本文旨在探討籃球裁判職能中自我效能與工作表現之關聯性，以及不同背景籃球裁判在自我效能與工作表現認知之差異。本研究使用Myers, Feltz, Guillén與Dithurbide (2012)所編之「裁判自我效能量表」，作為籃球裁判自我效能評量工具。另外「籃球裁判工作表現問卷」，作為瞭解籃球裁判工作表現之評量工具。本研究採隨機抽樣，對象為參加國、高中、大專籃球聯賽之裁判，以網路SurveyCake 提供填寫問卷平台，分別抽取250名受試者，共回收246有效問卷。所得資料運用SPSS for windows 20.0軟體進行資料分析，經交叉統計分析、t-test、共變數分析、相關分析及迴歸等統計分析。研究結果發現：一、臺灣籃球裁判男多於女、有6位博士學歷、最多是B級裁判，裁判有年輕化趨勢及具高教育程度。二、性別、服務地區、球員身份及教練身份在自我效能上無顯著差異。三、性別、教育程度、服務地區、球員身份及教練身份在工作表現上無顯著差異。四、教育程度、職業別、最高賽事在自我效能有部份顯著差異。五、年齡、職業別、裁判等級、最高賽事、年資及聯賽場次在工作表現有部份有顯著差異。六、年齡、裁判等級、聯賽場次、年資在自我效能有顯著差異。七、自我效能與工作表現有正向相關。八、自我效能具有良好預測工作表現的能力。結論：一、多培養女裁判、增加年輕精英裁判的培訓及高學歷國際化趨勢。二、年紀越大、經驗越好，其自我效能高於年輕裁判。三、具有教師背景及高裁判級別之裁判比賽知識自我效能較高。四、高教育程度、教師及高裁判級別在決策有高自我效能。五、教師或是高裁判級別在壓力效能具有高自我效能。六、工作表現具有經驗的裁判在角色內行為有較大的差異存在。七、高自我效能的籃球裁判具有高工作表現。八、自我效能可預測裁判工作表現。建議：一、增強籃球裁判自我效能：建立比賽知識、累積比賽經驗、提升決策能力及球場溝通技巧。二、提升籃球裁判工作表現：舉辦研討會、建立考評制度、女生參與男生比賽及培養年輕精英裁判。三、研究的建議：女生參與籃球裁判動機及意願、參與全國裁判之選評、裁判決策及溝通技巧的教導方式及對高自我效能裁判進行訪談。

The purpose of the study was to discuss the relationship between self-efficacy and job performance, on which the differences in cognition are made from referees with different backgrounds. The research adopts “ referee self-efficacy scale”, stated in Myers, Feltz, Guillén and Dithurbide (2012), as the tool for basketball referees to evaluate self-efficacy; furthermore, “ basketball referee job performance survey” is used to understand basketball referee job performance. Random sampling is adopted in the research, and senior high school students, high school students, and referees of UBA ( University Basketball Association) are involved. As online survey provides a platform for filling out the questionnaires, 250 samples were selected. 246 effective samples were returned, from which the information was analyzed by SPSS for window 20.0, through cross analysis, t-test, analysis of covariance, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results included: (a) There are more male basketball referees in Taiwan, six of which are PhD, B-level- license at most; it’s demonstrated a tendency that current referees are at younger age and higher educational degree. (b) Gender, geographical area of service, players or coaches don’t show obvious discrepancy in self-efficacy. (c) Gender, education, geographical area of service, players or coaches don’t show distinct difference in job performance. (d) Education, occupation, and the highest contest partially reveal significant difference in self-efficacy. (e) Age, occupation, license level of referees, highest contest, seniority, and number of sessions in tournament also partially reveal significant difference in job performance. (f) Age, license level of referees, number of sessions in tournament, seniority show evident discrepancy in self-efficacy. (g) Self-efficacy and job performance are in positive correlation. (h) Self-efficacy is a great evaluation to predict job performance. Conclusion: (a) To train more female referees, increase the training of young elite referees and the international trend of high education. (b) The older the age, the better the experience, its self-efficacy is higher than the young referee. (c) With a teacher background and high referee level of referee ingestion of the game knowledge self-efficacy is high. (d) High education, teachers and high refereeing level in decision-making has a high self-efficacy. (e) Teachers or high referee levels have high self-efficacy in stress effectiveness. (f) There are great differences in the behavior of referees with experience in performance in the role. (g) High self-efficacy of basketball referees had a high performance. (h) Self-efficacy can predict the performance of the referee. Suggestions: (a) To enhance the self-efficacy of basketball referees: to build game knowledge, accumulate game experience, improve decision-making skills and pitch communication skills. (b) Improve the performance of basketball referees: holding seminars, establishing an evaluation system, girls' participation in boys' competitions and training young elite referees. (c) The research recommendations: female students to participate in basketball referee motivation and willingness, participate in the national referee selection evaluation, referee decision-making and communication skills teaching methods and high self-efficacy of referees interviews.

參考文獻
一、中文部分
王文忠（2008）。籃球裁判參與動機之研究。大葉大學運動事業管理學系碩士在職專班碩士論文，彰化縣。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/a4xgmt
何孟家(2015)。籃球裁判誤判心理因素與因應策略。臺灣師範大學體育系研究所碩士班碩士論文，台北市。
李新民（2004）。幼兒教師實用智能與工作表現之相關研究。高雄：復文書局。
李新民、周俊良（2007）。南部地區學前特殊教育人員自我效能與工作表現之相關研究。特殊教育學報，25，31-55。doi:10.6768/JSE.200706.0031
李新民(2007)。幼兒園主管的利社會領導與幼兒教師希望信念、幸福感、組織公民行為之相關研究。高雄市:復文書局。
李新民（2017）。文教機構高齡工作者創造力自我效能與工作表現之相關研究。樹德科技大學學報，19(2)，1-24。
李亦伸(2018)。台灣籃球邁職業化 林德福：從建立核心組織著手。https://udn.com/news/story/7003/3194926。2018/11/28
林慶源、林耀豐（2009）。運動自我效能與運動行為之探討。屏東教大體育，12，217-231。
周俊良、王明泉、李新民（2012）。學前特殊教育教師專業自我概念與職業倦怠之相關研究。樹德科技大學學報，14(1)，145-166。
屈生東（2012）。國內籃球裁判培育制度之探討。大葉大學運動事業管理學系碩士論文，彰化縣。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/64qmzj
屈生東、熊婉君、曾銀助 (2011)。談籃球裁判專業的培養。屏東教大體育，14，355-362。
高三福、龐雲漢、謝承甫、陳忠強 (2014)。籃球裁判吹判失誤、補救方式與顧客滿意度之關係。體育學報，47(1)，103-114。
徐駿輝（2014）。國內籃球裁判熱情、裁判壓力 與工作倦怠性之研究。臺北市立大學運動教育研究所碩士論文，臺北市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/tcgz7n
翁志成 (2005)。運動裁判與教育。臺北市：師大書苑。
逄海東（2003）。我國籃球裁判員心理技能之研究。大專體育學刊，5（1），97-106。
郭正煜、李麗瓊 (2009)。籃球裁判員執法要素之探討。真理大學運動知識學報，6，153-161。
陳進發（2002）。排球裁判執法態度影響因素之研究。91年大專體育學術研討會專刊，303-308。
張芳文、張弓弘（2008）。不同等級籃球裁判的壓力探討。淡江體育學報，11，159-167。
張弓弘、王人生（2001）。籃球裁判的壓力探討。大專體育，53，82-85。
張清源、蔡英美(2006)：大學生身體質量指數、運動社會心理因素和身體自我概念與運動參與程度之研究。中台學報，18(2)，79-92。
張春興（1995）。教育心理學。台北市：東華書局。
張英智 (2014)。籃球裁判執法滿意度之研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，13(3)，87-100。
黃柏維（2011）。籃球裁判員之人格特質、壓力來源、心理技能與成就感對其持續參與執法工作影響之研究。大葉大學休閒事業管理學系碩士班碩士論文，彰化縣。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/7fczma
葉炳煙（2015）。國小學童游泳課自我效能與學習成效之研究。國立金門大學學報，5(2)，37-50。
楊紀瑜、許志祥 (2006)。籃球裁判壓力來源分析。運動教練科學，6，165-176。
溫明堂、賴世烱（2016）。彼拉提斯運動者之自我效能與身體覺察。運動與健康研究，5(1)，1-25。
劉俊宏、劉淑燕（2008）。資優班的國中生不運動嗎。中正教育研究，7（1），63-84。
劉永紅、李可可（2008）。主觀心理素質對臨場籃球裁判員影響的分析。湖北體育科技，27（6），678-680。
鄭志富（1995）。溝通策略與學校體育經營管理。學校體育，36，18-20。
蔡俊傑、陳意靜（2016）。國小教師體育教學接受度量表之研究。體育學系系刊，15，14-37。
鍾政憲（2007）。心理技能對籃球裁判員執法工作之探討。輔仁大學體育學刊，6，362-370。doi:10.29697/JPE.200705.0030
謝文偉（2016）。籃球裁判決能力之培養。大專體育，136，32-41。doi:10.6162/SRR.2016.136.04
簡貝伊（2012）。籃球裁判自信心、焦慮、壓力與執法表現滿意度之相關研究。長榮大學運動休閒管理學系(所)碩士論文，台南市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/cbe5rk
闕麗鶯、謝文偉、林安迪（2017）。冰山模型應用於籃球裁判之職能發展。中華體育季刊，31(2)，171-178。doi:10.3966/102473002017063102009
體育署(2018)。https://www.sa.gov.tw/PageContent?n=3669 中華民國一○八年五月二十六日
Aldwin,C. M.（1994）. Stress,coping and development：An integrative perspective. NY：The Guilford Press.
Anshel,M. H. ,& Weinbreg,R. H.（1996）. Copying with acute stress between America and Australian basketball stree. Journal of sport behavior,19(3),180-203.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 248-287.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman
Bandura, A., & Wood, R. (1989). Effects of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 805-814.
Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and orga-nizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 687-732). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Feinstein, J. (2009). Sometimes an apology is the right call. Sporting News, 233, 76.
Gardner, D. G., & Pierce, J. L. (1998). Self-esteem and self-efficacy within the organizational context. Group and Organization Management, 23, 48-70.
Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-Efficacy A Theoretical Analysis of Its Determinants and Malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17, 183-211.
Goldsmith, P. A. & William, J. M.（1992）. Perceived stressor for football and volleyball officials from three rating levels. Journal of Sport Behavior, 15(2), 106-118.
Guillén, F., & Feltz, D. (2011). A conceptual model of referee efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 2 (25), 1-5.
Kaissidis,A. N. ,& Anshel,M. H.（1993）. Sources and responses to acute stress in adult and adolescent Australian basketball referees. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,25,97-103.
Lee, Y. D., Lain, J. W., & Chen, C. Y. (1999). A study on the measurement of productivity for white-collar employees-A case of electronic industry in Taiwan. The Chinese Military Academy Journal, 37, 345-361.
Mahoney, M. J.（1989）. Psychological predictors of elite and non-elite performance in Olympic weightlifting. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, 1-12.
Martin,T. N. ,& Schermerhorn,J. J.（1983）. Work and nonwork influence on health：A research agenda using in ability to leave as a critical variable. Academy of Management Review,8(4),650-659
Mirjamali, E., Ramzaninezhad, R., Rahmaninia, F.,& Reihani, M. (2012). A Study of stress in international and national referees of soccer, volleyball, basketball and handball in Iran.World Journal of Sport Sciences, 6(4), 347-354.
Moritz, S.E., Feltz, D.L., Fahrbach, K.R. and Mack, D.E. (2000) The Relation of Self-Efficacy Measures to Sport Performance: A Meta Analytic Review. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, 71, 280-294.
Myers ND., Feltz DL., Guillén F. & Dithurbide L.(2012).Development of, and initial validity evidence for, the referee self-efficacy scale: a multistudy report. Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology, 34(6), 737-65.
Noe, R. A. (2005). Employee training and development (3rd ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic setting. Review of Educational Research,66(4),543-545.
Pajares, F. (1997). Current directions inself-efficacy research. In M. Maehr & P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (pp.1-49). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Parker, S. K. (2000). From passive to proactive motivation: The importance of flexible role orientations and role breadth self-efficacy. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(3), 447-469. doi: 10.1111/1464-0597.00025
Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 636-652. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636
Phillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (1997). The role of goal orientation, ability, and locus control in the self-efficacy and goal setting process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (5), 792-802.
Plessner, H., & Haar, T. (2006). Sports performance judgments from a social cognitive perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(6), 555-575.
Qrlick, T. , & Partington, J.（1988）. Mental links to excellence. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 105-130.
Rainey,D. W.（2000）. Source of stress, Burnout,and intention to terminate among basketball referees. Journal of Sport Behavior,22(4),578-590.
Rudzitis, A., Kalejs, O., & Licis, R. (2014). Model characterizing sports game referees. SHS Web of Conferences, 10.doi: 10.1051/shsconf/20141000039
Saemi, E.; Porter, J.; Ghotbi-Varzaneh, A.; Zarghami, M. & Maleki, F. (2012) Knowledge of Results After Relatively Good Trials Enhances Self-Efficacy and Motor Learning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 13(4).378-382.
Schweizer, G., Plessner, H., & Brand, R. (2013). Establishing standards for basketball elite referees' decisions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25(3), 370-375.
Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993).Competence at work: Models for superior performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Stajkovic, A. D., Lee, D., & Nyberg, A. J. (2009). Collective efficacy, group potency, and groupperformance: Meta-analyses of their relationships, and test of a mediation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 814-828.
Stewart, M. J., Ellery, P. J., Ellery, J., & Maher, I. (2004). Sources of perceived psychological stress reported by high school basketball officials. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99, 463-469.
Taylor, A. & Daniel, B.（1990）. Perceived stress, psychological burnout and paths turnover intentions among sport officials. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,2(1),84-97
Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37, 17-31.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy It’s potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1137-1148.
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (1995). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Weinberg,R. S. , & Richardson, P. A.（1990）. Psychology of officiating Champaign,IL: Leisure Press.