研究生: |
費艾文 Phipps, Evan |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
《最後生還者》之符際翻譯 From Game to Screen: The Intersemiotic Translation of The Last of Us |
指導教授: |
李根芳
Lee, Ken-Fang |
口試委員: |
李根芳
Lee, Ken-Fang 胡宗文 Hu, Daneil 陳佩筠 Chen, Pei-Yun |
口試日期: | 2024/05/29 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
翻譯研究所 Graduate Institute of Translation and Interpretation |
論文出版年: | 2024 |
畢業學年度: | 112 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 133 |
中文關鍵詞: | 符際翻譯 、電玩研究 、改編 、最後生還者 |
英文關鍵詞: | Intersemiotic translation, game studies, adaptation, The Last of Us |
研究方法: | 主題分析 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202401401 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:38 下載:8 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
改編,作為一種符際翻譯的活動,研究領域多年來著重於「銀幕文學」,也就是小說到電影的改編,對於「電玩到影視」的討論則相當有限。細究其因,應與電玩遊戲於大眾視野中的定位有關,許多人認為電玩是新創、幼稚、較「低等」的娛樂,而以美國好萊塢為大宗的電玩改編電影作品更是良莠不齊,間接加深了此一印象。然而,近年來電玩遊戲逐漸愈趨流行,產業規模已超越全球電影與音樂市場,與電玩被視為玩具的時代已不可同日而語,其中不乏一些發人深省、深具藝術價值的作品。本研究探討的動作冒險遊戲《最後生還者》(The Last of Us),便是其一。藉由辨別不同媒介的特質、長短,以及敘事與角色上的轉換,本研究分析《最後生還者》從電玩原作(2013)到HBO影集(2023)改編的過程,發現改編作品不但能夠藉由互文性豐富原作,更能將優秀的文本譯介給更廣大的受眾。
Adaptation, as a form of intersemiotic translation, has found most of its academic interest in terms of literature on screen, or book-to-film adaptations. Game-to-screen adaptations, by contrast, have received minimal attention, perhaps largely due to their novelty, the popular opinion that games are childish toys or a "lesser" form of entertainment, and the unfortunate history of their Hollywood entries receiving poor critical and commercial receptions. Contrary to a now outdated belief, video games carry great artistic potential and can tell profound and deeply emotive stories. This study examines a comparatively successful case of game-to-screen translation: the 2023 HBO television adaptation of the acclaimed 2013 action-adventure game The Last of Us. By identifying the affordances specific to each medium and the shifts in narrative and characters across the adaptation process of The Last of Us, we hope to extrapolate our findings to game-to-screen adaptations and perhaps even intersemiotic translation in general. As such, adaptational works not only serve to enrich their source material through intertextuality, but may also introduce a text to a far wider audience.
Adgate, B. (2020, November 2). The rise and fall of cable television. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bradadgate/2020/11/02/the-rise-and-fall-of-cable-television/?sh=7b9f1ee86b31
Alt, E. (2023, December 15). GTA 6: Grand Theft Auto VI could smash revenue records. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20231214-gta-6-grand-theft-auto-vi-could-smash-revenue-records#
Arora, K. (2023, November 17). The gaming industry: a behemoth with unprecedented global reach. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2023/11/17/the-gaming-industry-a-behemoth-with-unprecedented-global-reach/?sh=37ab6bbd512f
Avery, H. (2024, January 25). Saturation drives US streaming services to prioritise value for subscriber retention. Kantar. https://www.kantar.com/inspiration/technology/saturation-drives-us-streaming-services-to-prioritise-value-for-subscriber-retention#:~:text=With%2095%25%20of%20US%20households,subscriber%20base%20and%20prevent%20churn.
Backman, I. (2023, February 6). “The Last of Us” apocalypse is not realistic, but rising threat of fungal pathogens is. Yale School of Medicine. https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/the-last-of-us-apocalypse-is-not-realistic-but-rising-threat-of-fungal-pathogens-is/
Baker, T. (Host). (2023, January 16). The last of Us official podcast (episode 1-9). Max. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSduohp5OGX5_3Z9yWp9fmg9e-N_4ECFb
Barasch, A. (2022, December 26). Can a video game be prestige TV? The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/01/02/can-the-last-of-us-break-the-curse-of-bad-video-game-adaptations
Bennett, T., & Russell, B. (2022, December 26). The Last of Us TV show is scaling back the violence, says Naughty Dog’s Neil Druckmann. Gamesradar. https://www.gamesradar.com/the-last-of-us-series-violence-neil-druckmann-sfx/
Bode, K. (2023, September 18). A new low: just 46% of U.S. households subscribe to traditional cable TV. Techdirt. https://www.techdirt.com/2023/09/18/a-new-low-just-46-of-u-s-households-subscribe-to-traditional-cable-tv/#
Bradshaw, P. (2016, December 19). Assassin’s Creed review – Michael Fassbender game movie achieves transcendental boredom. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/dec/19/assassins-creed-film-review-michael-fassbender-videogame-marion-cotillard
Breznican, A. (2023, November 28). ‘Fallout’ First Look: This Is How The World Ends—With a smiling Thumbs-Up. Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/11/fallout-first-look
Brice, M. (2013, August 15). The dadification of video games is real. Mattie Brice. http://www.mattiebrice.com/the-dadification-of-video-games-is-real/
Brooker, W. (2009). Camera-Eye, CG-Eye: Videogames and the “Cinematic.” Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, 48(3), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1353/cj.0.0126
Buscema, J., & Rosen, S. (1970). Avengers (S. Lee, Ed.; 74th ed.). Marvel.
Byrd, C. (2020, June 13). ‘The Last of Us Part II’: One of the best video games ever made. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/reviews/last-us-part-ii-one-best-video-games-ever-made/
Carson, D. (2000, March 1). Environmental Storytelling: Creating immersive 3D worlds using lessons learned from the theme park industry. Game Developer. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/environmental-storytelling-creating-immersive-3d-worlds-using-lessons-learned-from-the-theme-park-industry
Chini, J. (2021, August 3). HBO’s ‘The Last of Us’ series largest Canadian film/TV production of all time. CityNews Everywhere. https://calgary.citynews.ca/2021/08/03/hbos-the-last-of-us-series-largest-canadian-film-tv-production-of-all-time/
Chu, A. L. (2023, February 9). ‘The Last Of Us’ is not a Video-Game adaptation. Vulture. https://www.vulture.com/article/the-last-of-us-is-not-a-video-game-adaptation.html
Clement. (2024, March 12). Video gamers in the United States 2023, by gender. Statista. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/494867/distribution-of-gamers-by-gender-usa
Cook, D. (2012, December 12). The Last of Us: acting out the end of the world. VG247. https://www.vg247.com/the-last-of-us-acting-out-the-end-of-the-world
Cruea, M. (2018). Masculinities in play. In G. Voorhees & N. Taylor (Eds.), Springer eBooks. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90581-5
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. Choice/Choice Reviews, 28(01), 28–0597. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.28-0597
Dayani, A. (2022, September 18). The unexpected way HBO’s The Last Of Us made Canadian history. Looper. https://www.looper.com/1008840/the-unexpected-way-hbos-the-last-of-us-made-canadian-history/
DecadentGamer. (2023). “Western Video Game Characters Are Ugly, STOP RUINING WOMEN.” Reddit. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://www.reddit.com/r/GirlGamers/comments/15txh6h/western_video_game_characters_are_ugly_stop/
Dietz, T. L. (1998). An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 38, 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018709905920
Dill, K. E., & Thill, K. P. (2007). Video game characters and the socialization of gender roles: young people’s perceptions mirror sexist media depictions. Sex Roles, 57(11–12), 851–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9278-1
Donato, M. (2023, January 24). The video game adaptation Curse is a myth. IGN. https://www.ign.com/articles/the-video-game-adaptation-curse-is-a-myth
