「伊斯蘭國」組織（Islamic State Group，簡稱IS）2014年崛起後，迅速在伊拉克與敘利亞攻城掠地。此後數年時間，IS在世界各地招募戰士、煽動國際恐怖襲擊。如今IS化整為零，持續在各地招募人力並發動攻擊。為何如此殘暴的組織，會吸引那麼多年輕人加入，甘願為它改變信仰甚至不惜犧牲性命？該組織的宣傳影片，可能扮演了重要角色。
　　台灣過去針對IS的研究，往往側重於組織歷史、崛起原因、網路宣傳手法，以及各國反恐戰略。但截至目前，針對IS目標受眾方面的討論，很少引起學術界的關注，本研究欲彌補這方面的不足。
　　本研究以文本分析，討論IS宣傳影片試圖傳遞出的訊息與意識形態；接著進行深度訪談，讓閱聽眾觀看數段IS宣傳影片後，以自己的語言來詮釋影片內容，瞭解受眾如何解讀這些訊息，作為後續研究之參考。
　　結果發現，大多數受訪者採取對立解讀型態來解讀文本。少數受訪者雖不認同IS影片所傳遞出的意識形態，但卻能從該組織的產製手法獲得觀賞愉悅。部分年輕受訪者在觀看影片後表示，對其動機與目的感到好奇，想進一步觀看IS宣傳影片，顯示該組織的媒體內容對年輕閱聽眾具有一定程度的吸引力。

The Islamic State Group (IS) quickly plundered and attacked cities in Iraq and Syria after its rise in 2014. During a couple of years since then, IS has recruited fighters around the world and ignited international terror attacks. Nowadays, IS is disintegrated into small groups and continues recruiting manpower in every part of the world. Why can such a brutal organization attract so many young people to join and enable them to voluntarily convert their belief, even at the expense of sacrificing their own lives? The propaganda videos of the said organization may play a pivotal role.
　　The past studies on IS in Taiwan often tend to focus on the history of the organization, the reason for its rise, online promotion methods and the counter-terrorism strategies of different countries. Nonetheless, as of now, the discussion regarding the target audience of IS has rarely attracted the attention of the academic community. This study intends to make up for the deficiency in such regard.
　　This study utilizes textual analysis to discuss the messages and ideology that the propaganda videos of IS are trying to convey, followed by conducting in-depth interviews. We understand how the audiences interpret the messages as a reference for future studies by having them interpret the content in their own words after playing them multiple footages of the propaganda videos of IS.
　　The study shows that the majority of the interviewees take a stance on the contexts with oppositional reading while the minority of the counterparts find pleasure out of the way the videos are produced of the said organization even though they don’t agree with the ideology conveyed from videos of IS. Some young interviewees said after watching the videos that their curiosity was piqued regarding its motivation and purpose and that they wanted to watch the propaganda videos of IS further more, which reveals that the media content of said organization holds appeal for young audiences to a certain extent.

中文部分

王友龍（2015）。《你所不知道的IS》，臺北：城邦。

王泰俐（2009）。〈八卦電視新聞的閱聽眾接收分析〉。《傳播與管理研究》第八卷第二期。

林芳玫（1996）。《阿信》連續劇觀衆研究：由觀衆詮釋模式看女性與社會規範的互動關係。台灣社會研究季刊，(22)，153-193。doi:10.29816/TARQSS.199604.0005

洪世民譯（2017）。《你所不知道的伊斯蘭：西方主流觀點外的另類思索》，臺北：馬可孛羅文化。（原書Hamid, S. [2016]. Islamic Exceptionalism: How the Struggle Over Islam Is Reshaping the World. NY: St. Martin's Press.）

洪玉珊譯（2015）。《這才是伊斯蘭國！：史上最強「暗黑經濟體」，用營銷策略顛覆全球秩序》，臺北：究竟出版社。（原書Napoleoni, L. [2014]. The Islamist Phoenix: The Islamic State (ISIS) and the Redrawing of the Middle East. NY: Seven Stories Press.）

袁千雯（2006）。〈時尚消費、名人效應的閱聽人接收分析〉。國立臺灣大學新聞研究所碩士論文。

秦轩（2015年11月）。〈ISIS，恐怖主义新纪元〉，《凤凰周刊》，浙江出版集团，5-11。
翁秀琪（1992）。大眾傳播理論與實證。臺北：三民。

張宇晴（2009）。3D動畫的鏡頭語言－好萊塢成功商業動畫長片的鏡頭取向及表現性探討。國立臺灣藝術大學多媒體動畫藝術學系碩士論文。

陳秀萍、王紹中譯（2019）。《伊斯蘭的世界地圖：場所、活動、意識形態》，高雄：無境文化。（原書Dupont, A. L. [2022]. Atlas de l'islam. Lieux, pratiques et idéologie. Paris: Autrement.）

