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研究生: 江美玲
論文名稱: 芙烈達卡蘿(Frida Kahlo,1907-1954)人生歷程與繪畫創作之關係研究
指導教授: 呂清夫
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 美術學系
Department of Fine Arts
論文出版年: 2004
畢業學年度: 92
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 109
中文關鍵詞: 芙烈達卡蘿繪畫
英文關鍵詞: Frida Kahlo, Painting
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 墨西哥女畫家芙烈達‧卡蘿( Frida Kahlo,1907-1954)一生充滿傳奇色彩。傳承自父親匈裔德國猶太及母親西裔印地安文化血脈,出生年代正逢墨西哥走向現代化與民主化,而最引人注目的是她的藝術天份與個人色彩徹底結合,在動盪的年代以充滿生命力的筆觸創作無比真實情感的作品。

    卡蘿一生坎坷,六歲時不幸患小兒麻痺症,十八歲遭逢車禍,一根金屬扶手刺穿骨盆而出,造成身體傷殘及無法生育。除了肉體的痛苦,她與丈夫狄亞哥‧里維拉( Diego Rivera,1886-1957,墨西哥壁畫家)之間的愛戀分合,成為她生命中繪畫的主題,畫中流血、哭泣、體無完膚的景象,彷彿在尋求某種自我救贖、關照與治療,尤其自畫像大多反映她人生境遇與強烈的心情感受,獨特的形式與風格成為二十世紀畫壇的異數。

    由於芙烈達‧卡蘿本身撰寫的資料有限,對於其繪畫創作思想歷程,則有必要循著藝術家的生平活動,依序從養成教育的過程與作品風格的形成進行理解,因此本論文的第一部份先從卡蘿繪畫風格的醞釀與形成著手,探究其成長背景與印地安文化根源的影響,瞭解其藝術啟蒙與藝術發展的概況,並剖析卡蘿人格特質與繪畫發展的關係。

    論文第二部份就卡蘿的畫作分析與詮釋,首先論述其繪畫創作過程與一生所遭遇的挫折病痛有關,接著由卡蘿畫作類型一一剖析,闡述其繪畫表現的獨特性,最後探討卡蘿的自傳式繪畫特質,描繪了一生的經歷與強調文化認同,畫作中圖像的語彙與象徵意義,傳達了更為深刻的訊息,而她的藝術特質與當時藝術發展的關聯,也促成她在近代藝術佔有一席之地,然其作品背後所蘊藏之內涵才是值得深究之處。

    The life of Frida Kahlo (Mexican artist, 1907-1954) could be regarded as a legend. She inherited cultural features from her father, a Hungarian Germany Jew, and mother, a Spanish Indian. The age of her growing was currently along with the Mexico’s modernization and democratization. In the turbulent age, she had created a lot of marvelous works by a stroke of vitality. Nevertheless, the most significant feature of her works was a thorough combination of talent of arts and her vivid personal characteristics.
    Frida’s life was full of frustrations. She suffered from polio at her six. Then, when she was 18, a trolley accident caused her sterility and disablement. Apart from physical sufferings, the complicated relationship between her and her husband, Diego Rivera (1886-1957) also became a topic of her paintings. The images of her paintings consisted of bleeding, crying, and injuring all over the body especially on her self-portraits, seemingly implied that she was seeking expiation, care, and treatment. The unique style of drawing made her becoming a very different artist among the art society in the 20th century.
    There was only few data available from Frida herself. Thus, in order to have a full understanding about her artistic creation, it was necessary to study how she was educated and how her style was formed. Based on this prerequisite, this thesis would first focus at the fermenting of Frida’s creation style. Through exploring her life background and the influence of Indian culture, it would be known that how her art style was influenced by personality characteristics.
    On the second part of this thesis, the researcher would expound the relationship between Frida’s art creation and life frustration. Through analyzing her paintings, the uniqueness of her creation, so called “autobiographic painting”, would be revealed. Such a unique feature had indicated that Frida’s creation reflected her whole life and cultural identification. The elements and symbolic meanings of pictures presented on her creations had sent impressive messages to audience. Moreover, her artistic characteristics associated with the contemporary art development had also made Frida being an important painter on the earth. Nevertheless, the thoughtfulness behind her creation was what we should indeed consider.