DrunkenMonkey03. (2023). Anyone else wish there was a little more action? Reddit. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://www.reddit.com/r/thelastofus/comments/11dm498/anyone_else_wish_there_was_a_little_more_action/
Ebert, R. (2005, October 20). “Doom”: The game plays you. Roger Ebert. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/doom-2005
Ebert, R. (2010, April 16). Video games can never be art. Roger Ebert. https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/video-games-can-never-be-art
EpicCakesGaming. (2023, March 16). How Deadly is Joel in The Last of Us? (Game vs Show) [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_MpeMXy4mA
Epps, R. (2020, June 26). Why fans are mad about The Last of Us: Part II, explained. TheGamer. https://www.thegamer.com/why-fans-mad-hate-about-last-of-us-part-ii-explained-controversy/
Farokhmanesh, M. (2024, March 14). The small company at the center of ‘Gamergate 2.0.’ WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/sweet-baby-video-games-harassment-gamergate/
Favis, E. (2023, January 20). HBO’s ‘The Last of Us’ is a hit. This producer wants to clear the air. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2023/01/20/the-last-of-us-hbo-craig-mazin/
Gagatai. (2021, August 18). GagaOOLala 2020: A year in review. GagaTai. https://gagatai.com/en/news/gagaoolala-2020-year-review-0
Game Informer. (2012, April 5). The inspirations for the last of us [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZkCBHmeeMg
Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701
Gutiérrez, P. (2013). Vicarious play and the paradox of the video game movie: A central question for media education. Screen Education, 71, 38. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;res=IELHSS;dn=646380328961834
Heritage, S. (2022, October 27). More money, more viewers, more glamour: how TV overtook film as a creative force. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/oct/27/more-money-more-viewers-more-glamour-how-tv-overtook-film-as-a-creative-force
Hernandez, P. (2020, July 6). The Last of Us 2 devs, voice actors are getting death threats. Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2020/7/6/21314543/the-last-of-us-2-harassment-neil-druckmann-laura-bailey-naughty-dog-abby-death-threats-ps4
Hibberd, J. (2023, January 4). How ‘The Last Of Us’ plans to bring the zombie genre back to life. The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/the-last-of-us-hbo-pedro-pascal-bella-ramsey-interview-1235290103/amp/
Holmes, D. (2023, April 11). It’s Pedro Pascal’s world now. Esquire. https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a43518988/pedro-pascal-the-last-of-us-interview-2023/
Hughes, S. H. (2015). Get Real: Narrative and Gameplay in the Last of Us. Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology, 6(1), 149–154. http://compaso.eu/wpd/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Compaso2015-61-Hughes.pdf
Hutcheon, L., & O’Flynn, S. (2014). A theory of adaptation. In Routledge eBooks (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203957721
Iqbal, M. (2024, February 7). Netflix Revenue and Usage Statistics (2024) - Business of Apps. Business of Apps. https://www.businessofapps.com/data/netflix-statistics/
Jakobson, R. (1959). On linguistic aspects of translation. In Harvard University Press eBooks (pp. 232–239). https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674731615.c18
Jenkins, H. (2002). Game Design as Narrative Architecture. Computer, 44.
Jensen, K. T. (2018, December 10). The 2005 Doom movie’s first-person action sequence almost lived up to the game. Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2018/12/10/18133795/doom-movie-first-person-movie-scenes
Jia, H. (2017). Roman Jakobson’s Triadic Division of Translation revisited. Chinese Semiotic Studies, 13(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1515/css-2017-0003
Johnston, D. (2023, January 30). “The Last Of Us” episode 3 director reveals the secret meaning behind the last shot. Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/the-last-of-us-episode-3-director-peter-hoar-interview
Kennedy, H. W. (2002). Game Studies - Lara Croft: feminist icon or cyberbimbo? On the limits of textual analysis. GameStudies. https://www.gamestudies.org/0202/kennedy/
Khomami, N. (2024, April 19). Success of Fallout proves video game adaptations have gone mainstream. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/apr/19/success-of-fallout-proves-video-game-adaptations-have-gone-mainstream
King, G., & Krzywinska, T. (2002). Screenplay: Cinema/videogames/interfaces. Wallflower Press.
Kunzelman, C. (2023, January 13). How The Last of Us became the ‘greatest story’ ever told in video games. Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/gaming/23552202/last-of-us-greatest-video-game-status
Lee, W., & Lauder, T. S. (2023, October 11). Why video streaming services are getting more expensive - Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2023-10-11/streaming-pricier-consumers-netflix-spotify-sag-aftra-strike
Logically Speaking. (2024, February 27). Neil Druckmann on The Last Of Us Getting Rejected, Making Hit Video Games | Logically Speaking Ep. 7 [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBesgXilHbk
Maddaus, G. (2024, April 8). Amazon’s ‘Fallout’ to film second season in California with >5 million tax credit. Variety. https://variety.com/2024/biz/news/california-film-tv-tax-incentive-fallout-amazon-1235963577/
Madsen, H. (2019, July 6). 6 games that had comically long cutscenes. Twinfinite. https://twinfinite.net/ps4/6-games-that-had-comically-long-cutscenes/#:~:text=At%20one%20point%2C%20Metal%20Gear,of%20cutscenes%20at%2071%20minutes.
Maiberg, E. (2020, July 15). The Not So Hidden Israeli Politics of “The Last of Us Part II.” Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/bv8da4/the-not-so-hidden-israeli-politics-of-the-last-of-us-part-ii
McKee, R. (1997). Story: substance, structure, style and the principles of screenwriting (1st ed.). Methuen.
McWhertor, M. (2014, January 1). The Last of Us lauded in GLAAD's 'most intriguing new LGBT characters of 2013' Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2014/1/1/5262376/the-last-of-us-lauded-in-glaads-most-intriguing-new-lgbt-characters
Metz, A. (2023a, January 6). The Last of Us creator Neil Druckmann explains the HBO show’s timeline change. TechRadar. https://www.techradar.com/news/the-last-of-us-creator-neil-druckmann-explains-the-hbo-shows-timeline-change
Metz, A. (2023b, January 30). The Last of Us showrunners explain that major episode 3 story shift. TechRadar. https://www.techradar.com/news/the-last-of-us-showrunners-explain-that-major-episode-3-story-shift
Moore, M. R. (2010). Adaptation and new media. Adaptation, 3(2), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/adaptation/apq010
Mulholland, J. (2023, September 6). Game Design: Environmental Storytelling - John Mulholland - Medium. Medium. https://medium.com/@johnmulholland/game-design-environmental-storytelling-3574aff0ff2b
Myers, M. (2013, July 30). Bad Dads vs. Hyper Mode: The Father-Daughter bond in videogames. Paste Magazine. https://www.pastemagazine.com/games/hyper-mode
Myers, M. (2020, January 12). The Last of Us Part 2 review: We’re better than this. Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/reviews/2020/6/12/21288535/the-last-of-us-part-2-review-ps4-naughty-dog-ellie-joel-violence
Nord, C. (2006). Text Analysis in Translation : Theory, Methodology, and Didactic application of a model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Pub.
Parijat, S. (2019, April 11). God of War director talks about the last of us influences. GamingBolt. https://gamingbolt.com/god-of-war-director-talks-about-the-last-of-us-influences
Philipp. (2020). This game really makes you feel like Batman. Know Your Meme. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/this-game-really-makes-you-feel-like-batman
Phillips, P. (2022, July 25). Is Night of the Living Dead the very first zombie movie ever? Looper. https://www.looper.com/586812/is-night-of-the-living-dead-the-very-first-zombie-movie-ever/
Reiss, K., & Vermeer, H. J. (2014). Towards a general theory of translational action. In Routledge eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315759715
Renshaw, D. (2023, June 5). ‘The end of peak television’: has the era of prestige TV just ground to a halt? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/jun/05/the-end-of-peak-television-has-the-era-of-prestige-tv-just-ground-to-a-halt
Romano, N. (2023, January 16). How Merle Dandridge became the only The Last of Us game actor to reprise role in the series. EW.com. https://ew.com/tv/the-last-of-us-merle-dandridge-marlene-ellie-origins/
Ross, E. (2021). Gamish – A Graphic History of Gaming (1st ed.). Particular Books.
Sams, E. (2018, July 10). Dangerous, Threatening, and Beautiful: The writing team behind The Last of Us Part II walks us through Ellie’s post-apocalyptic world. BuzzFeed. https://www.buzzfeed.com/ericsams/dangerous-threatening-and-beautiful-the-writing-team-behind?utm_term=.hxzYKr7nl#.kwy5930DE
Sarkar, S. (2018, June 14). The Last of Us tops 17 million copies sold on PS3, PS4. Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2018/6/14/17465488/the-last-of-us-sales-17-million-ps3-ps4
schnee. (2023, February 19). Is MASCULINITY changing? (The Last Of Us Ep. 3) [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmYx3IJNFGE
Seraphine, F. (2016, September 2). Ludonarrative Dissonance: Is Storytelling About Reaching Harmony? Frederic Seraphine. https://www.fredericseraphine.com/index.php/2016/09/02/ludonarrative-dissonance-is-storytelling-about-reaching-harmony/
Sherrick, B. (2018). Video games: A Medium That Demands Our Attention. In N. D. Bowman (Ed.), Video Games: A Medium That Demands Our Attention (pp. 44–59). Routledge.
Stam, R. (2000). &qout;Beyond Fidelity: The Dialogics of Adaptation. In J. Naremore (Ed.), Film Adaptation (p. 62). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Stang, S. (2019). “This Action Will Have Consequences”: Interactivity and Player Agency. Game Studies, 19. http://gamestudies.org/1901/articles/stang
Stuart, K. (2013, July 1). The Last of Us, Bioshock: Infinite and why all video game dystopias work the same way. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2013/jul/01/last-of-us-bioshock-infinite-male-view
Suellentrop, C. (2016, May 24). ‘Uncharted 4’ Director Neil Druckmann on Nathan Drake, Sexism in Games. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/uncharted-4-director-neil-druckmann-on-nathan-drake-sexism-in-games-43705/5/
Tassi, P. (2020, June 21). ‘The Last of Us Part 2’ is getting predictably user score bombed on metacritic. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/paultassi/2020/06/21/the-last-of-us-part-2-is-getting-predictably-user-score-bombed-on-metacritic/?sh=64b7337e5c25
Tassi, P. (2021, November 19). ‘Arcane’ is still putting up review scores like Netflix has never seen before. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/paultassi/2021/11/19/arcane-is-still-putting-up-review-scores-like-netflix-has-never-seen-before/?sh=1e627b98586d
Taylor, I. (2020, January 7). The Last of Us director Bruce Straley on ludonarrative dissonance. GamesIndustry.biz. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/the-last-of-us-director-bruce-straley-on-ludonarrative-dissonance
Taylor, N., & Voorhees, G. (2018). Masculinities in play. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90581-5
The Last Of Us Part II. (2020, June 19). Metacritic. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-last-of-us-part-ii/
translation. (2024). Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/translation
Vary, A. B. (2023, January 29). Inside the Romantic and Unexpected ‘Last of Us’ Love Story Between Nick Offerman and Murray Bartlett. Variety. https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/the-last-of-us-episode-3-bill-frank-nick-offerman-murray-bartlett-1235505272/
Venuti, L. (2007). Adaptation, translation, critique. Journal of Visual Culture, 6(1), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412907075066
Voorhees, G. (2014). Mourning sex. First Person Scholar. http://www.firstpersonscholar.com/mourning-sex/
Webster, A. (2013, September 19). The power of failure: making 'The Last of Us' The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/19/4744008/making-the-last-of-us-ps3
Wentworth-Weedon, J. (2023, January 31). Why do video game adaptations fail? - National Science and Media Museum blog. National Science and Media Museum Blog. https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/why-do-video-game-adaptations-fail/
White, P. (2020, November 20). ‘The Last Of Us’: HBO Hands series order to video game adaptation from Craig Mazin & Neil Druckmann. Deadline. https://deadline.com/2020/11/the-last-of-us-hbo-video-game-craig-mazin-neil-druckmann-series-order-1234619620/
Wikipedia contributors. (2024, August 5). List of films based on video games. Wikipedia. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_video_games
Yee, N. (2017, January 19). Beyond 50/50: Breaking down the percentage of female gamers by genre. Quantic Foundry. https://quanticfoundry.com/2017/01/19/female-gamers-by-genre/
Zambelli, A. (2013, March 1). A history of media streaming and the future of connected TV. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2013/mar/01/history-streaming-future-connected-tv