國立臺灣師範大學博碩士論文全文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	陳寶珍 Paochen Chen
論文名稱：	台灣高中生英文作文中詞語搭配使用錯誤研究 A Corpus-Based Study of the Collocational Errors in the Writings of the EFL Learners in Taiwan
指導教授：	陳純音 Chen, Chun-Yin
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2002
畢業學年度：	91
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	116
中文關鍵詞：	搭配詞、詞語搭配、錯誤分析、語料庫、英語教學、作文、第二外語學習、字彙
英文關鍵詞：	collocation, error analysis, corpus, EFL/ESL, interlanguage, composition, SLA, vocabulary
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：285 下載：77
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

本篇論文研究的是台灣高中生英文作文中「詞語搭配」（collocation）使用錯誤的情形，以便瞭解學生所犯錯誤的類別、原因與性質，希望對教材編輯、教學方法、以及瞭解外語學習困難所在有所助益。「詞語搭配」（collocation）也就是字與字如何組成常用的「詞」，這種組合有某種限制，限制在於語法方面就稱為「語法搭配」（grammatical collocation），搭配的限制若在於詞義方面，就稱為「詞義搭配」（lexical collocation），因此「詞語搭配」分為兩大類，即「語法搭配」與「詞義搭配」。
本實驗收集了台北市立永春高中高三學生三次模擬考卷共90份作文，作詳盡的錯誤分析，先找出錯誤，再作系統的分類與統計，最後並逐句提供修改的建議。在研究的過程中，使用英國國家語料庫（British National Corpus）作為「詞語搭配」錯誤分析的參考與準則。本研究在90篇作文中共找出272個詞語搭配錯誤，其中147個屬於「語法搭配」錯誤，125個屬於「詞義搭配」錯誤。根據研究統計結果顯示L3（形容詞＋名詞）與L1 (動詞＋名詞)是最常見的「詞義搭配」錯誤，而G4（介詞＋名詞）與G8(MNS)（動詞＋補語）則是最常見的「語法搭配」錯誤。「語法搭配」錯誤數目仍多，顯示雖然研究學者多半強調「詞義搭配」的教學，但對台灣高中生而言，「語法搭配」教學仍有待加強。另外，研究統計也顯示「詞語搭配」能力與學生的一般英語能力有關。高分組的同學所犯的「詞語搭配」錯誤，明顯較少。經過研究分析顯示，母語中沒有對應詞語，無法直接翻譯者較容易犯錯，類似同義詞較多的也較容易混淆。本研究所分析的雖然是特定的學生所犯的錯誤，但是許多中國學生所犯的錯誤都是類似的，老師瞭解學生常見的錯誤後，在教單字時，宜注意慣用語與搭配詞語的教學。此外，這類的「詞語搭配」錯誤研究，如果以聯考作文或全民英檢之類的全國性的樣本來做長期的大型研究，研究成果將可以作為作文軟體中，「詞語搭配」錯誤檢查軟體研發的依據。

The purpose of this study is to investigate the collocational errors in the writings of the high school EFL learners in Taiwan. The subjects were 30 students who enrolled at YongChun High School, Taipei, Taiwan. Ninety exam papers were collected and analyzed for collocational errors, after which the unacceptable grammatical/lexical collocation errors were classified according to types of errors they contained, using a modified classification system originally established by Benson, et al. (1986b). A native-speaker corpus, the British National Corpus, was used as reference for identifying EFL learners’ collocational errors. Suggestions for improvement of each of the ill-formed sentences consisting of these collocation errors were offered.
