本論文主要探索V. S.奈波爾四本小說《模擬人》、《大河灣》、《抵達之謎》、《世界之道》所呈現之離散詩學，藉由游移的空間思維，審視書中後殖民文化移位、置換、混雜等課題。來自多種族的加勒比海、千里達印裔英籍的奈波爾，足跡遍及五大洲，其身分即具有游移性。他的小說除了充滿自傳性特質，也蘊涵著第三世界的族裔離散經驗。
首章闡明當今文化迅速變遷，導致現有體制之文學/文化分析愈顯僵化。解決之道，唯有啟動移動的視角，朝向文化跨(越)界之空間思維修正，拓展文學與文化之向度。「遷移」作為分析之策略，其意義也在此。第二章的思想主軸根基於霍爾(Stuart Hall)對於離散身分之建構與拆解。「遷移」作為隱喻牽引本章深入探討《模擬人》中所蘊含之後殖民變動、與文化場景離析之問題。祖源之承繼與文化認同之弔詭，構成「遷移」之成為小說隱含主旨的要件。純正性(authenticity)為文化尋根與重新定位之原動力亦是絆腳石。該書主角最後選擇流亡寫作，似乎指出「離散認同」(diasporic identification)可針砭主、客文化二元對立之迷思。第三章探討非洲去殖民化過程所引發之文明錯置、文化紊亂、與政治動盪。《大河灣》雖介入(intervene)非洲論述，但奈式以後殖民與全球空間的視角切入，將第一世界在同時湧入多種族移民的動亂狀況，放在同一變動場域中去檢視，指陳在揮之不去的殖民陰影之中，第一與第三世界同屬輸家。職是之故，《大河灣》並非撻伐非洲落後之作，而是提出全球網絡的批判思維。第四章側重奈式如何將他在第三世界的文化考察，轉移為對崩潰的古老帝國的無情紀實。結合自傳與報導文學，《抵達之謎》將族裔離散的文化認同糾葛與身分歸屬的困惑，演繹、昇華、投射到英國鄉間，以移民者的視角，在第一世界的空間銘刻(inscribe)文化交雜融合(creolization)，擘畫不同文化之交鋒、協商、並存的願景。第五章剖析奈式如何以「遷移」的隱喻想像，穿越時空，將不同的歷史場景與文類，交織、展演成驛動式(mobile)後殖民歷史書寫。在斷裂、疊置、承續的敘述中，《世界之道》重/建構出反系譜學(anti-genealogical)、反中心目的論(anti-teleological)的歷史文本。末章重述「遷移」作為隱喻之重要性，並總結奈式的成就。在多元文明選擇的世紀，奈波爾的後殖民作品為我們勾勒出流動年代的文化樣貌。

This dissertation explores the representation of diaspora experience in V. S. Naipaul’s four major novels—The Mimic Men, A Bend in the River, The Enigma of Arrival, and A Way in the World. The introductory chapter builds up the theoretical framework and highlights significant aspects concerning Naipaul: his controversial position, diaspora poetics specific to his works, and his locating in the shifting topology, the metaphor of migrancy. Chapter Two reads The Mimic Men in relation to the reconceptualization of cultural roots/routes and identity prompted particularly by Stuart Hall and James Clifford, centering mainly on the metaphor of migrancy, which functions to dispense with the crisis of cultural identity and the void of re-imagination of cultural origins. Chapter Three, which discusses A Bend in the River, elucidates how Naipaul elaborates the social dynamic in a re-mapping cultural and national domain and how he addresses and redresses the shifting milieus in both the Third and the First World in a global sphere that changes. Chapter Four examines The Enigma of Arrival in relation to the configuration of diaspora identification and syncretic vision, mapping out Naipaul’s inscription of a nomadic self, an Indo-Trinidadian novelist, in the English landscape and his launching of an implicated cultural critique of the metropolitan center. The attempts to delve into the possibilities of creating new cultural hybrids and to arrive at a substantial truth about the complexity of cultural syncreticism are foregrounded, whereby the received ideas of home, exile are critically re-envisioned and redefined. Chapter Five reads A Way in the World as a postcolonial historiography that presents a way of entry into histories as tension and mutation rather than beatitude and stability. In A Way in the World, a novel that dramatizes a mobile sense of histories, an anti-teleological diasporic vision is installed; the account of migrancy is substantiated as a contributive determinant of historiography. The concluding chapter affirms Naipaul’s achievement, reiterating the metaphorization of migrancy in Naipaul’s novels as a strategy of cultural negotiation in a re-orienting world.

