簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 施能木
Neng-Mu Shih
論文名稱: 應用樂高教學方案在國小生活科技課程對學童創造力影響之研究
A Study of the Influence of Implementing LEGO Instructional Programs on Children’s Creativity at Elementary School Technology Curriculums
指導教授: 黃能堂
Huang, Neng-Tang
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 科技應用與人力資源發展學系
Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development
論文出版年: 2008
畢業學年度: 96
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 272
中文關鍵詞: 建造論樂高教學方案創造力生活科技課程國小實作評量
英文關鍵詞: Constructionism, LEGO Instructional Programs, Creativity, Technology Curriculums, Elementary School, performance assessment
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:227下載:23
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討應用樂高教學方案在國小生活科技課程的可行性及其對學童創造力之影響。為達研究目的,本研究進行文獻探討,瞭解國內外建造論、創造力、問題解決等理論基礎,作為規劃樂高教學方案的依據。本研究採取準實驗研究法,以台東縣東海國小六年級兩個班級(各35名學童)為研究對象,隨機分派為實驗組與控制組。實驗組學童接受樂高教學方案教學,控制組學童接受傳統教學,教學實驗時間為期六週(24節課)。本研究以簡單機械成就測驗、創造力實作評量表、威廉斯創造性思考活動、威廉斯創造性傾向量表、學習意見調查表及訪談大綱為研究工具,比較實驗組與控制組兩組學童在生活科技課程學習成效的差異及創造力的影響。本研究結論為(1)樂高教學方案適用於國小生活科技課程之教學;(2)樂高教學方案可提升國小學童在生活科技課程的學習成效;(3) 樂高教學方案可提升國小學童部分創造力的能力。

    This study aimed to investigate the practicability of the “LEGO Instructional Programs” and the learning efficiency in the elementary school’s technology curriculums and influences of children’s creativity while applying “LEGO Instructional Programs.” Quasi-experimental, control-group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. Two 6th grader classes with seventy students in total from Dong-Hai elementary school, Taitung County were selected as the research sample of this study. The classes were further divided into the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group received the instruction is based on “LEGO Instructional Program”; on the other hand, the control group received “Traditional Instruction.” After six weeks instructional methodology given (Twenty –four classes period), we compare with these two groups students between the learning efficiency of technology curriculums and influences of students’ creativities.
    The results of this study showed as follows: (1) “LEGO Instructional Programs” can be applied to the elementary school’s technology curriculums. (2) “LEGO Instructional Programs” can increase children’s instructional effectiveness at elementary school technology curriculums. (3) “LEGO Instructional Programs” can increase the part abilities of children’s creativity.