    第一章 緒 論………………………………………………………1 第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………………………1 第二節 研究範圍與方法……………………………………………………3 第三節 相關資料與文獻探討………………………………………………5 第二章 卡蘿繪畫創作的醞釀與形成……………………………13 第一節 童年生活及成長背景…………………………………………..…13 第二節 藝術啟蒙與藝術發展概況……………………………………..…19 第三節 卡蘿人格特質與繪畫發展的關係……………………………..…37 第三章 卡蘿繪畫風格的分析與詮釋……………………………42 第一節 創作過程與受挫歷程的關係…………………………………..…42 第二節 自畫像…………………………………………………………..…50 第三節 超越現實的真實………………………………………………..…60 第四節 靜物畫…………………………………………………………..…70 第四章 卡蘿自傳式繪畫的特質與定位…………………………77 第一節 墨西哥傳統文化的影響………………………………………..…77 第二節 傷殘與愛慾……………………………………………………..…83 第三節 死亡與再生………………………………………………………100 第四節 卡蘿藝術的評價與影響…………………………………………104 第五章 結 論……………………………………………………109 卡蘿年表…………………………………………………………112 參考書目…………………………………………………………116 圖 錄……………………………………………………………123 圖 版……………………………………………………………130 人名索引…………………………………………………………160

    一、中文部分
    (一)專書
    丁亞平,《藝術文化學》,北京:文化藝術出版社,1997。
    王秀雄,《美術心理學》,台北:北美館,1991。
    王雅各主編,《性屬關係(上)》,台北:心理出版社,1999。
    田曼詩,《美學》,台北:三民書局,1990。
    朱光潛,《悲劇心理學》,台北:駱駝出版社,1993。
    江孟蓉譯,Pat B. Allen原著,《彩繪心靈─從內在影像創作中了解自己》,台北:生命潛能,1998。
    呂清夫譯,嘉門安雄原著,《西洋美術史》,台北:大陸,1986。
    李渝譯, JR. Alfred H. Barr原著,《現代畫是什麼? 》,台北:雄獅,1991。
    李臺芳譯,Michell Cassou & Stewart Cubley原著,《靈彩之旅》,台北:遠流,2000。
    吳宜穎等譯,Edward Lucie-Smith原著,《二十世紀偉大的藝術家》,台北:聯經,1999。
    吳信鴻譯,Robert Layton原著,《藝術人類學》,台北:亞太,1997。
    吳康、丁傳林、趙善華譯,C.G. Jung原著,《心理類型(上)》,台北:桂冠,1999。
    吳康、丁傳林、趙善華譯,C.G. Jung原著,《心理類型(下)》,台北:桂冠,1999。
    雨云譯,E. H. Gombrich原著,《藝術的故事》,台北:聯經,1998。
    林明澤、羅秀芝譯,Caws, Kuenzli, Raaberg原著,《超現實主義與女人》,台北:遠流,1995。
    佳慶編輯部譯,David Piper原著,《新地平線》,台北:佳慶文化,1984。
    施叔青,《兩個芙烈達‧卡蘿》,台北:時報文化,2001。
    高千惠,《百年世界美術圖象》,台北:藝術家,2000。
    郭小平、翟燦譯,R. Arnheim原著,《藝術心理學新編》,台北:商務,1992。
    唐小兵譯,Fredric Jameson原著,《後現代主義與文化理論》,台北:合志文化,1990。
    孫旗譯,Herbert Read原著,《現代藝術哲學》,台北:東大,1989。
    耿濟之譯,Leo Tolstoy原著,《藝術論》,台北:遠流,2000。
    梁漢華、黃璨瑛譯,Robert C. Burns原著,《心理投射技巧分析─心理圖解手冊》,台北:揚智,2002。
    張秀亞譯,E. Cassirer原著,《論藝術》,台北:大地,1983。
    張恭啟、于嘉雲譯,R. Keesing原著,《文化人類學》,台北:巨流,2000。
    張心龍,《百幅名畫的啟示》,台北:雄獅,2002。
    陳英德、張彌彌合譯,J.L. Chalumeau原著,《西方當代藝術史批評》,台北:藝術家,2002。
    陶東風等譯,Ellen Winner原著,《創造的世界─藝術心理學》,台北:田園城市文化,2000。
    許邏灣譯,Shaun McNiff原著,《藝術治療》,北縣三重:新路,1999。
    雄獅美術編輯部,《西洋美術辭典》,台北:雄獅,1991。
    黃秀慧譯,Malka Drugker原著,《女畫家卡蘿傳奇》,台北:方智,1998。
    黃舒屏,《卡蘿( Frida Kahlo)》,台北:藝術家,2002。
    黃麗絹譯,Robert Atkins原著,《藝術開講》,台北:藝術家,2000。
    游琬娟譯,Susanne F. Fincher原著,《曼陀羅的創造天地─繪畫治療與自我探索》,台北:生命潛能,1998。
    曾長生,《拉丁美洲現代藝術》,台北:藝術家,1997。
    游恆山譯,P. G. Zimbardo原著,《心理學》,台北:五南,1989。
    虞君質,《藝術概論》,台北:大中國,1992。
    蔡佩君譯,Hayden Herrera原著,《揮灑烈愛》,台北:時報文化,2003。
    蔣韜譯,Robert H. Hopcke原著,《導讀榮格》,台北:立緒,1997。
    黎惟東譯,Carl G. Jung原著,《自我的探索》,台北:桂冠,1991。
    劉文潭,《現代美學》,台北:台灣商務,1993。
    劉文龍,《墨西哥:文化碰撞的悲喜劇》,台北:淑馨,1992。
    劉昌元,《西方美學導論》,台北:聯經,1994。
    劉思量,《藝術心理學─藝術與創造》,台北:藝術家,2002。
    劉振源,《超現實畫派》,台北:藝術圖書,2001。
    龔卓軍譯,Carl G. Jung原著,《人及其象徵》,北縣新店:立緒文化,2002。

    (二)期刊論文
    王會儒,〈一個升沉中的國家﹝墨西哥﹞〉,《海軍學術月刊》30:10,1996.10,p.84-89。
    李家沂譯,Jacques Lacan原著,〈精神分析經驗所揭示形塑「我」之功能的鏡像階段〉,《中外文學》27:2=314,1998.07,p.34-42。
    李渝,〈從墨西哥到台灣─文化入侵弱勢風格的壓制與復興〉,《雄獅美術》244,1991.06,p.109-125。
    呂素貞,〈在畫中讀生命─淺談藝術治療〉,《國家文化藝術基金會會訊》15,2000.01,p.8-9。
    吳介禎,〈精神分析與超現實主義〉,《炎黃藝術》79,1996.07-08,p.64-65。
    高千惠,〈形式與意義─蘇俄前衛藝術的淨化V.S.墨西哥壁畫運動的俗化〉,《雄獅美術》286,1994.12,p.78-84。
    高千惠,〈沉吟五百年─當代拉丁美洲藝術魔幻成真〉,《雄獅美術》253,1992.03,p.73-83。
    高千惠,〈孤獨的迷宮─拉丁美洲女性藝術家的鏡像〉,《雄獅美術》304,1996.06,p.38-45。
    張小虹,〈自戀的慟─記墨西哥女畫家佛莉妲‧卡蘿(Frida Kahlo)〉,《聯合文學》10:7=115,1994.05,p.182-185。
    陳才崑,〈瘋狂是創造的母胎?─幻覺經驗與藝術創作〉,《藝術貴族》46,1993.10,p.114-117。
    陳玉珍,〈略論拉丁美洲的現代藝術〉,《國立歷史博物館學報》15,1999.12,p.109-120。
    曾長生,〈拉丁美洲的魔幻繪畫〉,《現代美術》90,2000.07,p.39-44。
    曾長生,〈母性、獸性、感性─探拉丁美洲女性藝術家代表人物〉,《國立國父紀念館館刊》11,2003.05,p.188-196。
    曾長生,〈食人族宣言─探拉丁美洲的超現實〉,《藝術家》44:1=260,1997.01,p.390-399。
    曾長生,〈壯烈的卡蘿(Frida Kahlo)─二十世紀最引人爭議的女畫家〉,《藝術家》43:2=255,1996.08,p.382-391。
    曾長生〈自動書寫與精緻屍體─談超現實主義的基本策略〉,《典藏今藝術》97,2000.10,p.88-91。
    曾肅良,〈現代藝術邁向新原始─試論文化人類學及精神分析學對西方現代藝術的影響〉,《藝術潮流》8,1995.01,p.119-123。
    葉玉靜,〈繆斯‧謬思─超現實主義中不平等的雙向性〉,《雄獅美術》269,1993.07,p.28-33。
    楊瑞彬,〈藝術創作的定位與特質〉,《現代美術》80,1998.10,p.71-78。
    劉千美,〈論「藝術治療」的美學基礎〉,《哲學雜誌》23,1998.02,p.144-161。
    劉其偉,〈藝術人類學影響及於現代藝術創作思維與表現模式〉,《藝術家》45:2=267,1997.08,p.156-159。
    劉昌漢,〈墨西哥能,中國為什麼不能?〉,《藝術家》52:1=308,2001.01,
    p.462-471。
    潘秀紅譯,Alberto Saladino García原著,〈墨西哥的狂歡與死亡─從諾貝爾文學獎得主帕斯的思想觀談起〉,《當代》57,1991.01,p.118-123。

