002). Internationales Management [國際管理]. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Probst, J. (2003). Ein Kompliment in Ehren ... Aspekte eines "höflichen" Sprechaktes in mehreren Sprachen [跨文化讚美言語行為對比]. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht, 8.
Storrer, A. (2010). Über die Auswirkungen des Internets auf unsere Sprache [網路對語言的影響]. 2020 : Gedanken zur Zukunft des Internets (pp. 219-224). München: Hubert Burda Media.
Thomas, A. (2003). Analyse der Handlungswirksamkeit von Kulturstandards [文化標準之有效性分析]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Thomas, A. (2004). Probleme interkulturellen Verstehens ‒ Konfliktsituationen zwischen Deutschen und Ostasiaten [跨文化理解‒德國與東亞之間的衝突 ]. Taipei: Tamkang University.
Thomas, A., Schroll-Machl, S., Kammhuber, S., & Kinast, E.-U. (2009). Handbuch Interkulturelle Kommunikation und Kooperation Band 1: Grundlagen und Praxisfelder [跨文化交流與團隊合作手冊第 1 卷：基礎知識和實踐領域 ]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Thomas, A., & Schenk, E. (2015). Beruflich in China : Trainingsprogramm für Manager, Fach- und Führungskräfte [中國職場：針對經理、專家和高管的培訓計劃 ]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Xie, M. (2019). Komplimente und Komplimenterwiderungen im Deutschen und im Chinesischen [中德讚美與讚美回應 ]. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.