Achebe, Chinua. “An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.” Heart of Darkness. Ed. Joseph Kimborough. Norton, 1988. 251- 62.
Ahmad, Aijaz. “Jameson’s Rhetoric of Otherness and the 'National Allegory.’”Social Text 17(Fall 1987): 3-26.
_____ . In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures. London: Verso, 1992.
_____ . “Postcolonialism: What’s in a Name?” Late Imperial Culture. Eds.Roman de La Campa, E. Ann Kaplan, and Michael Sprinker. London:Verso, 1995. 11-32.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London & New York: Verso, 1991.
Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization.Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1996.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. “Strictures on Structures: The Prospects for a Structuralist Poetics of African Fiction.” Black Literature and Literary Theory. Ed.H. L. Gates, Jr. New York: Methuen, 1984.
_____ . In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. London & New York: Oxford UP, 1992.
_____ . “Foreword.” Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money. Ed. Saskia Sassen. New York: New Press, 1998. xi-xv.
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. The Empire Writes Back:Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures. London and New York: Routledge, 1989.
_____ . Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. London & New York: Routledge, 1998.
Azim, Firdous. The Colonial Rise of the Novel. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
Baucom, Ian. “Mournful Histories: Narratives of Postimperial Melancholy.”Modern Fiction Studies 42.2 (1996): 259-88.
Beecroft, Simon. “Sir Vidia’s Shadow: V. S. Naipaul, the Writer and The Enigma of Arrival.” Journal of Commonwealth Literature 35.1(2000):71-86.
Bhabha, Homi K. “Representation and the Colonial Text: A Critical Exploration of Some Forms of Mimeticism.” The Theory of Reading. Ed.Frank Gloversmith. Brighton: Harvester, 1984. 93-122.
_____ , ed. Nation and Narration. New York & London: Routledge, 1990.
_____ . “The Third Space.” Interview with Jonathan Rutherford. Identity:Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan Rutherford. London:Lawrence & Wishart, 1990. 207-21.
Blanton, Casey. “’Splenetic Travelers’: V.S. Naipail.” Travel Writing: the Self and the World. New York: Twayne, 1997. 82-94.
Bolland, Nigel. “Creolization and Creole Societies.” Intellectuals in the Twentieth-Century Caribbean I. Ed. A. Hennessey. Basingstoke:Macmillan, 1992.
Bongie, Chris. Islands and Exiles: The Creole Identities of Post/Colonial Literature. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998.
Boyarin, Daniel and Jonathan Boyarin. “Diaspora: Generation and the Ground of Jewish Identity.” Identities. Eds. Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. 305-37.
Boyers, Robert. “V.S. Naipaul: from Satire and Society to Politics.” Atrocity and Amnesia: the Political Novel since 1945. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1985. 31-54.
Brennan, Timothy. “The Illusion of a Future: Orientalism as Traveling Theory.”Critical Inquiry 26(2000): 558-83.
Burgin, Victor. “Paranoiac Space.” In/difference Spaces: Place and Memories in Visual Culture. USA: California UP, 1995. 117-37.
Burnett, Paula. “‘Where Else to Row, But Backward?’ Addressing Caribbean Futures through Re-Visions of the Past.” Ariel. 30.1(1999): 11-37.
Celestin, Roger. “Naipaul: The ‘Exotic’ View.” From Cannibals to Radicals: Figures and Limits of Exoticism. London and Minneapolis: Minneapolis UP, 1996. 175-223.
