許多研究中發現在熱帶太平洋上，有兩種不同類型的聖嬰-南方振盪（El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ENSO）事件，並且在近年來吸引了不少相關主題的研究和熱烈的討論。在這些研究當中，也重新的審視了聖嬰-南方振盪所造成的影響，探討東太平洋聖嬰（EP El Niño）及中太平洋聖嬰（CP El Niño）對於全球氣候影響的差異。而在我們分析觀測資料的結果中同樣發現，在兩類聖嬰事件中，不同的海表面異常增溫位置，會造成大尺度環境有不同的反應，而其不同距平的分布差異，會進而影響西北太平洋熱帶氣旋活動頻率的距平分布。
本篇研究的目標為根據在近幾十年有限觀測資料下定義出的事件中，檢驗模式重現在兩類El Niño下環境場以及熱帶氣旋活動的能力。研究中以觀測及合成之典型EP El Niño、CP El Niño事件和氣候平均之海表面溫度，作為驅動馬克斯-普朗克研究室發展的全球模式（Max Plank Institute global climate model, ECHAM5）之邊界條件，並且同時與ECHAM5 AMIP-type長期模擬結果下的合成EP El Niño和CP El Niño 事件做比較。從西北太平洋熱帶氣旋活動模擬結果的分析中，我們發現CP El Niño事件下，有較好的模擬表現，而在EP El Niño事件的模擬下，則是在西北太平洋西北象限會產生偏差。此外，從模擬的結果中也可以發現，模式大致上可以掌握住在兩類型聖嬰現象下，主要的大尺度環流場距平特徵。

Recently the phenomenon about the existence of two different types of El Niño occurred in tropical Pacific have attracted many studies on the topics and intensive debates. Following these works, whether there are also distinct impacts to global climate from the Eastern-Pacific （EP） and Central-Pacific （CP） El Niño had drawn lots of studies to revisit the ENSO influences. In this study, we analyze the observed events from 59 years（1951-2009）and investigate the different tropical cyclone （TC） frequency and large-scale circulation features between the two types of El Niño in the Western North Pacific.
Our study aims at the examination on the model capability in reproducing the findings from limited observed events in the past few decades. We use the composites of SST distribution and evolution under the typical EP El Niño and CP El Niño as well as the normal condition for the boundary conditions to drive the Max Plank Institute global climate model （ECHAM5） in this study. And the results are also compared with composite of EP El Niño and CP El Niño events sampled from the century long AMIP-type simulation from ECHAM5.

陳聯壽、丁一匯，1979: 西太平洋颱風概論。科學出版社，共491 頁。
Alexander, M. A., and Co-authors, 2002: The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans. J. Clim. 15, 2205–2228.
Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao, H. Weng, and T. Yamagata, 2007: El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11007.
Bjerknes, J., 1969: Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 163–172.
Bjerknes, J., 1972: Large-Scale Atmospheric Response to the 1964–65 Pacific Equatorial Warming. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 2, 212–217.
Chan, J. C. L., 2000: Tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific associated with El Niño and La Nina events, J. Clim., 13, 2960–2972.
Chen, G., and C.-Y. Tam, 2010: The different impacts of two kinds of Pacific Ocean warming on tropical cyclone frequency over the western Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37.
Chen, Guanghua, 2011: How Does Shifting Pacific Ocean Warming Modulate on Tropical Cyclone Frequency over the South China Sea?. J. Climate, 24, 4695–4700.
Feng, J., and Li, J., 2011. Influence of El Niño Modoki on spring rainfall over South China. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D13102.
Frank, W.M., 1987: Tropical cyclone formation. A Global View of Tropical Cyclones, R.L. Elsberry, Ed., U.S. Office of Naval Research, Marine Meteorology Program, Washington, DC, 53-90.
Gao, S., J. Wang, and Y. Ding, 1988: The triggering effect of near-equatorial cyclones on El Niño. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 5, 87-95.
Gill, A. E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 160, 447-462.
Gray, W. M., 1984: Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Frequency. Part I: El Niño and 30 mb Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Influences. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1649–1668.
Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96(10), 669–700.
Gray, W. M., 1979: Hurricanes: Their formation, structure and likely role in the general circulation. Meteorology Over the Tropical Oceans, D. B. Shaw, Ed., Royal Meteorological Society, 155–218.
Harrison, D. E., and B. S. Giese, 1991: Episodes of surface westerly winds as observed from islands in the western tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3221-3237.
Hendon, H.H., E. Lim, G. Wang, O. ALves, and D. Hudson, 2009: Prospects for predicting two flavors of El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19713.
Hirst, Anthony C., 1986: Unstable and Damped Equatorial Modes in Simple Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 606–632.
Holland, G. J., 1995: Scale interaction in the western Pacific monsoon. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 56, 57–79.
Hong, C.-C., Y.-H. Li, T. Li, and M.-Y. Lee, 2011: Impacts of central Pacific and eastern Pacific El Niños on tropical cyclone tracks over the western North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16712,
Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77(3), 437–471.
Kao, H.-Y. & Yu, J.-Y., 2009: Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific types of ENSO. J. Clim., 22, 615–632.
Kim, H-M., P.J. Webster, J. A. Curry 2011: Modulation of North Pacific tropical cyclone activity by the three phases of ENSO. J.Clim., 24, 1839-1849.
Kindle, J. C., and P. A. Phoebus, 1995: The ocean response to operational westerly wind bursts during the 1991–1992 El Niño. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4893–4920
Kug, J.-S., Jin, F.-F. & An, S.-I., 2009: Two types of El Niño events: cold tongue El Niño and warm pool El Niño. J. Clim. 22, 1499–1515.
Lau, Ngar-Cheung, Mary Jo Nath, 2006: ENSO Modulation of the Interannual and Intraseasonal Variability of the East Asian Monsoon—A Model Study. J. Climate, 19, 4508–4530.
Lee, T., and McPhaden, M. J., 2010: Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central-equatorial Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14603,
Li W., Zhang P, Ye J., Li L., Baker P. A., 2011: Impact of two different types of El Niño events on the Amazon climate and ecosystem productivity. J. Plant Ecol., 4 (1-2), 91-99.
Lin, X., and R.H. Johnson, 1996: Kinematic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of the flow over the Western Pacific Warm Pool during TOGA/COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 695-715.
Louis J., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteor., 17, 187-202.
McBride, J.L., 1995: Tropical Cyclone Formation. Global perspectives on tropical cyclones, WMO/TD-No. 693, 289 pp.
Meehl, G. A., Julie M. Arblaster, 2002: The Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation and Asian–Australian Monsoon Rainfall. J. Climate, 15, 722–744.
Mo, K. C. (2010). Interdecadal Modulation of the Impact of ENSO on Precipitation and Temperature over the United States. J. Climate, 23, 3639–3656.
Morcrette J.-J., Smith L., Fouquart Y., 1986: Pressure and temperature dependence of the absorption in longwave radiation parameterizations. Beitraege zur Physik der Atmosphaere, 59, 455-469.
Nordeng, T. E., 1994: Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics. Technical Momorandum 206 , ECMWF, Reading, UK.
Ritchie, Elizabeth A., Greg J. Holland, 1999: Large-Scale Patterns Associated with Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Western Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2027–2043.
Roeckner, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4: Model description and simulation of present day climate., Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie Rep.,218.
Roeckner, E., and Coauthors, 2006: Sensitivity of Simulated Climate to Horizontal and Vertical Resolution in the ECHAM5 Atmosphere Model. J. Climate, 19, 3771–3791.
Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert ,1987: Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/ Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
Tiedtke, M., 1989: A Comprehensive Mass Flux Scheme for Cumulus Parameterization in Large-Scale Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779–1800.
Trenberth, Kevin E., 1997: The Definition of El Niño. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2771–2777.
Vitart F., J. L. Anderson, and W. F. Stern, 1997: Simulation of the interannual variability of tropical storm frequency in an ensemble of GCM integrations. J. Climate, 10, 745-760.
Vitart, F. and Stockdale, T. N., 2001: Seasonal forecasting of tropical storms using coupled GCM integrations. Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 2521–2537
Walsh, K. J. E., M. Fiorino, C. W. Landsea, and K. L. McInnes, 2007: Objectively determined resolution-dependent threshold criteria for the detection of tropical cyclones in climate models and reanalyses. J. Climate, 20, 2307-2314.
Wang, B., and J. C. L. Chan, 2002: How strong ENSO events affect tropical storm activity over the western North Pacific, J. Clim., 15, 1643–1658.
Weng, H., K. Ashok, S. Behera, S. A. Rao, and T. Yamagata, 2007: Impacts of recent El Niño Modoki on dry/wet conditions in the Pacific rim during boreal summer, Clim. Dyn., 29, 113 –129.
Weng, H., Wu, G. Liu, Y., Behera, S. K. and Yamagata, T. (2011). Anomalous summer climate in China influenced by the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans. Clim Dyn., 36, 769–782,
Wu, M. C., W. L. Chang, and W. M. Leung, 2004: Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation events on tropical cyclone landfalling activity in the western North Pacific, J. Clim., 17, 1419–1428.
Yeh, S. W., J. S. Kug, B. Dewitte, M. H. Kwon, B. P. Kirtman, and F. F. Jin, 2009: El Niño in a changing climate, Nature, 461, 511–514.
Yu J.-Y., Zou Y., Kim S. T. and Lee T., 2012: The changing impact of El Niño on US winter temperatures Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L15702.
Zhan, R., Y. Wang, and X.-T. Lei, 2011: Contributions of ENSO and East Indian Ocean SSTA to the interannual variability of Northwest Pacific tropical cyclone frequency. J. Climate, 24, 509-521.