    二、英文部分

    (一)專書
    Ades, Dawn, Art in Latin American, the Modern Era, 1890-1980, Yale University Press, Baltimore, 1994.
    Alexandrian, Sarane, Surrealist Art, world of art, London: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2001.
    Arnheim, Roudolf, Toward A Psychology of Art, University of California Press, 1966.
    Breton, André, Surrealism and Painting, Translated by Simon Watson Taylor, New York: Harper and Row, 1972.
    Burns, R. C., Self-Growth in Families: Kinetic Family Drawing (K-F-D) Research and Application, New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1982.
    Burns, R. C. and Kaufman, S. H., Actions, Styles and Symbols in Kinetic Family Drawing (K-F-D): An Interpretative Manual, New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972.
    Carter, Angela, Frida Kahlo, London: Redstone Press, 1989.
    Chadwick, Whitney, Woman, Art, and Society, Thames and Hudson, 1990.
    Chadwick, Whitney, Women Artists and the Surrealist Movement, Boston, London, and New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1985.
    Chodorow, Nancy, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
    Del Conde T., Frida Kahlo: la pintora el mito, Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1992.
    Drugker, Malka, Frida Kahlo, University of New Mexico Press, 1995.
    Duffield, H. G. & Bilsky, Manuel, Tolstoy and The Critics: Literature and Aesthetics, New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
    Edward, Lucie-Smith, Latin American Art of the 20th Century, Thames and Hudson Ltd, London, 1993.
    Eisenstein, Hester, Contemporary Feminist Thought, Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1983.
    Freeman, P. Frida Kahlo: Diario: autorretrato intimo, Mexico City: La Vaca Independiente, 1995.
    Freeman, P. (Ed.), The Diary of Frida Kahlo, an Intimate Self-Portrait, La Vaca Independiente S. A. de C. V, New York / México: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Publishers, 1995.
    Garcia, Rupert, Frida Kahlo: A Bibliography, Chicano Studies Library Publication Series, no.7, Berkeley: University of California, 1983.
    Grimberg, Salomon, Frida Kahlo, Dallas: The Meadows Museum, Southern Methodist University, 1989.
    Guilligan, C., In a Different Voice. Harvard University Press, 1982.
    Hamill, Pete, Diego Rivera, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Publishers, 1999.
    Heidegger, M., The Origin of the Work of Art in“Poetry, Language Thonght ”, trans.& ed. by A. Hofstaden, London: Harper & Row, 1971.
    Heijenoort, Jean van, With Trotsky in Exile: From Prinkipo to Coyoacan, Cambridge, Mass.,and London: Harvard University Press, 1978.
    Heitz, Richard, Theories of Contemporary Art, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice Hall, 1993.
    Helm, Mackinley, Modern Mexican Painters, New York: Dover, 1968.
    Herrera, Hayden, Frida Kahlo: The Paintings, New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1991.
    Herrera, Hayden, Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo, New York: Harper and Row, 1983.
    Herrera, Hayden, Frida Kahlo: Her Life, Her Art, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1981.
    Herrera, Hayden, Mexico Splendors of Thirty Centuries, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Boston: Bulfinch Press, 1990.
    Herrera, Hayden, Frida Kahlo, Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art, 1978.
    Jung, Carl G., Man and His Symbols, New Century Publishing Company, Ltd., 1999.
    Kettenmann, A., Frida Kahlo, Germany: Benedikt Taschen, 1998.
    Marcuse, H., The Aesthetic Dimension, Boston: Beacon Press, 1978.
    McNiff, Shaun, Art as Medicine-Creating a Therapy of the Imagination, Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1992.
    Monsivais C. Vazquez-Bayod R., Frida Kahlo: una vida, una obra, Mexico City: Conaculta, 1992.
    Mosquera, Gerardo, Beyond the Fantastic, Contemporary Art Criticism from Latin American , MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1996.
    Mulvey, Laura, and Peter Wollen, Frida Kahlo and Tina Modotti, London: Whitechapel Art Gallery, 1982.
    Nochlin, Linda and Sullivan, Edward J., Women in Mexico, New York/ Mexico City: Fundación Cultural Televisa, A. C., 1990.
    Rasmessen, Waldo, Latin American Artist of the Twentieth Century, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1993.
    Rivera, Diego, with March,Gladys, My Art, My Life: An Autobiography, New York: Citadel, 1960.
    Rochfort, Desmond , Mexican Muralists, Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros, New York, Universe Publishing, 1994.
    Ruprecht, W. F., Latin American Art, New York: Sotheby’s Institute of Art, 2001.
    Santayana, George, The Sense of Beauty, New York: The Modern Library, 1896.
    Schapiro, Meyer, Modern Art, New York: George Braziller, 1978.
    Schillew, F., On the Aesthetic Education of Man, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
    Schneede, Uwe M., Surrealism, Harry N. Abrams, NY, 1974.
    Schneider, Pierre (Ed.), Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, and Twentieth-Century Mexican Art: The Jacques and Natasha Gelman Collection, New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers, 2000.
    Sills, Leslie, Inspirations: Stories About Women Artists: Georgia O’Keeffe, Frida Kahlo, Alice Neel, Faith Ringgold, New York: Albert Whitman & Company, 1989.
    Sullivan, Edward, The Latin American Explosion, New York University, 1993.
    Teresa del Conde and Charles Merewether, The Art of Frida Kahlo, South Australia: Adelaide Festival of Arts, Inc., 1990.
    Tibol, Raquel, Frida Kahlo, Translated by Helga Prignitz-Poda, Frankfurt: Verlag Neue Kritik, 1980.
    Tibol, Raquel, Frida Kahlo: una vida abierta, Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1998.
    Traba, Marta, Art of Latin America, 1900-1980, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994.
    Wolfe, Bertram D., The Fabulous Life of Diego Rivera, New York: Stein and Day, 1963.
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