Chambers, Iain. Migrancy, Culture, Identity. London: Routledge, 1994.
Chambers, Iain and Lidia Curti, eds. The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons. New York and London: Routledge, 1996.
Cheyfitz, Eric. The Politics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from The Tempest to Tarzan. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1997.
Chowdhury, Kanishka. “Postcolonial Longings.” Modern Fiction Studies 46.2(2000): 496-500.
Chow, Rey. Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993.
Chun, Allen. “Introduction: (Post)Colonialism and Its Discontents, or the Future of Practice.” Cultural Studies. 14.3/4(2000): 379-84.
Clifford, James. The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1988.
_____ . “Traveling Culture.” Cultural Studies. Eds. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, Pamela Treichler. New York: Routledge, 1992. 96-112.
_____ . “Diaspora.” Cultural Anthropology. 9(1994): 302-38.
_____ . Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1997.
Clifford, James, and George Marcus. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: U of California P, 1986.
Connery, Christopher L. “The Oceanic Felling and the Regional Imaginary.”Global/Local: Cultural Production and the Transnational Imaginary. Eds. Rob Wilson and Wimal Dissanayake. Durham and London: Duke UP, 1996. 284-311.
Darby, Phillip. “A Postcolonial Retrospect.” The Fiction of Imperialism: Reading between International Relations & Postcolonialism. London: Cassell, 1998. 215-35.
Davis, Christopher. “Exchanging the African: Meeting at a Crossroads of the Diaspora.” The South Atlantic Quarterly. 98: 1/2 Winter/Spring (1999): 59-82
Dayal, Samir. “Postcolonialism’s Possibilities: Subcontinental Diasporic Intervention.” Cultural Critique (spring 1996): 113-49.
D’haen, Theo. “Bruges Group or Common Market? Realism, Postmodernism and Postwar British Fiction.” English Studies in Transition: Papers from ESSE Inaugural Conference. Ed. Robert Clark. New York and London: Routledge, 1993. 84-96.
Dharwadker, Aparna. “Historical Fictions and Postcolonial Representation: Reading Girsh Karnad’s Tughlaq.” PMLA 110.1(1995): 23-49.
Dhareshwar, Vivek. “Self-Fashioning, Colonial Habitus, and Double Exclusion: V. S. Naipaul’s The Mimic Men.” Criticism 31.1(1989): 75-102.
Deleuze Gilles and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism & Schizophrenia. Trans. Brian Massumi. London: U Minnesota: Minnesota UP, 1987.
Dirlik, Arif. “The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism.” Critical Inquiry 20(1994): 328-56.
Docker, John. 1492: The Poetics of Diaspora. London and New York: Continuum, 2001.
Dunn, Robert G. Identity Crisis: A Social Critique of Postmodernity. Minnesota: Minnesota UP, 1998.
During, Simon. “Postmodernism or Post-Colonialism Today.” Textual Practice. 1.1(1987): 32-47
Esty, Joshua D. “Excremental Postcolonialism.” Contemporary Literature. 40.1(spring 1999): 22-59 pp. 22-59.
Fanon, Fratz. The Wretch of the Earth. 1961. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York: Grove-Weidenfeld, 1963.
_____ . “On National Culture.” Postcolonial Criticism. New York: Longman,1997. 91-111.
Featherstone, Mike. Undoing Culture: Globalization, Postmodernism and Identity. London: Sage, 1995.
Fisher, M. M. J. “Ethnicity and the Post-Modern Arts of Memory.” Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Eds. J. Clifford and G. Marcus. CA: U of California P, 1986. 194-233.
Fludernik, Monika. “Cross-Mirrorings of Alterity: The Colonial Scenario and its Psychological Legacy.” Ariel 30.3(1999): 29-62.
Gandhi, Leela. Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. New York: Columbia UP, 1998.
Garebian, Keith. “V. S. Naipaul’s Negative Sense of Place.” The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 10.1(1975): 23-35.