A total of 272 collocational errors (147 grammatical collocation errors and 125 lexical collocation errors) were identified. It was found that adjective-noun (L3) and verb-noun (L1) were the most frequent lexical collocation error types, and preposition-noun (G4) and verb collocations (G8) were the most frequent grammatical collocation error types. Other common lexical collocation error types in descending order were L7 (v+adv), L4 (n+v), and L6 (adv+adj). The least frequent types were G2 (n+ to infinitive), G6 (adj + to infinitive), G3 (n + that clause) and G7 (adj + that clause). In addition, more grammatical collocation errors (147: 54.04%) were found than lexical ones (125: 49.96%), and there were more collocational errors found in the low achievers’ writings. L1 transfer is a common source of errors, though some appears to be intralingual or communication-based in nature. Literal translation is still a common strategy adopted by the subjects. This implies that EFL teachers should be mindful of these mis-collocations made by learners of a particular first language background, and collocations without first-language translation equivalents require special attention. Finally, it is suggested that further study may look into a large number of subjects in big national tests, such as the General English Proficiency Tests or the Joint College Entrance Exams, to have a better picture of the collocational errors and competence of the EFL learners in Taiwan. A large-scale study of this kind may contribute to a more comprehensive database of the learners’ collocational errors, which may serve as a crucial part of a more “user friendly” computer collocation error-checking software package for the Chinese EFL learners.

Acknowledgements iii
Abstract (Chinese) iv
Abstract (English) v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures x
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Purposes of the Study 3
1.2 Definition of Terms 4
1.3 Organization of the Thesis 5
Chapter 2: Review of the Literature 7
2.1 Collocations in Theoretical Linguistics 7
2.2 Collocations in Error Analysis and Interlanguage Studies 10
2.3 Collocations in Language Teaching 15
2.4 Collocations in Corpora Linguistics 18
2.5 Summary 23
Chapter 3: Experimental Design and Results 26
3.1 Subjects 26
3.2 Materials 27
3.3 Methods 28
3.3.1 Identifying Collocation Errors and Error Checking 29
3.3.2 Classification System of Collocation Errors 30
3.3.3 Classifying the Errors 34
3.4 Procedures 35
3.5 Results 36
3.5.1 Errors Found in Compositions of Topic 1 37
3.5.2 Errors Found in Compositions of Topic 2 41
3.5.3 Errors Found in Compositions of Topic 3 46
3.5.4 Sample Collocation Errors Found in the Study 49
3.6 Summary 54
Chapter 4: Discussion 57
4.1 Grammatical and Lexical Collocation Errors 57
4.2 Collocation Errors and General English Proficiency 60
4.3 Collocation Errors and Topics 63
4.4. Number of Each Type of Collocation Errors 65
4.5 Hierarchy of Difficulty Based on the Most Frequently Produced Errors 69
4.6 Least Frequent Collocation Types 70
4.7 Summary 72
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Pedagogical Implications 74
5.1 Conclusions 74
5.2 Pedagogical Implications 75
5.3 Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Further Research 78
Bibliography 80
Appendix A: Benson, Benson, and Ilson’s Collocation Classification System 87
Appendix B: The Learner Corpus 94
List of Tables
                              Page
Table 2-1: Definition of Collocations and Free Combinations (Benson et al., 1986a) 9
Table 2-2: Lewis’ Definition of Fully Fixed and Less Fixed Collocations 10
Table 2-3: Stockwell, Bowen and Martin's Hierarchy of Difficulty 11
Table 2-4: Causes of Errors (Adapted From Larsen-Freeman and Long, 1991) 12
Table 2-5: Features of the British National Corpus 19
Table 2-6: Johansson’s Adverb-Adjective Collocation Patterns. 22
Table 3-1: Topics and Numbers of the Sampled Compositions 28
Table 3-2: Examples Extracted from the British National Corpus 30
Table 3-3: Benson, Benson, and Ilson’s Collocation Classification System 31
Table 3-4: Modified Classification System of Collocation Patterns 32
Table 3-5: An Example of Records in the Database 35
Table 3-6: Number of Errors Found in the 30 Compositions of Topic 1 37
Table 3-7: L3 (Adj+N) Collocation Errors and Their Contexts 38
Table 3-8: G4 (Prep+N) Collocation Errors and Their Contexts 40
Table 3-9: Number of Errors Found in the 30 Compositions of Topic 2 41
Table 3-10: L1 (V+N) Collocation Errors and Their Contexts 42
Table 3-11: G8(EH) (SV[O] to Inf.) Collocation Errors and Their Contexts 44
Table 3-12: G8 (MNS) (SV[O]C) Collocation Errors 45
Table 3-13: Number of Errors Found in the 30 Compositions of Topic 3 46
Table 3-14: L7 (V+Adv) Collocation Errors and Their Contexts 47
Table 3-15: G8(D) (SV[O] Prep O) Collocation Errors and Their Contexts 48
Table 3-16: Typical Lexical Collocation Errors Found in This Study 49
Table 3-17: Typical Grammatical Collocation Errors Found in This Study 51
Table 3-18: Typical G8 Verb Grammatical Collocation Errors Found in This Study 52
Table 4-1: Number of Grammatical/Lexical Collocation Errors 57
Table 4-2: Descriptive Statistics of Grammatical/Lexical Collocation Errors 57
Table 4-3: T-Test Values for Grammatical/Lexical Collocation Errors 58
Table 4-4: Number of Collocation Errors by the Two Groups of Different Levels 61
Table 4-5: Descriptive Statistics of Collocation Errors by the Two Groups 61
Table 4-6: T-Test Values of Collocation Errors Made by the Two Groups 62
                                                            Page
Table 4-7: Number of Collocation Errors Found in Compositions of the 3 Topics 64
Table 4-8: Statistics of Collocation Errors Found in Compositions of the 3 Topics 64
Table 4-9: T-Test Values of Collocation Errors in Compositions of the 3 Topics 64
Table 4-10: Number of Each Type of Collocation Errors Found in This Study 66
Table 4-11: Number of Each Type of Collocation Errors (G8 Types Combined) 67
List of Figure
                                                   Page
Figure 4-1: Ratio of the G8 Verb Grammatical Collocation Errors 68
Figure 4-2: Hierarchy of Difficulty 70
                                

Alexander, R.J. (1984). “Fixed Expressions in English: Reference Books and the Teacher,” ELT Journal 38(2): 127-134.
Al-zahrani, M. S. (1998). “Knowledge of English Lexical Collocations among Male Saudi College Students Majoring in English at a Saudi University.” Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.
Aston, G. (1995). “Corpora in Language Pedagogy: Matching Theory and Practice,” In G. Cook & B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics: Studies in honour of H. G. Widdowson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aston, G & Burnard L. (1998). The BNC Handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Bahns, J. & Eldaw, M. (1993). “Should We Teach EFL Students Collocations?” System 21(1): 101-114.
Bahns, J. (1993). “Lexical Collocation: A Contrastive View,” ELT Journal 47(1): 56-63.
Benson, M. (1985). “Collocations and Idioms,” In Robert Ilson (Ed.), Dictionaries, Lexicography and Language Learning, pp. 61-68. Oxford: Pergamon.
Benson, M., Benson, E., & Ilson, R. (1986a). Lexicographic Description of English. Netherlands: Benjamins.
Benson, M., Benson, E. & Ilson, R. (1986b). The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Benson, M., Benson, E., Ilson, R., & Young. (1991). Using the BBI: A Workbook Exercises for the BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English. Amsterdam: Benjamin.
Biskup, D. (1992). “L1 Influence on Learners’ Renderings of English Collocation: A Polish/German Empirical Study,” In P.J.L. Arnaud &H. Bejoint (Eds.), Vocabulary and Applied Linguistics, pp. 85-93. Houndmills: Macmillan.
Bolinger, D. & Sears, D. A. (1976). Aspects of Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Bolinger, D. (1965.) “The Atomization of Meaning,” Language 41 (4): 555-73
Bonk, W. J. (2000). “Testing ESL Learners' Knowledge of Collocations,” ESL Literacy Education Research Report 2000.
British National Corpus (BNC World Edition SARA Version 0.98) [CD ROM] (2000). Humanities Unit of Oxford University. Also online available July 2002 <http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.html>.
Brown, C. (1974). “Advanced Vocabulary Teaching: The Problem of Collocation,” RELC Journal 5(2): 1-11.
Carter, R. (1998). Vocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives. London: Routledge.
Chang, W. C. (1996) Freshman English Composition: An Error Analysis from the Discourse Perspective. Taipei: Crane.
Channel, J. (1981). “Applying Semantic Theory to Vocabulary Teaching,” ELT Journal 35: 115-122.
Chen, C.C. (1979). “An Error Analysis of English Composition Written by Chinese Students in Taiwan.” Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
Chen, H. H. (1998) “Underuse, Overuse, and Misuse in Tawainese EFL Learner Corpus.” In S. Granger, and J. Hung (Eds.), Proc. of the First International Symposium on Computer Learner Corpora, Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching, pp. 25-28. The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Chen, H. H. (2001). “Taiwanese EFL Learner Corpus and Interlanguage Analysis.” In Selected Papers from the Tenth International Symposium on English Teaching in the Republic of China, pp. 288-299. Taipei: Crane.
Chiang, T. H. (1981). “Error Analysis: A Study of Errors Made in Written English by Chinese Learners.” Master’s Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Corder, S. (1967). “The Significance of Learners’ Errors,” IRAL 5: 167-70.
Corder, S. (1981). Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cowie, A. (1988). “Stable and Creative Aspects of Vocabulary,” In Carter & McCarthy, M. (Eds.), Vocabulary and Language Teaching, pp. 126-139. New York: Longman.
Cowie, A. (1992). “Multiword Lexical Units and Communicative Language Teaching,” In P. Arnaud & H. Bejoint (Eds.), Vocabulary and Applied Linguistics, pp.216-331. London: Macmillan.
Crystal, David (1991): A Dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Davies, E. E. (1983). “Error Evaluation: The Importance of Viewpoint,” ELT Journal 37.
Ellis, R. (1986). Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Etherton, A. R. (1977). “Error Analysis: Problems and Procedures,” English Learning Journal 32(1): 67-78.
Farghal, M. & Obiedat, H. (1995). “Collocations: A Neglected Variable in EFL.” IRAL 33(4): 315-333.
Ferris, D.R. (1994). “Lexical and Syntactic Features of ESL Writing by Students at Different Levels of L2 Proficiency,” TESOL Quarterly 28: 414-420.
Firth, J. (1957). “A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory 1930-1955,” In Studies in Linguistic Analysis. Oxford: Philological Society.
Firth, J. (1968). “Linguistic Analysis as a Study of Meaning,” In F. R. Palmer (Ed.), Selected Papers of J.R. Firth, pp.12-26. Longman.
Flowerdew, L. (1998a). “Concordancing on an Expert and Learner Corpus for ESP,” CALL 8(3): 3-7.
Flowerdew, L. (1998b) “Corpus Linguistic Techniques Applied to Text Linguistics,” System 26: 541-552.
Flowerdew, L. (1998c) “Integrating Expert and Interlanguage Computer Corpora Findings on Causality: Discoveries for Teachers and Students,” English for Specific Purposes 17(4): 329-345.
George, H (1972). Common Errors in Language Learning. Newbury House.
Gitsaki, C. (1996). “The Development of ESL Collocational Knowledge.” Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Granger, S. (1998a) “Prefabricated Patterns in Advanced EFL Writing: Collocations and Formulae,” In A. Cowie (Ed.) Phraseology: theory, analysis and applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Granger, S. (1999) “Use of Tenses by Advanced EFL Learners: Evidence from an Error-Tagged Computer Corpus,” In H. Hasselgard and S. Oksefjell, (Eds.), Out of Corpora: Studies in Honour of Stig Johansson, pp.191-202. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Granger, S. (Ed.) (1998b) Learner English on Computer. London: Longman.
Greenbaum, S. (1974). “Some Verb-Intensifier Collocations in American and British English,” American Speech 49: 79-89.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1991). “Corpus Studies and Probabilistic Grammar,” In K. Aijmer & B. Altenberg (Eds.), English Corpus Linguistics, pp. 30-43. London: Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1966). “Lexis as a Linguistic Level,” In C. E. Bazell, J.C. Catford, M.A.K. Halliday, & R.H. Robins (Eds.), In memory of J.R. Firth, pp. 148-162. London: Longman.
Horney, J. E. (1998). “An Error Analysis of English Composition Written by Taiwanese Students.” Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin
Howarth, P. (1998). “Phraseology and Second Language Proficiency,” Applied Linguistics 19(1): 24-44.
Huang, H.S. (1994). “An Analytic Study on Tense Errors Committed by Chinese Learners of English in Southern Taiwan.” Master’s Thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
British National Corpus (BNC World Edition SARA Version 0.98) [CD ROM] (2000). Humanities Unit of Oxford University (Producer). Also [On-line] July 2002 <http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.html>.
Johansson, S. (1993). “ ‘Sweetly Oblivious’: Some Aspects of Adverb-Adjective Combinations in Present-Day English,” In M. Hoey (Ed.) Data, Description, Discourse: Papers on the English Language in Honour of John McH Sinclair. London: Harper Collins.
Kennedy, G. (1990). “Collocations: Where Grammar and Vocabulary Teaching Meet,” In S. Anivan (Ed.), Language Teaching Methodology for the Nineties, pp. 215-229. Singapore: RELC.
Kita K. & Ogata H. (1997). “Collocations in Language Learning: Corpus-Based Automatic Compilation of Collocations and Bilingual Collocation Concordancer,” CALL 10(3): 229-38.
Kjellmer, G. (1987). “Aspects of English Collocation.” In W. Meijs (Ed.), Corpus Linguistics and Beyond, pp. 133-140.
Kjellmer, G. (1994). A Dictionary of English Collocations: Based on the Brown Corpus. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Krashen, S. D. & Terrell T. D. (1982). The Natural Approach. NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.
Krishnamurthy, R. (2001). “Language Corpora: How Can Teachers and Students Use These Valuable New Resources?” In Selected Papers from the Tenth International Symposium on English Teaching in the Republic of China, pp. 59-65. Taipei: Crane.
Lado R. (1957). Linguistics Across Cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Larsen-Freeman, D. & Long M. H. (1991) An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research. New York: Longman.
Laufer, B. (1990). “Why Are Some Words More Difficult Than Others? Some Intralexical Factors That Affect the Learning of Words,” IRAL 28(4): 293-305.
Leffa, V. J. (1998). “Textual Constraints in L2 Lexical Disambiguation,” System 26(2): 183-194.
Leech, G. (1998). “Learner Corpora: What They Are and What Can Be Done with Them.” In S.Granger (Ed.), Learner English on Computer. London: Longman.
Lennon, P. (1991). “Error: Some Problems of Definition, Identification, and Distinction,” Applied Linguistics 12 (2): 180-196.
Lennon, P. (1996). “Getting Easy Verbs Wrong at the Advanced Level,” IRAL 34(1): 23-36.
Lewis, M. (1993). The Lexical Approach. London: Language Teaching Publications.
Lewis M. (1997). Implementing the Lexical Approach. London: Language Teaching Publications.
Lewis, M. (Ed.) (2000). Teaching Collocation: Further Developments in the Lexical Approach. London: Language Teaching Publications.
Liu, C. P. (1999a). “A study of Chinese Culture University Freshmen’s Collocational Competence: ‘Knowledge’ as an Example,” Hwa Kang Journal of English Language & Literature 5: 81-99.
Liu, C. P. (1999b). “An Analysis of Collocational Errors in EFL Writings,” In Proc. of the Eighth International Symposium on English Teaching, pp. 483-494. Taipei: Crane.
Liu, C. P. (2000). “An Empirical Study of Collocation Teaching,” In Proc. of the Seventeenth Conference on English Teaching and Learning in the Republic of China. Taipei: Crane.
Mackin, R. (1978). “On Collocations: Words Shall be Known by the Company They Keep,” In P. Strevens (Ed.), In Honour of A. S. Hornby, pp. 149-165. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCarthy, M. J. (1984). “A New Look at Vocabulary in EFL,” Applied Linguistics 5(1): 12-22.
McIntosh, A. (1961). “Patterns and Ranges,” Language 37: 325-37.
Mills, J. (1994). “Learner Autonomy through the Use of a Concordancer.” Paper Presented at the Meeting of EUROCALL, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Milton, J. and Chowdhury, N. (1994). “Tagging the Interlanguage of Chinese Learners of English”. In Flowerdew, L. and Tong, K.K. (Eds.) Entering Text. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.
Mitchell, T.F. (1971). “Linguistic ‘Goings on’: Collocations and the Other Lexical Matters Arising on the Syntagmatic Record.” Archivum Linguisticum 2, 35-61.
Murphy, J. (1983). “Words: What Goes with What?” Paper Presented at the 17th Annual Convention of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Toronto, Ontario.
Nattinger, J.R. (1980) “A Lexical Phrase Grammar for ESL,” TESOL Quarterly 14(3): 337-344.
Nattinger, J.R. & DeCarrico, J.S. (1992). Lexical Phrases and Language Learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nemser, W. (1971). “Approximative Systems of foreign Language Learning,” IRAL 9(2).
Newman, A. (1988). “The Contrastive Analysis of Hebrew and English Dress and Cooling Collocations: Some Linguistic and Pedagogic Parameters,” Applied Linguistics 9(3): 293-305.
Otani, H. (2001). “Collocation and Text,” In Proc. of Making Sense: From Lexeme to Discourse, pp. 159-170.
Palmberg, R. (1987). “Patterns of Vocabulary Development in Foreign-Language Learners,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 9: 201-219.
Richards, J. C. (1974). Error Analysis: Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition. London: Longman.
Richards, J. C. (1971). “A Non-Contrastive Approach to Error Analysis,” In J. C. Richards (Ed.), Error Analysis: Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition, pp. 172-188. Harlow: Longman.
Schachter, J., & Marianne C. M. (1977). “Some Observation Concerning Error Analysis,” TESOL Quarterly 11(4).
Selinker, L. (1972) “Interlanguage,” IRAL 10: 209-31.
Shei C. C. & H. Pain (2000). “An ESL Writer's Collocational Aid,” CALL 13(2): 167-182.
Sinclair, J. (1987). “Looking Up: An Account of the COBUILD Project,” In Lexical Computing. London: Collins.
Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sinclair, J. and Moon, R. et al. (1989). Collins Cobuild Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. London: Collins.
Sinclair, J. M. (1966). “Beginning the Study of Lexis,” In C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford, M. A. K. Halliday, & R. H. Robins, (Eds.), In memory of J. R. Firth, pp. 410-430. London: Longman.
Smadja, F. (1993). “Retrieving Collocations from Text: Xtract,” Computational Linguistics 19(1): 143-177.
Stockwell R., Bowen J., & Martin, J. (1965) The Grammatical Structures of English and Spanish. University of Chicago Press.
Stubbs, M. (1995). “Corpus Evidence for Norms of Lexical Collocation,” In G. Cook & B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics: Studies in Honour of H.G.Widdowson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Svartvik, J. (1996). “Corpora Are Becoming Mainstream,” In J. Thomasand & M. Shorrt (Eds). Using Corpus for Language Research. New York: Longman.
Tono, Y. & Aoki, M. (1998). “Developing the Optimal Learning List of Irregular Verbs Based on the Native and Learner Corpora,” In Proc. of the First International Symposium on Computer Learner Corpora, Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching, pp. 113-118. The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Trinh, F. N. (1995). “English Collocation: A Translator’s Problem,” In Proc. of the Future of Interpreting & Translation: Keeping in Touch With a Changing World. Sydney: Macarthur.
Tsai, C. Y. (1997). “Collocation and Dictionary,” In Proc. of the Eleventh Conference on English Teaching and Learning in the Republic of China, pp.197-239. Taipei: Crane.
Wang, J. R. (2001) “A Study of the English Collocational Competence of English Majors in Taiwan.” Master’s Thesis, FuJen Catholic University, Taiwan.
Wang, W. C. (Ed.) (1990). Yingyu Dapei Dacidian [A Dictionary of English Collocations (English/Chinese)]. Taipei: Zhongyang.
Wardhaugh R. (1970). “The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis,” TESOL Quarterly 4: 123-30.
Wible D. & Kuo C. H. (2000). “SLA Research, Learner Corpora, and Web-based Learning Environments,” SLRF 2000 (Second Language Research Forum) University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Woolard, G. (2000). “Collocation: Encouraging Learner Independence,” In M. Lewis (Ed.) Teaching Collocation: Further Development in the Lexical Approach. London: Language Teaching Publications.
WordSmith Tools. (Version 3.0) [Computer Software] (1999). Oxford University Press. Online available July 2002 <http://www.lexically.net/>.
Wu, W. S. (1996). “Lexical Collocations: One Way to Make Passive Vocabulary Active,” In Proc. of the Eleventh Conference on English Teaching and Learning in the Republic of China, pp. 461-480. Taipei: Crane.
Zhang, X. (1993). “English Collocations and Their Effects on the Writing of Native and Non-Native College Freshmen.” Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文