    中文摘要……………………………………………………………i 英文摘要……………………………………………………………ii 目錄…………………………………………………………………iv 表次…………………………………………………………………vii 圖次…………………………………………………………………x 第一章 緒論 第一節 問題背景與重要性…………………………………………1 第二節 研究目的與待答問題………………………………………4 第三節 研究方法……………………………………………………6 第四節 研究範圍與限制……………………………………………7 第五節 名詞釋義……………………………………………………9 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 學習理論…………………………………………………11 第二節 創造力理論………………………………………………41 第三節 問題解決與合作的學習…………………………………68 第四節 相關研究…………………………………………………82 第三章 研究設計與實施 第一節 研究架構…………………………………………………97 第二節 研究變項…………………………………………………98 第三節 研究假設…………………………………………………100 第四節 研究對象…………………………………………………101 第五節 研究程序…………………………………………………103 第六節 實驗設計…………………………………………………107 第七節 教學設計…………………………………………………108 第八節 研究工具…………………………………………………114 第九節 研究實施…………………………………………………120 第五節 資料分析…………………………………………………122 第四章 研究發現與討論 第一節 不同教學法對學習成效的影響…………………………125 第二節 不同教學法對創造力實作的影響………………………129 第三節 不同教學法對認知領域創造力的影響…………………133 第四節 不同教學法對情意領域創造力的影響…………………147 第五節 不同教學法對學習意見的影響…………………………157 第五章 結論與建議 第一節 結論……………………………………………………171 第二節 建議……………………………………………………177 參考文獻 一、中文部份………………………………………………………181 二、外文部份………………………………………………………187 附錄 附錄一 樂高Mindstorms RIS 2.0零件清單…………………201 附錄二 「簡單機械-槓桿原理」單元教學活動設計(一般傳統教學版)……………………………………202 附錄三 「簡單機械-輪軸」單元教學活動設計(一般傳統教學版).......………………………………………207 附錄四 「簡單機械-滑輪」單元教學活動設計(一般傳統教學版)………………………………………212 附錄五 「簡單機械-簡單機械的組合」單元教學活動設計(一般傳統教學版)……………………………… 216 附錄六 「簡單機械-槓桿原理」單元教學活動設計(樂高教學方案版)……………………………………220 附錄七 「簡單機械-輪軸」單元教學活動設計(樂高教學方案版)……….………………………………… 225 附錄八 「簡單機械-滑輪」單元教學活動設計(樂高教學方案版)…………………………………230 附錄九 「簡單機械-簡單機械的組合」單元教學活動設計(樂高教學方案版)……………………………… 234 附錄十 簡單機械教材內容………………………………238 附錄十一 作品實作記錄表…………………………………242 附錄十二 簡單機械成就測驗-預試試題的難度及鑑別度分析內容…………………………………………244 附錄十三 簡單機械成就測驗前測試題……………………247 附錄十四 簡單機械成就測驗-前測試題的難度與鑑別度彙整內容…………………………………………249 附錄十五 簡單機械成就測驗後測試題……………………251 附錄十六 簡單機械成就測驗-後測試題的難度與鑑別度彙整內容…………………………………………254 附錄十七 實作評量表及實作評量評分標準說明…………256 附錄十八 威廉斯創造力測驗研究同意書…………………259 附錄十九 學習意見調查表…………………………………260 附錄二十 訪談大綱…………………………………………261 附錄二十一學習意見調查表之感想及建議內容……………262 附錄二十二訪談紀錄彙整內容………………………………270

    一、中文部份
    中華創造力中心(1997),創造思考工作坊。教育部八十六年大專院校教師「創意活力營」。
    毛連塭(1997),創造學的孕育與發展。資優教育,63,8-12。
    王千倖(1999),「合作學習」和「問題導向學習」-培養教師及學生的科學創造力。教育資料與研究,28,31-39。
    王千倖(2000),提升教師教學創造力--「以學校為中心」的教師在職進修。中等教育,51(3),60-71。
    王振德(1997),創造力三面模式評介-兼論創造力的本質與研究取向。資優教育,64,1-5。
    田耐青(1999),由「電腦樂高」談新世紀的學習:一個「科技支援之建構學習環境」實例。教學科技與媒體,44,24-35。
    朱則剛(1996),建構主義知識論對教學與教學研究的意義。教育研究,48,39-45。
    江美惠(2004),創造性問題解決教學方案對資優學生創造力及問題解決能力影響之研究。未出版碩士論文,臺北市立師範學院創造思考暨資賦優異教育研究所。
    何宜軒(2005),透過網路化創造性問題解決教學活動以培養國中學生科技創造力之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學工業科技教育學系。
    吳志緯(2002),國小學生以電腦樂高進行科學學習之個案研究。未出版碩士論文,台北市立師範學院科學教育研究所。