張穎綺譯（2015）。《ISIS大解密》，新北市：立緒文化事業。（原書Laurent, S. [2014]. L'Etat Islamique. Paris: Éditions Points.）

梁欣如（1993）。《電視新聞神話的解讀》。台北市：三民。

游美惠（2000）。〈內容分析、文本分析與論述分析在社會研究的運用〉，《調查研究》，8：5-42。

廖佳韋（2016）。《動態圖像設計應用於影像敘事之創作研究》。國立臺灣師範大學設計學系碩士論文。

盧嵐蘭（2008）。閱聽人論述。臺北：紅螞蟻圖書。

薛芸如譯（2019）。《伊斯蘭帝國的吉哈德：一部奮鬥、正義與融合的伊斯蘭發展史》，臺北：八旗文化。（原書小杉 泰[2006]。イスラーム帝国のジハード。東京：講談社。）

英文部分

Al-Rawi, A. (2018). Video games, terrorism, and ISIS’s Jihad 3.0. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(4), 740-760. doi: 10.1080/09546553.2016.1207633

Bahari, M., & Hassan, M. H. (2014). The Black Flag Myth: An Analysis from Hadith Studies. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 6(8), 15-20.

Bajrektarevic, A. (2016). Narratives in Extremist Propaganda: How Terrorist Groups Shape Propaganda Discourse. Nordicom-Information, 38(2), 94-97.

Bakker, E., & De Roy van Zuijdewijn, J. (2015). Lone-Actor Terrorism. Definitional Workshop. Countering Lone-Actor Terrorism Series, (2).

Bandopadhyaya, S. (2019). Branding the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Global Media and Communication, 15(3), 285-301. doi:10.1177/1742766519874380

Barrett, R. (2017). BEYOND THE CALIPHATE: Foreign Fighters and the Threat of Returnees. Soufan Group.

Berger, J. M. (2016). Making CVE Work: A Focused Approach Based on Process Disruption. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 7(5). doi: 10.19165/2016.1.05

Bowman-Grieve, L. (2013). A psychological perspective on virtual communities supporting terrorist & extremist ideologies as a tool for recruitment. Security Informatics, 2(1), 1-5.

Bunzel, C. (2021, December 10). Explainer: The Islamic State in 2021. Wilson Center. Retrieved from: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/

Callimachi, R., & Schmitt, E. (2019, October 31). ISIS names new leader and confirms al-baghdadi’s death. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/

Callimachi, R., & Hassan, F. (2019, October 31). Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ISIS Leader Known for His Brutality, Is Dead at 48. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/
Chatman, S. (1978). Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. NY: Cornell University Press.

Chouliaraki, L., & Kissas, A. (2018). The communication of horrorism: a typology of ISIS online death videos. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35(1), 24-39. doi: 10.1080/15295036.2017.1393096

Cilluffo, F. J., Cozzens, J. B., & Ranstorp, M. (2010). Foreign fighters: Trends, trajectories & conflict zones. Homeland Security & Policy Institutes.

Cook, D. (2015). Understanding Jihad. Berkeley: University of California Press. doi:10.1525/9780520962491

Cook, J., & Vale, G. (2018). From Daesh to ‘Diaspora’: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State. London: ICSR, King’s College London.

Cook, J., & Vale, G. (2019). From Daesh to ‘Diaspora’ II: The Challenges Posed by Women and Minors After the Fall of the Caliphate. London: ICSR, King’s College London.

Cottee, S., & Hayward, K. (2011). Terrorist (e) motives: The existential attractions of terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 34(12), 963-986. doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2011.621116

Cottee, S. (2014, September 13). The Pornography of Jihadism. The Atlantic. Retrived from: https://www.theatlantic.com/

Cottee, S. (2015, March 2). Why It’s So Hard to Stop ISIS Propaganda. The Atlantic. Retrived from: https://www.theatlantic.com/

Cottee, S., & Cunliffe, J. (2020). Watching ISIS: How Young Adults Engage with Official English-Language IS Videos, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(3), 183-207. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2018.1444955

Dawson, L. L. (2021). A Comparative Analysis of the Data on Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq: Who Went and Why?Retrieved from: https://icct.nl/app/uploads/2021/02/Dawson-Comparative-Analysis-FINAL-1.pdf
Doyle, D. (2014, August 11). Guns and toys: the children of the Islamic State. 4 News. Retrieved from: https://www.channel4.com/news/

Ducol, B. (Ed.). (2015). Social networks, terrorism and counter-terrorism: Radical and connected. NY: Routledge.

