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研究生: 徐瑋婕
Hsu, Wei-Chieh
論文名稱: 臺灣高中生英語忠告語言行為之發展研究
The Development of English Speech Act of Advice-giving by Senior High School Students in Taiwan
指導教授: 陳純音
Chen, Chun-Yin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2016
畢業學年度: 104
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 132
中文關鍵詞: 第二語言習得言語行為忠告
英文關鍵詞: second language acquisition, speech acts, advice-giving
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202204802
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 本研究旨在探討以中文為母語的臺灣高中生在英文忠告言語行為的發展。過往研究 (Ding, 2010) 指出,中文母語者最常使用的忠告為間接忠告,其次為緩和忠告。然而,他們在使用英語給忠告時,卻往往傾向使用直接忠告 (Hinkel, 1994 & 1997)。本研究以此差異為出發點,探討下列影響忠告言語行為的因素:被忠告者的社會地位、事件的嚴重程度、以及題型效應。總共有六十位臺灣高中生參與了本研究的三項測驗:嚴重程度判斷、言談情境填充、選擇式問卷。受試者依據其英文程度進一步分成初、中級兩組,另外亦含有二十位英語母語人士組成的對照組。本研究發現如下:
    (一) 英語母語人士對照組較常不提供忠告。當選擇提供忠告時,中級組及母語對照組皆最常使用緩和忠告,初級組則選擇直接忠告居多。
    (二) 中級組對被忠告者的社會地位的看法與母語對照組相近,初級組尚無法區分對平輩與晚輩的忠告形式的不同。
    (三) 事件嚴重程度足以影響受試者給忠告的意願以及忠告的形式。當事件嚴重程度加劇,受試者往往更願意給忠告,且會使用較多直接忠告。
    (四) 在選擇式問卷中,受試者傾向選擇緩和忠告;在言談情境填充中,受試者最常使用直接忠告。
    (五) 整體而言,第二語言程度對於受試者作答表現有明顯影響。
    根據上述結果,我們認為文化差異影響受試者給忠告的意願,被忠告者的社會地位、事件的嚴重程度、以及題型則影響受試者對忠告策略的運用。研究亦發現當受試者的第二語言能力越強時,會發展出更高的語用知識,因此也會使用更多的禮貌策略。

    The present study investigated the development of English advice-giving by Taiwanese EFL learners in high school by looking into various factors influencing advice-giving: the advisee’s social status, the severity of an event, and the task effect. Ding (2010) found Chinese people favored understatement and hedged advice in their mother tongue. However, when they were asked to provide English advice, the Chinese participants offered more direct advice (Hinkel, 1994 & 1997). Based on these differences, the present study examined whether and how Chinese EFL students employ English advice-giving from multi-aspects. Sixty high school students were recruited to complete three tasks (i.e., a severity judgment task, a discourse completion task (DCT), and a multiple-choice questionnaire (MCQ)). They were further divided into two experimental groups based on their L2 proficiency, and 20 native speakers of English as a control group. The major findings are summarized as follows:
    (1) The English native speakers tended to opt out in situations involving advice giving. When giving advice, both the intermediate participants and the native speakers favored hedged advice the most, while the elementary group selected direct advice the most.
    (2) The intermediate participants perceived social distance similarly to the native speakers while the elementary participants were not able to differentiate between equal and lower social status advisees.
    (3) The participants’ willingness to give advice and choice of advice types were affected by the severity of the events. More direct advice and less opting out were found in events with severe consequences highlighted.
    (4) The participants preferred hedged advice in the MCQ; while direct advice was offered in the DCT.
    (5) L2 proficiency was found to be an important factor shaping their performance in giving advice.
    The results indicated that culture played an important role in choosing to opt out in advice giving, and that the social status of the advisee, the severity of the event, and the task effect also influenced the participants’ choice of advice types. Moreover, as proficiency level got higher, the participants developed more pragmatic competence, and thus employed more politeness strategies.

    CHINESE ABSTRACT i ENGLISH ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Theoretical Framework 2 1.2.1 Speech Act Theory 2 1.2.2 Factors Affecting Speech Act Performance 6 1.3 Research Questions 10 1.4 Significance of the Study 11 1.5 Organization of the Thesis 11 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 13 2.1 Speech Act of Advice 13 2.2 Politeness 18 2.3 Pragmatic Development 24 2.4 Previous Empirical Studies of Acquisition of Advice-giving 27 2.4.1 Kuo (1996) 27 2.4.2 Hinkel (1997) 29 2.4.3 Matsumura (2001) 34 2.4.4 Al-Shboul et al. (2012) 37 2.4.5 Summary 41 2.5 Summary of Chapter Two 44 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN 45 3.1 Participants 45 3.2 Methods and Materials 46 3.2.1 The Severity Judgment task 48 3.2.2 The DCT 49 3.2.3 The MCQ 53 3.3 Procedures 56 3.3.1 Pilot Study 56 3.3.2 Formal Study 59 3.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 60 3.5 Summary of Chapter Three 62 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63 4.1 Types of Advice 63 4.1.1 Overall Findings 63 4.1.2 General Discussion 66 4.2 Social Status Effect 69 4.2.1 Overall Findings 69 4.2.2 General Discussion 73 4.3 Severity Effect 76 4.3.1 Overall Findings 76 4.3.2 General Discussion 83 4.4 Task Effect 84 4.4.1 Overall Findings 84 4.4.2 General Discussion 88 4.5 Proficiency Effect 92 4.6 Summary of Chapter Four 95 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION 96 5.1 Summary of the Major Findings 96 5.2 Pedagogical Implications 98 5.3 Limitations of the Current Study and Suggestions for Future Research 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY 100 APPENDIX 1: THE TASK DESIGN OF THE STUDY 105 APPENDIX 2: THE SCENARIOS USED IN THE TASKS 116 APPENDIX 3: CONSENT FORM 132

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