    吳佳玲(1995),家庭結構、親子互動關係與青少年子女行為表現之研究-續親家庭與身親家庭之比較。未出版碩士論文,中國大化大學家政研究所。
    吳幸宜(譯)(1994),學習理論與教學應用。台北市:心理。(Gredler, M. R., 1991)
    吳斯茜(2005),網路輔助電腦樂高課程影響學童問題解決態度之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學工業科技教育學系。
    吳靜吉(1998),新編創造思考測驗研究。台北市:教育部輔導工作六年計畫研究報告。
    呂勝瑛、翁淑緣(1991),創造與人生。台北市:遠流。
    李金樹(2006),實施創造性問題解決訓練課程對國小六年級學生科學創造力與問題解決能力之影響。未出版碩士論文,國立臺中教育大學自然科學教育學系。
    李謀正(2005),國小學童創造力的研究-以電腦樂高為例。未出版碩士論文,國立雲林科技大學資訊管理學系。
    李錫津(1987),創造思考教學研究。台北市:台灣書店。
    李咏吟(1998),認知教學:理論與策略。台北市:心理。
    岳修平(譯)(1998),教學心理學-學習的認知基礎。台北市:遠流。(Gangé, E. D., Yekovich, C. W., & Yekovich, F. R. , 1993)
    幸曼玲(1996),皮亞傑與維高斯基的對話。台北市:台北市立師範學院兒童發展中心。
    林佳蓁(2004),探討以問題解決模組教學提升國小學童科學創造力之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立嘉義大學科學教育研究所。
    林幸台(2000),創造力評量。載於毛連塭、郭有遹、陳龍安、林幸台所著,創造力研究(264-304頁)。台北市:心理。
    林幸台、王木榮(1994),威廉斯創造力測驗。台北市:心理。
    林清山(1996),心理與教育統計學。台北市:東華。
    林智皓(2007),樂高(LEGO)動手做教學對國小學童科學創造力影響之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺東大學教育學系。
    林逸媛(1992),家庭環境與子女創造性之相關研究。未出版碩士論文,國立政治大學社會研究所。
    洪文東(2000),從問題解決的過程培養學生的科學創造力。屏師科學教育,11,52-62。
    洪秋萍(2005),電腦樂高(LEGO Dacta)對學習創造力的研究:以功能性角色探討。未出版碩士論文,國立雲林科技大學資訊管理學系。
    徐敏雄(2000),問題解決取向的學習理論-Schütz現象社會學的觀點。社會教育學刊,29,93-121。
    高惠玲(2007),高職資訊科專業實習課程應用Lego Mindstorms創新教學之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺東大學教育學系。
    張世慧(2003),創造力-理論、技術/技法與培育。台北市:達雯。
    張玉成(1993),思考技巧與教學。台北市:心理。
    張振松,(2001),自然科創造性問題解決教學對國小學童創造力及問題解決能力之研究。未出版碩士論文,臺北市立師範學院科學教育研究所。
    張嘉芬(1997),依附風格、創意教學環境與創造行為的關係。未出版碩士論文,國立政治大學教育研究所。
    許欣男(2006),科技創造活動與知識之作用研究。未出版碩士論文,國立高雄師範大學工業科技教育學系。
    許雅慧(2005),應用LEGO Mindstorms視覺化環境輔助程式設計觀念學習。未出版碩士碩文,國立臺灣師範大學資訊教育學系。
    陳宗逸(1995),家庭背景、教師行為、制握信念與國小學童創造思考相關研究。未出版碩士論文,國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所。
    陳威龍(2005),實施創造性問題解決教學法對於國小五年級學童創造力與科學學習成效影響之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立台中教育大學自然科學教育學系。
    陳龍安(1995),創造思考教學的理論與實際。台北市:心理。
    陳龍安(1998),創造思考教學的理論與實際。台北市:心理。
    曾俊鋒(2006),創造性問題解決教學對國小學生自然與生活科技領域學習態度、創造力、後設認知與學習成就之影響―以普通班中的資優生為例。未出版碩士論文,國立臺中教育大學特殊教育學系。
    黃文聖(2001),國小學童在Logo學習環境中數學學習與解決之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立新竹師範學院數理研究所。
    黃世隆(2004),應用電腦樂高輔助高中生程式設計學習之行動研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學資訊教育學系。
    黃國鴻(2000),以專題製作為主的電腦化學習環境之比較研究-認知取向與情境取向。未出版博士論文,國立彰化師範大學科學教育研究所。
    黃堅厚(1999),人格心理學。台北市:心理。
    楊美雪(1994),問題索解導向之教學策略與媒體應用。教學科技與媒體,2,38-44。

    葉玉珠(2000),「創造力發展的生態系統模式」及其應用於科技與資訊領域之內涵分析。教育心理學報,32(1),95-122。
    葉玉珠(2005),科技創造力測驗指導手冊。台北市:心理出版社。
    詹志禹(1996),認識與知識-建構論VS.接受觀。教育研究,49,25-38。
    賈馥茗、簡茂發(1982),我國國中學生科學才能之測量。國立臺灣師範大學教育研究所集刊,24,1-91。
    甄曉蘭、曾志華(1997),建構教學理念的興起與應用。國民教育研究學報,3,179-208。
    劉洲(2004),應用Lego Mindstorms在高中程式設計教學的成效探討。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學資訊教育學系。
    蔡學偉(2003),問題導向學習於網路輔助電腦樂高課程之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學工業科技教育學系。
    蔡麗玲(2004),國小學童科學學習及科學創造力之個案研究~以創造性問題解決融入自然科教學為例。未出版碩士論文,國立花蓮師範學院國小科學教育研究所。
    鄭承昌(2006),雙組前後測實驗分析:Johnson-Neyman法(1.1版)(電腦軟體)。台東:國立臺東大學。
    鄭晉昌(2002),建構主義與電腦支援合作學習環境的設計與發展。載於詹志禹編:建構論-理論基礎與教育應用,168-184。台北市:正中。
    鄭晉昌、施郁芬(1994),交談模式在社會學習環境下之研究(I)(報告編號:NSC82-0111-S-032-005)。台北市:行政院國家科學發展委員會。