Fernandez, A. M. (2015). Here to stay and growing: Combating ISIS propaganda networks. Project on US Relations with the Islamic World, Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings.

Edmond, D. S. (2019, May 16). The truth about ‘tawhid’: how a central tenet of Islam became a violent strain linked to the Sri Lanka bombings. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from: https://www.scmp.com/

Gander, K. (2015, July 6). Isis flag: What do the words mean and what are its origins? The Independent. Retrieved from: https://www.independent.co.uk/

Gartenstein-Ross, D., Barr, N., & Moreng, B. (2016). The Islamic State’s Global Propaganda Strategy. Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies, 7(1). doi: 10.19165/2016.1.01

Gendron, A. (2017). The Call to Jihad: Charismatic Preachers and the Internet. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40(1), 44-61. doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157406

Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. (2014). Foreign Fighters under International Law. Retrieved from: https://www.geneva-academy.ch/joomlatools-files/docman-files/Publications/Academy%20Briefings/Foreign%20Fighters_2015_WEB.pdf

Gill, P., Horgan, J., & Deckert, P. (2014). Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorists. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 59(2), 425-435. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12312

Gråtrud, H. (2016). Islamic State Nasheeds As Messaging Tools. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 39(12), 1050-1070. doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2016.1159429

Guadagno, R. E., Lankford, A., Muscanell, N. L., Okdie, B. M., & McCallum, D. M. (2010). Social influence in the online recruitment of terrorists and terrorist sympathizers: Implications for social psychology research. Revue internationale de psychologie sociale, 23(1), 25-56.

Hall, S. (1980). Encoding / decoding. In S. Hall et al. (Eds), Culture, Media, Language (pp.128-129). London: Hutchinson.

Hall, S. (1973). Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse. Birmingham : University of Birmingham.

Hassan, M. (2017). Īmān, Islām, taqwā, kufr, shirk, and nifāq: Definitions, examples and impacts on human life. IIUC Studies, 14(2), 85-98. doi:10.3329/iiucs.v14i2.39882

Hamid, S. (2016, November 1). What a caliphate really is－and how the Islamic State is not one. Brookings. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/

Hegghammer, T. (2017). Jihadi Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hillenbrand, C. (2018). The crusades: Islamic perspectives. London: Routledge.

Hobson, D. (1982). Crossroad: The Drama of A Soap Opera. London: Methuen.

Höijer, B. (1992). Socio-cognitive structures and television reception. Media, Culture & Society, 14(4), 583-603. doi: 10.1177/016344392014004006

Horgan, J. G., Bloom, M., Daymon, C., Kaczkowski, W., & Tiflati, H. (2017). A New Age of Terror? Older Fighters in the Caliphate. The CTC Sentinel, 10(5), 13-19.

Huey, L. (2015). This is Not Your Mother’s Terrorism: Social Media, Online Radicalization and the Practice of Political Jamming. Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2). doi: 10.15664/jtr.1159

Jensen, K. B., & Rosengren, K. E. (1990). Five Traditions in Search of the Audience. European Journal of Communication, 5(2), 207-238. doi:10.1177/0267323190005002005

Kadi, W., & Shahin, A. (2015). Caliphate. In G. Bowering (Ed.), Islamic Political Thought: An Introduction, 37-47. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Kadivar, J. (2020). Daesh and the Power of Media and Message. Arab Media & Society, 30, 1-28.

Katz, E., & Liebes, T. (1984). Once Upon a Time, in Dallas. Intermedia, 12(3). 28-32.

Klausen, J., Barbieri, E. T., Reichlin-Melnick, A., & Zelin, A. Y. (2012). The YouTube Jihadists: A Social Network Analysis of Al-Muhajiroun’s Propaganda Campaign. Perspectives on Terrorism, 6(1), 36-53.

Klausen, J. (2015). Tweeting the Jihad: Social Media Networks of Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(1), 1-22, doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2014.974948

Kounsar, A. (2016). The Concept of Tawhid in Islam: In the Light of Perspectives of Prominent Muslim Scholars. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 6(2), 95-110.

Krauss, J. (2015, December 3). AP EXPLAINS: Is it IS, ISIS or ISIL, and what’s a Daesh? The Associated Press. Retrieved from: https://apnews.com/

Lorenzo-Dus, N., Walker, L., & Kinzel, A. (2017). The Role of Discourse Analysis in Terrorism Studies: Comparing Inspire and Dabiq. Terrorists’ Use of the Internet: Assessment and Response, 158-169.

McCants, W., & McCants, W. F. (2015). The ISIS apocalypse: The history, strategy, and doomsday vision of the Islamic State. NY: Macmillan.

Morley, D. (1980). The 'Nationwide ' Audience, London: British Film Institute.

Nanninga, P. (2019). Branding a Caliphate in Decline: The Islamic State’s Video Output (2015-2018). The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.

Neumann, P. R. (2013). Options and Strategies for Countering Online Radicalization in the United States. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 36(6), 431-459. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2013.784568

Nye, C., & Ahmad, A. (2014, August 14). Caliphate? What an Islamic state means to British Muslims. BBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/
Peter, H. A. S. S. (2019). From Hijrah to Khilafah: Rhetoric, Redemption, and ISIL's Recruitment Strategy. International Journal of Communication, 13(2019), 510-527.

Postel, T. M. (2013). The Young and the Normless: Al Qaeda’s Ideological Recruitment of Western Extremists. Connections: The Quarterly Journal, 12, 99-117.

Prusher, I. (2014, September 9). What the ISIS Flag Says About the Militant Group. Time. Retrieved from: https://time.com/

RAN Centre of Excellence. (2017). Responses to returnees: Foreign terrorist fighters and their families. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/system/files_en?file=2020-09/ran_br_a4_m10_en.pdf

Reed, A., & Aryaeinejad, K. (2021). 2020 Trends in Terrorism: From ISIS Fragmentation to Lone-Actor Attacks. The United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved from: https://www.usip.org/

Romeo, C. (2017, May 12). Why the black flag of ISIS is a 'clever piece of marketing'. Business Insider. Retrieved from: https://www.businessinsider.com/

Russell, C. A. & Miller, B., H. (1977). Profile of a terrorist. Terrorism, 1(1), 17-34. doi: 10.1080/10576107708435394

Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Schmitt, E. (2014, December 28). In battle to defang ISIS, US targets its psychology. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/

Seymat, T. (2014, August 10). How Nasheeds Became the Soundtrack of Jihad. Euronews. Retrieved from: https://www.euronews.com/

Simcox, R., & Dyer, E. (2013). Al-Qaeda in the United States: A Complete Analysis of Terrorism Offenses. London: Henry Jackson Society.

Simon, J. D. (2013). Lone wolf terrorism: Understanding the growing threat. New York: Prometheus Books.
Soufan Group. (2015). FOREIGN FIGHTERS: An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep10784

Stern, J. (2015, October 2). The gangster-terrorist who gave us ISIS. The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/

Surkes, S. (2016, May 26). Jihadis use kittens to lure new recruits. The Times of Israel. Retrieved from: https://www.timesofisrael.com/

Sweeney, M. M., & Kubit, M. (2020). Blood and scripture: how the Islamic State frames religion in violent video propaganda. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 13(2), 172-190. doi: 10.1080/17467586.2019.1680853

Tamul, D. J., Hotter, J. C., Vazire, S., & Chambers, C. (2019). Exploring mechanisms of narrative persuasion in a news context: The role of narrative structure, perceived similarity, stigma, and affect in changing attitudes. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1).

Ulas, G. (2019, August 15). Female Radicalisation: Why do Women join ISIS? LSE Middle East Centre Blog. Retrieved from: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/

UN Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. (2021). Update on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on terrorism, counter-terrorism and countering violent extremism. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/

Waterson, J. (2019, August 5). BBC apologises after presenter calls Muslim prayer sign 'IS salute'. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/

Warrick, J. (2015). Black flags: The rise of ISIS. Anchor.

Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2013). Mass media research. Cengage learning.

Winter, C. (2015). The Virtual ‘Caliphate’: Understanding Islamic State’s Propaganda Strategy”. The Quilliam Foundation. Retrieved from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30671634.pdf

Winter, C. (2017). Totalitarian Insurgency: Evaluating the Islamic State’s In-Theater Propaganda Operations. CIWAG Case Studies, 15. Retrieved from: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ciwag-case-studies/15

Wood, G. (2015). What ISIS really wants. The Atlantic, 315(2), 78-94.

Yoder, K. J., Ruby, K., Pape, R., & Decety, J. (2020). EEG distinguishes heroic narratives in ISIS online video propaganda. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-8.

Zelin, A. Y. (2015). Picture Or It Didn’t Happen: A Snapshot of the Islamic State’s Official Media Output. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4), 85-97. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/media/2405

Zelinsky, N. (2014, September 3). ISIS Sends a Message. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/