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. “Canon-Formation, Literary History, and the Afro-American tradition: from the Seen to the Told.” Afro-American Literary Study in the 1990s. Eds. Houston A. Baker, Jr. and Patricia Red mond, 1989. Chicago: Chicago UP. 14-38
_____ . “Critical Fanonism.” Critical Inquiry 17.3(1990): 57-70.
George, Rosemary Marangoly. The Politics of Home: Postcolonial Relocations and Twentieth-Century Fiction. New York: Cambridge UP, 1996.
Ghosh, Amitav. “Amitav Ghosh on the Nobel Prize for V.S. Naipaul.” http://www.stanford.edu/~amitm/naipaul/ghosh.htm
Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity, 1991.
Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. London & New York: Verso, 1993.
_____ . “Diaspora and the Detours of Identity.” Identity and Difference. Ed. Kathryn Woodward. London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: SAGE, 1997. 299-346.
Gikandi, Simon. Maps of Englishness: Writing Identity in the Culture of Colonialism. New York: Columbia UP, 1996.
Giroux, Henry A. Border Crossings: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Gorra, Michael. After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie. Chicago & London: U of Chicago P, 1997.
Greenberg, Robert M. “Anger and the alchemy of Literary Method in V.S.Naipaul’s Political Fiction: The Case of The Mimic Men.” Twentieth Century Literature. 46.2(2000): 214-37
Griffith, Glyne A.. “Travel Narrative as Cultural Critique: V. S. Naipaul’s Travelling Theory.” The Journal of Commonwealth Literature
29.2(1993): 87-92.
Grossberg, Lawrence. “The Space of Culture, the Power of Space.” Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons. Eds. Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti. New York and London: Routledge, 1996. 169-88.
Gurgelberger, Georg M. “Marxist Literary Debates and Their Continuity in African Literary Criticism.” Marxism and Africa Literature. Ed. Georg M. Guelberger. Trenton: Africa World, 1985: 1-20.
Gurr, Andrew. Writer in Exile: Identity of Home in Modern Literature. Great Britain: Harvester, 1981.
_____ . “Freedom of Exile in Naipaul and Doris Lessing.” Ariel 13.4(1982): 7-18.
_____ . “When Was ‘the Post-Colonial?’ Thinking at the Limit.” The Post- colonial Question: Common Skies, divided Horizons. Ed. Iain Chambers and Linda Curti. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. 242- 60.
_____ . “Introduction: Who Needs ‘Identity’?” Questions of Cultural Identity. Eds. Hall, and Paul Du Gay. London: Sage, 1996. 1-17.
Hall, Catherine. “Histories, Empires and the Post-Colonial Moment.” The Post-Colonial Question: Common Skies, Divided Horizons. Eds. Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.65-77.
Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Identity and Diaspora.” Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan Rutherford. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990. 222-37.
_____ . “Whose Heritage? Un-Settling ‘The Heritage’ Re-Imagining the Post-Nation.” Third Text. 49(1999-2000): 3-13.
Hamner, Robert D. V. S. Naipaul. New York: Twayne, 1973.
Hannerz, Ulf. “Cosmopolitans and Locals in world Culture.” Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity. Ed. Mike Featherstone. London: Sage, 1990.
Harris, Wilson. Tradition, the Writer and Society. London: New Beacon, 1967.
Hassan, Dolly Zulakha. V. S. Naipaul and the West Indies. New York: Twayne, 1973.
Hayward, Helen. “Tradition, Innovation, and the Representation of England in V. S. Naipaul’s The Enigma of Arrival.” Journal of Commonwealth Literature 32.2 (1997): 51-65.
Hawisher, Gail E. and Cynthia L. Selfe. Global Literacies and the World-Wide Web. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
Huggan, Graham. “A Tale of Two Parrots: Walcott, Rhys, and the Use of Colonial Mimicry.” Contemporary Literature 35.4(1994): 643-60.
_____ . “V. S. Naipaul and the Political Correctness Debate.” College Literature 21.3(1994): 200-206.
_____ . “Prizing ‘Otherness’: A Short History of the Booker.” Studies in the Novel. 29.3(1997): 412-33.
_____ . The Postcolonial Exotic: Marketing the Margins. London: Routledge, 2001.
Hughes, Peter. V. S. Naipaul. London: Routledge, 1988.
Hughes, Shaun F. D. “Two Books on V. S. Naipaul” An Essay Review.” Modern Fiction Studies. 30.3(1984): 573-80.
Huggan, Graham. “Prizing ‘Otherness’: A Short History of Booker.” Studies in the Novel 29.3(1997): 412-33.
Huang, Hsinya. “Migrancy and the Detours of Identity: Location/Dis-location/Relocation in Nadine Gordimer’s The Pickup.” Conference Proceedings. The Tenth National Conference on English & American Literature in the Republic of China. Department of English, Shin Hsin University, Taipei. December 20-21, 2002. 237-68.
Hutcheon, Linda. “Introduction—Colonialism and the Postcolonial Condition: Complexities Abound.” PMLA 110.1(1995): 7-16
Jameson, Fredric. “Third World Literature in the Era of Multination Capitalism.” Social Text 15(1986): 65-88.
Jameson, Fredric and Masao Miyoshi, eds. The Cultures of Globalization.U.S.A.: Duke UP, 1998.
JanMohamed, Abdul. “The Economy of Manichean Allegory: The Function of Racial Difference in Colonialist Literature.” Critical Inquiry 12(1985): 59-87.
Jones, Stephanie. “The Politics and Poetics of Diaspora in V. S. Naipaul’s A Way in the World.” Journal of Commonwealth Literature 35.1 (2000): 87-97.
Jussawalla, Feroza, ed. Conversations with V.S. Naipaul. Mississippi: Mississippi UP, 1997.
Kanneh, Kadiatu. “The Meaning of Africa: Texts and Histories.” African Identities: Race, Nation and culture in Ethnography, Pan-Africanism and Black Literatures. London and New York: Routledge, 1998. 1-47.
Kaplan, Caren. Question of Travel: Postmodern Discourses of Displacement. Durham and London: Duke UP, 1996. 115-19.
Kelly, Richard. V. S. Naipaul. Literature and Life: British Writers. New York: Frederick Ungar-Continuum, 1989.
King, Bruce, ed. West Indian Literature. London: Macmillan, 1979.
King, Russell. John Connel and Paul White, eds. Writing Across Worlds: Literature and Migration. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.
Kirpal, Viney. “What is the Modern Third World Novel?” Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 23.1(1988): 144-56.
Kortenaar, Neil ten. “Writers and Readers, the Written and the Read: V. S.Naipaul and Guerrillas.” Contemporary Literature 31.3 (1990): 324-34.
Krishnaswamy, Revathi. “Mythologies of Migrancy: Postcolonialism, Postmodernism and the Politics of (Dis)location.” Ariel. 26.1(1995): 125- 46.
Lamming, Geoge. Pleasure of Exile. London: Michael Joseph, 1960.
Langran, Phillip. “V. S. Naipaul: A Question of Detachment.” Journal of Commonwealth Literature 25.1 (1990): 133-41.
Lazarus, Neil. Nationalism and Cultural Practice in the Postcolonial World.Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.
Lichtenstein, David P. “Naipaul’s Foils: The Double and the Center.” Brown University, Caribbean Web. http://65.107.211.206/post/caribbean/ themes /double2.html
Lindroth, James R. “The Figure of Performance in Naipaul’s The Mimic Men.”Modern Fiction Studies 30.3(1984): 519-29.
Lowe, Lisa. Critical Terrains: French and British Orientalism. Rhaca:Cornell UP, 1991.
Maja-Pearce, Adewale. “The Naipauls on Africa: An Africa View.” Journal of Commonwealth Literature 20.1 (1985): 111-17.
Mann, Harveen Sachdeva. “Variations on the Theme of Mimicry: Naipaul's The Mystic Masseur and The Suffrage of Elvira.” Modern Fiction Studies 30.3(1984): 467-85.
Massie, Allan. The Novel Today: A Critical Guide to the British Novel 1970-1989. London and New York: Longman, 1990.
May, Brian. “Back to the Future: History in/and the Postcolonial Novel.”Studies in the Novel 29.3(1997): 267-73.
McClintock, Anne. “The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term ‘Post-Colonialism.’” Social Text 31-32 (1992): 84-97.
McSweeney, Kerry. “V.S. Naipaul: Clear-Sightedness and Sensibility.” Four Contemporary Novelists: Angus Wilson, Brian Moore, John Fowles, V.S. Naipaul. Quebec: McGill-Queen UP, 1983. 151-196.
Meredith, Martin. The First Dance of Freedom: Black Africa in the Postwar Era. New York: Harper, 1984.
Mirzoeff, Nicholas. Diaspora and Visual Culture: Representing Africans and Jews. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Mishra, Vijay and Bob Hodge, “What is Post(-)colonialism?” Textual Practice. 5.3(1991): 399-414. reptd in Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader. Eds, Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993. 276-90.
Mishra, Vijay. “The Diasporic Imaginary: Theorizing the Indian Diaspora.” Textual Practice. 10(1996): 421-47.
_____ . “(B)ordering Naipaul: Indenture History and Diasporic Poetics.” Diaspora 5.2(1996): 189-237.
Mohanty, Satya. “Colonial Legacies, Multicultural Futures: Relativism, Objectivity, and the Challenge of Otherness.” PMLA. 110.1(1995): 108-18.
Moor-Gilbert, Bart. Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics. New York & London: Verso, 1997.
Moraru, Christian. “Refiguring the Postcolonial: The Transnational Chal lenges.” Ariel 28.4 (1997): 171-85.
Morris, Mervyn. “Sir Vidia and the Prize.” World Literature Today. 2002 Spring. 11-4.
Mudimbe, V.Y. and Sabine Engel, eds. Diaspora and Immigration. The South Atlantic Quarterly. Special Issue. U.S.A.: Duke UP, 1999.
Mufti, Adamir R.. “The Aura of Authenticity.” Social Text 18.3(2000): 87-103.
Mukherjee, Arun. “The Ideology of Form: Notes on the Third World Novel.”Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 26.1(1991): 19-32.
Mukerjee, Bharati, and Robert Boyers. “A Conversation with V. S. Naipaul.”Salmagundi. 54(1981): 4-22.
Mustafa, Fawzia. V. S. Naipaul. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.
Naipaul, V. S. The Middle Passage: Impressions of Five Societies—British, French and Dutch—in the West Indies and South America. New York: Vintage Books, 1962.
_____ . An Area of Darkness. London: Penguin, 1964.
_____ . The Mimic Men. London: Penguin, 1967.
_____ . The Loss of El Dorado. London: Andre Deutsch, 1969.
_____ . In a Free State. London: Penguin, 1981.
_____ . A Bend in the River. New York: Vintage, 1979.
_____ . The Enigma of Arrival: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1987.
_____ . A Way in the World: A Novel. New York: Knopf, 1994.
_____ . Reading and Writing. New York: New York Review Books, 2000.
_____ . Half a Life. New York: Knopf, 2001.
_____ . “V.S. Naipaul: Two Worlds: Nobel Lecture on December 7, 2001.” http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureats/2001/naipaul-lecture-e.html.
_____ . “Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul.” Postcolonial Studies at Emory.
http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/Naipaul.html, 2001.
Needham, Anuradha Dingwaney. “Inhabiting the Metropole: C.L.R. James and the Postcolonial Intellectual of African Diaspora.”Diaspora 2.3(1993): 281-303.
Neill, Michael. “Guerrillas and Gangs: Frantz Fanon and V. S. Naipaul.” Ariel 13.4 (1982): 21-62.
Ngugi wa Thiong’o. Decolonizing the Mind: the Politics of Language in Africa Literature. London: Curry, 1986.
Nixon, Rob. London Calling: V. S. Naipaul, Postcolonial Mandarin. Oxford: Oxford Up, 1992.
Nunez-Harrell, Elizabeth. “Lamming and Naipaul: Some Critical for Evaluating the Third-World Novel.” Contemporary Literature. 54.1(2001): 26-47.
Parry, Benita. “Problems in Current Theories of Colonial discourse.” Oxford Literary Review. 9.7(1987): 27-58.
_____ . “Signs of Our Times: Discussion of Homi Bhabha’s The Location of Culture.” Third Text 28-29(1994): 5-24.
Piedra, Jose. “The Game of Critical Arrival.” Diacritics 19.1 (1989): 34-61.
Pratt, Louise M. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Trasculturalization. London: Routledge, 1992.
Prescott, Lynda. “Past and Present Darkness: Sources for V. S. Naipaul’s A Bend in the River.” Modern Fiction Studies 30.3 (1984): 547-59.
Quayson, Ato. Postcolonialism: Theory, Practice or Process. UK: Polity, 2000.
Rajan, Rajeswari Sunder. Real and Imagined Women: Gender, Culture and Postcolonialism. New York: Routledge, 1993.
_____ . “The Third World Academic in Other Places; or, the Postcolonial Intellectual Revisited.” Critique Inquiry 23(Spring 1997): 596-616.
Rajchman, John. The Identity in Question. New York and London: Routledge, 1995.
Ramchand, Kenneth. The West Indian Novel and Its Background. London: Heinemann, 1983.
Ramraj, Victor J.. “Diasporas and Multiculturalism.” New National and Post- Colonial Literatures: An Introduction. Ed. Bruce King. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998. 214-29.
Ritzer, George. The McDonaldization of Society. London: Sage, 1993.
Roy, Ashish. “Race and the Figures of History in Naipaul’s An Area of Darkness.” Critique 32.4(1991): 235-57.
Rushdie, Salman. Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism, 1981-1991. London: Granta Books, 1991.& Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992.
Safran, William. “Comparing Diasporas: A Review Essay.” Diaspora. 8.3(1999): 255-91.
Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon, 1978.
_____ . “Intellectuals in the Post-Colonial World.” Salmagundi. (Spring/Summer1986): 44-64.
_____ . “Representing the Colonized: Anthropology’s Interlocutors.” Critical Inquiry. 15(1989): 205-25.
_____. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
_____ . Representations of the Intellectual. New York: Vintage, 1994.
Shankar, S. “The Origin and Ends of Postcolonial Studies.” Ariel 30.4(1999): 143-55.
Sharma, Shailja. “Salman Rushdie: The Ambivalence of Migrancy.” Twentieth-Century Literature. 47.4(Winter 2001): 596-621.
Shelnutt, Eve. “Estimating V.S. Naipaul: An Oblique Approach.” Genre 22(1989): 69-84.
Shoha, Ella. “Notes on the ‘Post-Colonial.’” Social Text 31-32(1992): 99-113.
Slemom, Stephen. “Post-Colonial Allegory and the Transformation of History.” Journal of Commonwealth Literature 23 (1988): 157-68.
Smyer, Richard. “A New Look at V. S. Naipaul.” Contemporary Literature.33.3(1992): 573-81.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. “Three Women’s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism.” Critical Inquiry 12.1(1985): 243-61.
_____ . “Poststructuralism, Marginality, Postcoloniality and Value.” Literary Theory Today. Ed. Peter Collier and Helga Geyer-Ryan. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1990. 219-44.
_____ . The Post-Colonial Critics: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. Ed. Sarah Harasym. New York: Routledge, 1990.
Sprinker, Michael. “Introduction.” Edward Said: A Critical Reader. Ed. Michael Sprinker. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
Storper, Michael and Walker Richard. Capitalist Imperative: Territory, Technology, and Industrial Growth. Oxford/New York: Blackwell, 1989.
Suleri, Sara. The Rhetoric of English India. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1992.
_____ . “Women Skin Deep: Feminism and the Postcolonial Condition.”Critical Inquiry 18(Summer 1992): 756-69.
Swinden, Patrick. “V.S. Naipaul.” The English Novel of History and Society, 1940-80. London: MacMillan, 1984. 210-52.
Tarantino, Elisabetta. “The House That Jack Did Not Build: Textual Strategies in V. S. Naipaul’s The Enigma of Arrival.” Ariel 29.4 (1998): 169-84.
Thieme, John. “V. S. Naipaul’s Third World: A Not So Free State.” Journal of Commonwealth Literature 10.1 (1975): 10-22.
_____, ed. The Arnold Anthology of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. London: Arnold, 1996.
_____ . “Naipaul’s English Fable: Mr. Stone and The Knights Companion.”Modern Fiction Studies 30.3(1984): 497-503.
_____ . “A Hindu Castaway: Ralph Singh’s Journey in The Mimic Men.”Modern Fiction Studies 30.3(1984): 505-29.
Tiffin, Helen. “Post-Colonialism, Post-Modernism and the Rehabilitation of Post-Colonial History.” Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 23.1(1988): 169-81.
Veer, P. van der. “’The Enigma of Arrival’: Hybridity and Authenticity in the Global Space.” Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism. Eds, Pnina Werbner, and Tariq Modood. London: Zed Books, 1997. 90-105.
Verges, Francoise. “Creole Skin, Black Mask: Fanon and Disavowal.” Critical Inquiry 23(1997): 578-95.
Walcott, Derek. “The Muse of History.” Critics on Caribbean Literature. Ed. Edward Baugh. George Allen & Unwin, 1978. 38-43.
Walder, Dennis. Post-Colonial Literatures in English: History, Language, Theory. Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1998.
Walker, W. John. “Unsettling the Sign: V. S. Naipaul’s The Enigma of Arrival.”Journal of Commonwealth Literature 32.2 (1997): 67-84.
Ware, Tracy. “V. S. Naipaul’s ‘The Return of Eva Peron’ and the Loss ‘True Wonder’.” Ariel 24.2 (1993): 101-14.
Weiss, Timothy. “V. S. Naipaul’s Fin de Siecle: The Enigma of Arrival and A Way in the World.” Ariel 27.3 (1996): 107-24.
Werbner, Pnina. “Introduction: the Materiality of Diaspora—between Aesthetic and ‘Real’ Politics.” Diaspora 9.1(2000): 5-20.
Williams, Patrick and Laura Chrisman, eds. Colonial Discourse and Post- Colonial Theory: A Reader. Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993.
Williams, Raymond. The Country and the City. London: Hogarth. 1973.
Wilson, Rob and Wimal Dissanayake, eds. Global/Local: Cultural Production and the Transnational Imaginary. U.S.A.: Duke UP, 1996.
Wilson-Tagoe, Nana. “History as Loss: Determinism as Vision and Form in V. S. Naipaul.” Historical Thought and Literary Representation in West Indian Literature. USA: Florida UP, UK: Oxford, & Caribbean: West Indies UP, 1998. 54-76.
Wirth-Nesher, Hana. “The Curse of Marginality: Colonialism in Naipaul’s Guerrillas.” Modern Fiction Studies 30.3 (1984): 531-45.
Wise, Christopher. “The Garden Trampled: Or, the Liquidation of African Culture in V. S. Naipaul’s A Bend in the River.” College Literature 23.3(1996): 58-72.
Woodcock, Bruce. “Post-1975 Caribbean Fiction and the Challenge to English Literature.” Critical Quarterly. 28.4(1986): 79-95
Young, Crawford. Ideology and Development in Africa. New Haven: Yale UP,1982.
Young, Robert J.C. White Mythologies: Writing History and the West. London & New York: Routledge, 1990.
_____ . Colonial Desire : Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. New York: Routledge, 1995.