    蕭敏華(1997),國民小學開放程度及其教育效果:以台北縣開放教育班為例之初步分析。未出版碩士論文,國立屏東師範院國民教育研究所。
    賴羿容(2001),問題解決的理論與實務。技術及職業教育雙月刊,62,37-42。
    鍾一先(1997):問題解決教學策略應用於國民中學生活科技之 實驗研究。未出版博士論文,國立臺灣師範大學工業教育學系。
    羅一萍(1996),父母的傳統性、現代性、管教方式與兒童的創造力相關之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立屏東師範院國民教育研究所。

    二、外文部份
    Achilles, C. M., & Hoover, S. P. (1996). Transforming administrative praxis : The potential of problem-based learning (PBL) as a school improvement vehicle for middle and high schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 397 471).
    All, A. C., Huycke, L. I., & Fisher, M. J. (2003). Instructional tools for nursing education: concept maps. Nursing Education perspectives, 24 (6), 20-25.
    Amabile, T. M. (1982). Children’s astistic creativity : Detrimental effects of competition in a field setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 573-578.
    Amabile, T. M. (1983). Social psychology of creativity : a componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357-377.
    Amabile, T. M. (1983). The psychology of creativity. New York : Springer Verlag.
    Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organization. Research in Organization Behavior, 10, 123-167.
    Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context : Update to the social psychology of creativity. Boulder, CO : Westview Press.
    Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom : Students’ learning strategies and motivational processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 260-267.
    Anderson, J. R. (1990). Cognitive psychology and its implications. New York : Freeman.
    Bandura, A. (1965). Behavioral modification through modeling practices. In L. Krasner & L. Ullman (Eds.), Research in behavior modification (pp. 310-340). New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    Bandura, A. (1969). Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. In D. A. Goslin(Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 213-262). Chicago, IL : Rand McNally.
    Bandura, A. (1971a). Psychological modeling : Conflicting theories. Chicago : Aldine-Atherton.
    Bandura, A. (1971b). Social leaning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall.
    Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action : A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall.
    Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning theory and personality development. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    Barron, F., & Harrington, D. M. (1981). Creativity, intelligence, and personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 32, 439-476.
    Barrs, B. J. (1986). The cognitive revolution in psychology. New York : Guilford.
    Besemer, S. P., & Teffinger, D. (1981). Analysis of creative products : Review and synthesis. Journal of Creatvie Behavior, 15, 158-178.
    Besmer, D. P., & O’Quin, K. (1999). Confirming the three-factor creative product analysis model in a American sample. Creativity Research Journal, 12, 287-296.
    Bransford, J. D., & Stein, B. S.(1993). The IDEAL problem solver. New York : Freeman.
    Chase, C. I. (1978). Measurement for education evaluation. New York : Addison-Wesley.
    Clements, D. H. & Sarama, J. (1997). Research on Logo : a decade of progress, Logo : a retrospective. Computers in the schools, 14(1/2), 9-45.
    Confrey, J. (1991). Learning to listen : A student’s understanding of powers of ten. In E. von Glasersfeld (Ed.). Radical constructivism in mathematics education (pp. 111-138). Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer.
    Crawford, R. P. (1954). The technigues of creative thinking. New York : Hawthorn.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). Society, culture, and person : a system view of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), The nature of creativity (pp. 325-339). New York : Cambridge University Press.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow : The psychology of optimal experience. New York : Harper & Row.
    Dacey, J. S., & Lennon, K. H. (1998). Understanding creativity : the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.
    Davis, G. A. (1986). Creativity is forever. Iowa : Kendall / Hunt.
    Davis, G., & Rimm, S. (1982). GIFFI I&II : Instruments for identifying creative potential in the junior and senior high school. Journal of Creative Behavior, 16, 50-57.

