研究生: |
吳穎純 WU-YINGCHUN |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
虛詞「了」在初級教材中的教學設計—以圖示語境設計為例 The Function Word "Le" in Beginning Chinese Teaching Material: A Case Study Using Iconographic and Contextual Design |
指導教授: |
曾金金
Tseng, Chin-Chin |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2015 |
畢業學年度: | 103 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 220 |
中文關鍵詞: | 了 、華語教學 、語法教學 、教學語法 、教學設計 |
英文關鍵詞: | “le”, Mandarin teaching, grammar teaching, pedagogical grammar, instructional design |
DOI URL: | https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202205299 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:371 下載:81 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
筆者前後任教於三所語言中心,教學年資約六年,根據筆者口頭與同事聊天所得(約四十位)及自身教學經驗,虛詞「了」一直以來都是華語教學中的教學難點,雖然關於虛詞「了」在理論語法層面探討的文獻非常多,但華語教師認為這樣的文獻由於和實際教學面落差較大,很難實際應用到教學上。因此筆者認為需要針對「了」做出一個可供華語教師實際使用的教學設計。
筆者的教學設計模式參考了迪克-卡瑞模式(Dick & Carey,1990),將教學系統的階段歸納成:確定教學的目標、發展教學以及評鑑教學的有效性。筆者分析了主流教材中對「了」的解釋、學生偏誤,並做了母語者語感調查,以此作為教學設計之根據,再根據筆者的教學經驗、資深教師訪談及試驗性教學結果來設計、發展教學內容,最後再評鑑教學的有效性。筆者從HSK動態作文語料庫及文獻中的偏誤分析設計出一套測驗題,該測驗題亦通過母語者語感測試,以此來檢測學習者的學習成效。
本教學設計主要是參考母語者所提供的實際使用語境來設計的。明確地告訴學生什麼語境下會使用「了」? 為了讓學生了解使用的語境,本教學設計採用了功能語法的概念,先讓學生建構對「了」的簡單概念後再讓學生練習;也參考了結構主義,讓學生知道 「了」在句中應擺放的位置及其可能代表的意義,然後讓學生知道何時用、什麼語境該用、該語境下使用有何意涵等。整體教學法則參考自主性語法學習法,也就是精講多練,只簡單講「了」的基本概念,然後以語境帶入大量練習。而且,在教學中,筆者不使用「了1」、「了2」的名稱以免學生或教師不清楚「了1」、「了2」出現的位置;而在名稱上加入結構的訊息,改以「verbal了」、「sentential了」來稱呼。從「sentential了」開始教起,至「verbal了」、「雙了句」,循序漸進,讓學生透過大量練習建立語感,最後在實際使用中逐漸內化虛詞「了」的使用規則。
After teaching at three language centers and roughly six years of teaching experience, according to the personal conmunicatiion (approximately 40 teachers) and personal teaching experience, the functional word "le" is consistently a difficult topic in Chinese language pedagogy. Although the literature on theoretical syntax of the functional word "le" is numerous, Chinese language teachers feel there is a major gap between theoretical systactic analysis and actual teaching methods. For this reason, I feel it is necessary to have an instructional design that is practical and useful.
According to the Dick- Carey Model, teaching systems can be categorized into 3 stages: determining the instructional goals, the development of teaching materials, and evaluating the effectiveness of teaching. That is why I analyzed relevant literature, explanations of "le" by mainstream textbooks, student errors, and I also conducted an investigation on native-speakers' intuition. To confirm how to teach “le,” I develop the instructional content by those materials, and evaluate the teaching effectiveness. By analyzing the errors found in infer language databases and literature, I designed exam questions which is grammatical judgment test. The exam questions would test the intiuition of native speakers, in order to test learners' learning outcomes. For example:choose “le”、”zhe”、”guo” to fill in the blank、Is the sentence correct?、choose the usage of the sentence in different situation、create situation for “verbal-le”、”sentential-le”、”double-le”. This teaching design was based on context generated by native speakers to explicitly tell students in what context "le" is often used. In order to allow students to understand when should they use “le”, my design was made by using of functional grammar concepts and situation. Which are all from experienced-teachers and native speaker’s grammatical judgment test. Therefore, using my design to teach will good for learners to know better when should use ”le”, which also help them to know the situation to use “verbal-le”、”sentential-le”、”double-le”.
This teaching design follows the idea of "less teaching but practice makes perfect", which means a simple explanation of "le" and its fundamental concepts is followed by a lot of practice within context. And the practice in teaching will always with photos or situation, from short senence to longer sentence. In addition, when teaching, I do not use the names "le1" and "le2" so as to avoid the students and teacher being unclear on where "le1" and "le2" appear in a sentence. Instead, their names include structural information, and have been changed to "verbal le" and "sentential le" to indicate the two kinds. Step by step, teaching begins with a simple photos which explain the original meaning of “le”. After students realize the original meaning of “le”, teacher can start to teach "sentential le" by basic sentence, like: ”tian he le ma?”、”tian hai mei hei” 、”tian hei le”. Then teaching "verbal le" ,like:“ni chi le ji wan fan?”、”wo chi le san wan fan.”. Final step will teach "double le sentences.,like:”ni kan le ji ben shu le?” .After those practice, students will develope a sense of the language, and then through practical use, they will finally internalize the rules for using the functional word "le."
中文部份
丁崇明(2009)。韓國漢語中高級水準學生語法偏誤分析。《北京師範
大學學報(社會科學版)》 2009年06期,頁105-110。
王力(1943)。中國現代語法。香港:中華書局。
王學群(2004)。對了的一點私見。漢語時體系統國際研討會論文集,
頁252-271。
王寅(2001)。語義理論與語言教學。上海:上海外語教育出版社。
史有為(2002)。對了的再認識。日中對照語言學會,白帝社。
石毓智(1992)。論現代漢語的體標記。《中國社會科學》第六期,頁
183-201
白建華等(2009)。對外漢語語言教學點150。曼哈頓與倫敦:耶魯大
學。
朱德熙(1981)。語法講義。北京:商務印書館。
呂叔湘(1982)。中國文法要略。台北:文史哲出版社。
呂叔湘(1999)。現代漢語八百詞(增訂本)。北京:商務印書館。
李大忠(1996)。外國人學漢語語法偏誤分析。北京:語言文化大學出
版社
何沐容(2008)。應用全語言教學原則於初級華語教學之行動研究。台北市: 國立台灣師範大學華語教學所碩士學位論文
周世箴譯注(2006)。我們賴以生存的譬喻(Metaphors We Live By,Geroge Lakoff& Mark Johnson)。台北市:聯經出版事業股份有限公司
屈承熹(2009)。漢語功能篇章語法。台北市:文鶴出版有限公司。
竟成(1993)。關於動態助詞了的語法意義問題。語文研究第1期,頁
52-57。
陳俊光(2007)。對比分析與教學應用。台北市:文鶴出版有限公司。
陳俊光(2009)。篇章分析與教學應用。台北市:新學林出版股份有限
公司。
陳怡靜(2011)。談從理論到實踐的課堂語法教學----以”是…的”教學為例。《台灣華語文研討會2011論文集》,頁601-608。
湯廷池(1981)。語言學與語文教學。台北市:台灣學生書局
黃雅筠(2002) 。基於全語言教學原則下之寫作發展--初學華語學生個案研究。台北市:國立台灣師範大學華語教學所碩士學位論文
黃宣範(2008)。漢語語法(中文修訂版)。台北市:文鶴出版有限公司。
廖香蘭(2009)。現代漢語「了」的認知分析研究。台北市:國立台灣師範大學華語教學所碩士學位論文。
管韻(2010)。現代漢語完成體「了」的探討與教學。台北市:國立台灣師範大學華語教學所碩士學位論文。
劉月華、潘文娛、故韡(1996)。實用現代漢語語法。北京:商務印書
館。
鄧守信(1985)。漢語動詞的時間結構。語言教學與研究第4期,頁
7-17。
鄧守信(2009a)。漢語語法論文集。台北市:文鶴出版有限公司。
鄧守信(2009b)。對外漢語教學語法。台北市:文鶴出版有限公司。
盧凌(2008)。整體語言教學探索。課程.教材.教法,8,頁23-37。
中國視聽教育學會與中國視聽教育基金會主編(1995)。系統化教學設
計。台北市:師大書苑有限公司。
趙元任(1968) 。中國話的文法(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)。美國加
州大學出版社。
鄭良偉(1997)。台語、華語的結構及動向。台北:遠流。
劉勛寧(1998)。漢語詞尾了的語法意義。中國語文,第5期,頁321-330
劉勛寧(1990)。現代漢語句尾了的語法意義及其與詞尾了的聯系。世
界韓語教學第2期:頁18-25。
劉勛寧(1999)。現代漢語的句子構造與詞尾了的語法位置。語言教學
與研究第3期,頁4-22。
劉勛寧(2002)。現代漢語句尾了的語法意義及其解說。語言教學與研
究第3期,頁70-79。
英文部分
Brown, H.D. (1994). Teaching by Principles An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy[M]. NJ: Prentice Hall Regents,Prentice Hall INC.
Dick, W. & Cary, L. (1990), The Systematic Design of Instruction, Third Edition, Harper Collins
George Lakoff(1987), Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. University of Chicago Press
Goodman (1986). On reading. Portsmouth, NH:Heinemann.
Li,Charles N& Thompson,Sandra A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese. Berkley: University of California Press.
Richards,J.C. & Rodgers T.S. (2001). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Richards, Jack C. (2001). Curriculum Development in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Terence Odlin(1994).Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar. Cambridge University Press
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1973. Negation and Aspects in Chinese. 14-37. Journal of Chinese Linguistis 1.1.
Teng,S. (1999). A Semantic Study of Transtivity Relations in Chinese.
Teng, Shou-hsin. (2000). Aqusiton and Pedogogy in Chinese as a foreign language. 現代中國語研究 (Japan).5-17.
Teng,S .(2003). Guidelines for Grammatical Description in L2 Chinese.世界漢語教學 Vol.1.pp.75-86
Teng,S. (2008). Acquisition and Pedagogy in Chinese as a Foreign Language.對外漢語教學語法 台北:文鶴出版有限公司
Karen E. Johnson (2009).Second Language Teacher Education-A Sociocultural Perspective.New York:Routledge
Dick, W. & Cary, L. (1990), The Systematic Design of Instruction, Third Edition, Harper Collins
Briggs, L. J., Gustafson, K. L. & Tellman, M. H., Eds. (1991), Instructional Design: Principles and Applications, Second Edition, Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Edmonds, G. S., Branch, R. C., & Mukherjee, P. (1994), A Conceptual Framework for Comparing Instructional Design Models, Educational Research and Technology, 42(2), pp. 55-72.
Gagne, R. M., Briggs, L. J. & Wagner, W. W. (1992). Principles of Instructional Design (4th ed.), Holt, Reihhart, and Winston Inc.
Teng, Shou-hsin. (1974,2005). Verb classification and its pedagogical extensions. Studies on Modern Chinese Syntax. Taipei: Crane publishing Co. LTD. 79-86.
教材
葉德明主編(2007)。新版實用視聽華語(第一、第二冊)。台北:正中 書局。
劉珣(2002)。新實用漢語課本(第一冊)。北京:北京語言文化大學出版社。
劉月華等主編(1997)。中文聽說讀寫(第一、二冊)。Boston: Cheng&Tsui Company.
網路資源
國立台灣師範大學-教學卓越計畫 華語文教學專業學程 http://www.ntnu.edu.tw/tcsl/ptcsl/lectures/summary20071008.html
Google 官方網站
http://www.google.com
中央研究院現代漢語平衡語料庫
http://dbo.sinica.edu.tw/SinicaCorpus/
北京大學漢語語言學研究中心語料 http://ccl.pku.edu.cn/Yuliao_Contents.Asp
北京語言大學HSK動態作文語料庫http://202.112.195.192/hsk/login.asp