    Deci, E. L., & Nezlek, J. (1981). Characteristics of the reward and instrinsic motivation of the rewards. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(1), 1-10.
    Downs-Lombardi, J. (1996). Society’s chid : A mini-workshop in critical and creative thinking. (Eric Document Reproduction Service No. ED 400 726).
    Dweck, C. S. (1989). Motivation. In R. Glaser & A. Lesgold (Eds.), the handbook of psychology and education (Vol. 1 , pp. 187-239). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
    Eisenman, R. (1987). Creativity, birth order, and risk taking. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 25, 87-88.
    Elliott, E. E., & Dweck, C. S. (1988). Goals : An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(1), 5-12.
    Engels, F. (1940). Dialetics of nature. New York : International.
    Feldman, D. H., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Gardner, H. (1994). Changing the world : a framework for the study of creativity. Westport, Connecticut : Praeger.
    Fleith, D. S. (2000). Teacher and student perceptions of creativity in the classroom environment. Roeper Review, 22(3), 148-153.
    Gagné, R. M. (1962a). The acquisition of knowledge. Psychological Review, 69(4), 355-365.
    Gagné, R. M. (1962b). Military training and principles of learning. American Psychologist, 17, 83-91.

    Gagné, R. M. (1968a). Contributions of learning to human development. Psychological Review, 75(3), 177-191.
    Gagné, R. M. (1968b). Learning hierarchies. Educational Psychologist, 6, 1-9.
    Gagné, R. M. (1972). Domains of learning. Interchange, 3(1), 1-8.
    Gagné, R. M. (1977). The conditions of learning (3rd Ed.). New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    Gagné, R. M. (1985). The conditions of learning (4th Ed). New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    Gagné, R. M. (1987a). Peaks and valleys of educational psychology. In J. A. Glover & R. R. Ronning(Eds.), Historical foundations of educational psychology (pp. 395-402). New York : Plenum.
    Gagné, R. M. (1987b). Instructional technology : Foundations. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
    Gagné, R. M. (1989). Studies of learning : Fifty years of research. Tallahassee, FL : Learning Systems Institute.
    Gallagher, J. J. (1975). Teaching the gifted child. Boston : Allyn and Bacon.
    Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds : an anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Ghandi. New York : Basic.
    Gordon, W. J. (1961). Synectics. New York : Harper & Row Publisher.
    Grarnham, A., & Oakhill, J. (1994) Thinking and resoning. Oxford, UK : Cambridge.

    Gredler, M. E. (1991). Learning and instruction : theory into practice. New York : Macmillan Publishing.
    Gruber, H. E., & Davis, S. N. (1988). Inching our way up Mount Olympus : the evolving-systems approach to creative thinking. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), The nature of creativity (pp.240-273). New York : Cambridge University Press.
    Gruber, H. E., & Wallace, D. B. (2001). Creative work : the case of Charles Darwin. American Psychologist, 61(4), 346-349.
    Hale, C., & Windecker, E. (1992). Influence of parent-child interaction during reading on preschooler’s cognitive ability. (ERIC Document Production Service No. ED360083).
    Han, S. & Bhattacharya, K. (2001). Constructionism, Learning by design, and project based learning. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology. Retrieved June 28, 2008, from http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/.
    Hocevar, D. (1981). Measurement of creativity : Review and Critique. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45, 450-464.
    Hocevar, D., & Bachelor, P. (1989). A taxonomy and critique of measurement used in the study of creativity. In J. A. Clouer, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.) , Handbook of creativity (pp. 53-75). New York : Plenum Press.
    Houtz, J. (1990). Environments that support creative thinking. In J. H. Hedley andA. Barratta (Eds.), Cognition, curriculum and literacy (pp. 61-76). Ablex, New York : Norwood.

    Jarvinen, E. M. (1998). The Lego/Logo learning environment in technology education : An experiement in a Finnish Context. Journal of technology education , 9(2), 47-59.
    Kratochwill, T., & Bijou, S. (1987). The impact of behaviorism on educational psychology. In J. Glover & R. Ronning (Eds.), Historical foundations of educational psychology (pp. 131-157). New York : Plenum.
    Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning : Legitimated peripheral participation. Canbridge, England : Canbridge University Press.
    Lowenthal, F., Marcourt, C. & Solimando, C. (1998). Cognitive strategies observed during problem solving with Logo. Journal of computer assisted learning, 14, 130-139.
    Mayer, R. E. (1992). Thinking, problem solving, cognition. New York : W. H. Freeman.
    Mayer, R. E. (1999). Fifty years of creativity research. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 449-460). New York : Cambridge University Press.
    McGrath, D. (2000). Prosem B-III Theory. Retrieved Octoc 20, 2004 from Http://www2.educ.ksu.edu/faculty/McGrathD/Spring00/ Mindstorms.html.
    Mclellan, H. (1993). Situated learning in focus : Instruction to special issue. Educational Techonolgy, 33(3), 5-9.
    Michel, M., & Dudek, S. Z. (1991). Mother-child relationship and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 4(3), 281-286.
    Newell, A., & Simon, H. A.(1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
    Olszewski-Kubilius, P., Kulieke, M., & Buescher, T. (1987). The influence of the fanily environment on the development of talent : A literature review. Journal for the Education of Gifted, 11(1), 6-28.
    Osborn, A. F. (1963). Applied imagination. New York : Scribner.
    Papert, S. & Harel, I. (1991). Constructionism. New York : Ablex.
    Papert, S. (1988). The conservation of Piaget : The computer as grist to the constructivist mill. In G. Forman & P. B. Pufall (Eds.), Constructivism in the computer age (pp. 3-13). Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Assocaites.
    Papert, S. (1990). Introduction: Constructionist Learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Media Laboratory.
    Papert, S. (1993). The Children’s machine :rethinking school in the age of the computer. New York : Basic Books.
    Papert, S. (1993). The Children’s Machine. New York: Basic Books.
    Parnes, S. J. (1967). Creative behavior guidebook. New York :Scribner.
    Paul, R. W. (1993). The logic of creative and critical thinking. American Behavioral Scientist, 37(1), 21-39.
    Piaget, J. (1972). Development and learning. In R. E. R. & V. N. Rockcastle (Eds.), Piaget rediscovered: A report of the conference on cognitive studies and curriculum development (pp.318-352). New York : Ithaca.

    Piaget, J. (1975). Comments on mathematical education. Contemporary Education, 47(1), 5-10.
    Piaget, J. (1977). Problem in equilibration. In M. Appel & S. Goldberg (Eds), Topics in cognitive development : Vol. I. Equilibration : Theory, research, and application (pp. 3-13). New York : Plenum.
    Piaget, J. (1980). Adaptation and intelligence : Organic selection and phenocopy (S. Eames, Trans.). Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
    Ray, M., & Myers, R. (1986). Creativity in business. New York : Doubleday.
    Renzulli, J. S., Smith, L. H., White, A. J., Callahan, C. M., & Hartman, R. K. (1976). Scales for Rating the Behavioral Characteristics of Superior Students. Mansfield Center, CT : Creative Learning Press.
    Resnick, M. (1996). Distributed Constructionism. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Learning Sciences Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. Northwestern University.
    Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. Phi Delta Kappan, 42, 305-310.
    Rodd, J. (1999). Encouraging young children’s critical and creative thinking skill : an approach in one English elementary school. Childhood education, 75(6), 350-354.
    Roth, W. (1998). Designing communities. Boston : Kluwer.
    Schaefer, C. (1970). Manual for biographical inventory : Creativity . San Diego, CA : Educational and industrial testing service.
    Simonton, D. K. (1988). Creativity, leadership, and chance. In R. J. Sterberg (Ed.), The nature of creativity (pp. 386-427). New York : Canbridge University Press.
    Sipitakiat, A., & Cavallo, D. (2003). Digital technology for conviviality : Making the most of student’s energy and imagination in learning environments. Euro Logo 2003. Porto, Portugal, pp. 264-273.
    Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York : Macmillan.
    Skinner, B. F. (1961). Why we need teaching machines. Harvard Edcational Review, 31(4), 377-398.
    Skinner, B. F. (1966). What is the experimental analysis of behavior?. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9(3), 213-218.
    Skinner, B. F. (1968a). The technology of teaching. New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    Skinner, B. F. (1968b). Teaching science in high school : What is wrong?. Science, 159, 704-710.
    Skinner, B. F. (1973). The free and happy student. Phi Delta Kappan, 55, 13-16.
    Skinner, B. F. (1981). Selection by consequence. Science, 213, 501-504.
    Skinner, B. F. (1987). Upon further reflection. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall.

    Skinner, B. F. (1989). Recent issues in the analysis of behavior. Columbus, OH : Merrill.
    Skinner, B. F., & Vaughan, M. (1983). Enjoy old age. New York : Norton.
    Starko, A. J. (1995). Theories and models of creativity. In A. J. Starko(Ed.), Creativity in the classroom (pp. 21-59). New York : Longman Publishers.
    Steffe, L. P., & Gale, J. (1995). Constructivism in education. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51(7), 677-688.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity : prospects and paradigms. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 3-15). New York : Cambridge University Press.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (2002). Defying the crowd : Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. New York : The Free Press.
    Sternberg, R. J., Kaufman, J. C., & Pretz, J. E. (2001). The propulsion model of creative contribution applied to the arts and letters. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 35(2), 75-101.
    Torrance, E. P. (1995). Why fly? A philosophy of creativity. Ablex Publishing Corporation.
    Torrance, E. P., Weine, D., Presbury, J. H., & Hendeson, M. (1987). Save tomorrow for the children. Buffalo, New York : Bearly Limited.

    Treffinger, D. J. & Isaksen, S. G. (1992). Creative problem solving : An introduction. Center of crateive learning. Inc.
    Turbak, F., & Berg, R. (2002). Robotic design studio : Exploring the big ideas of engineering in a liberal arts environment. Journal of science education and technology , 11(3), 237-253.
    Von Glasersfeld, E.(1898). Constructivism in education. In T. Husen & N. Postlethwaite(Eds.), International encyclopedia of education[Suppl.], (11-12). Oxford, England :Pergamon.
    Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in Society : The development of higher psychological processes (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Trans. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University.
    Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge : Massachusetts Institute Technology.
    Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society : The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
    Vygotsky, L. S. (1979a). Consciousness as a problem in the psychology of behavior. Soviet Psychology, 17(4), 3-35.
    Vygotsky, L. S. (1979b). The development of higher forms of attention in childhood. Soviet Psychology, 18(1), 67-115.
    Walberg, H. J. (1988). Creativity and talent as learning. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 340-361). New York : Canbridge University Press.
    Wallas, G. (1926). The arts of thought. Jonathan Cape, pp79-96.

    Walters, R. H., & Parke, R. D. (1964). Influence of response consequences to a social model on resistance to deviation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1 , 269-280.
    Watson, J. A., Lange, G., & Brinkley, V. M. (1992). Logo mastery and spatial problem-solving by young children : effects of Logo language training, route-strategy training, and learning styles on immediate learning and transfer. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 8(4), 521-540.
    Weiner, B. (1972). Theories of motivation from mechanism to cognition. Chicago, IL : Markham.
    Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 3-25.
    Weiner, B. (1980a). Human motivation. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    Weiner, B. (1980b). The role of affect in rational ( attributional) approaches to human motivation. Educational Research, 9, 4-11.
    Weiner, B. (1982). The emotional consequences of causal ascriptions. In M. S. Clark & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Affect and cognition : The 17th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 185-208). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
    Weiner, B. (1985a). Human motivation. New York : Springer-Verlag.
    Weiner, B. (1985b). An attributional theory of achievement motivationand emotion. Psychological Revies, 92(4), 548-573.

    Weiner, B., & Graham, S. (1984). An attributional approach to emotional development. In C. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. Zacone (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior (pp. 167-191). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
    Wertsch, J. V. (1985a). Introduction. In J. V. Wertsch(Ed.), Culture, communication and cognition : Vygotskian perspectives (pp. 1-18). Cambridge, MA : Cambridge University Press.
    Wertsh, J. V. (1985b). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University.
    Wile, J. & Dondi, J. (1981). Skills clusters for creative thinking activity book. Wiles, Bondi and Associates.
    Wu, L. (2002). Integrated learning of mathematics, science, and technology concepts through LEGO/Logo project. Michigan State University dissertation.
    Young, M. F., & Kulikowich, J. M. (1992). Anchored instruction as anchored assessment : An ecological approach to measuring situated learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. Ed 354 269).
    Yusuf, M. M. (1995). The effects of Logo-based instruction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 12(4), 335-362.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE