本研究運用計劃行為理論來探討高中學生使用電子煙的行為意圖。研究對象為臺灣西部沿海鄉村地區某國立高中的441位學生，蒐集研究對象使用電子煙之態度、主觀規範、知覺行為控制與行為意圖的相關資料，研究結果使用的統計分析為：皮爾森積差相關、階層複迴歸與單因子多變量變異數析中的Hotelling's T²。研究結果顯示：
一、研究對象過去有接觸電子煙者佔5.2%，未來使用電子煙的「行為意圖」者佔6.7%。
二、個人背景變項與主觀規範與行為意圖有顯著相關，但不能在態度與知覺行為控制之外，顯著地增加對行為意圖的預測力，此與研究假設相符。
三、研究對象使用電子煙的行為意圖可由個人背景變項、態度、主觀規範與知覺行為控制所預測，其中知覺行為控制的影響力最強，態度次之，個人背景變項與主觀規範最弱。
四、個人背景變項、態度、主觀規範及知覺行為控制皆能夠影響研究對象使用電子煙的「行為意圖」，且知覺行為控制對使用電子煙的「行為意圖」有顯著的預測力。
五、態度、主觀規範、知覺行為控制與其構成信念之間的關係：
（一）態度與行為信念、結果評價的相乘積未達顯著相關，此與研究假設不符。
（二）主觀規範與規範信念、依從動機的相乘積為顯著低度正相關。
（三）知覺行為控制與控制信念、知覺力量的相乘積為顯著中度正相關。
本研究之結果提供衛生教育者擬訂電子煙防制教育的介入策略之參考，建議進一步探究如何改變鄉村地區高中學生對使用電子煙的知識與信念且降低其使用電子煙之行為意圖。

This study applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to investigate the behavioral intention of e-cigarette use among senior high school students. The study was conducted on 441 students in a national senior high school in a rural area of western Taiwan. The data on their attitudes, subjective norms, perceptual behavioral control, and behavioral intentions regarding the use of e-cigarettes was collected.The statistical analysis used for the research results is: Pearson product-moment correlation, hierarchical multiple regression, multiple regression, and Hotelling’s T². The results of the study showed that:
1. 5.2% of the study participants had access to e-cigarettes in the past and 6.7% had "behavioral intention" to use e-cigarettes in the future.
2. Individual background variables were significantly associated with subjective norms and behavioral intention, but they did not significantly increase the predictive power of behavioral intention beyond the control of attitudes and perceptual behaviors, which is consistent with the research hypothesis.
3. The behavioral intention of e-cigarette use was predicted by personal background variables, attitude, subjective norm, and perceptual behavior control, among which perceptual behavior control was the strongest, followed by attitude, and personal background variables and subjective norm were the weakest.
4. Personal background variables, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptual behavioral control were all able to influence the "behavioral intention" of e-cigarette use, and perceptual behavioral control had significant predictive power on the "behavioral intention" of e-cigarette use.
5. The relationship between attitudes, subjective norms, perceptual behavioral control, and their constituent beliefs.
(1) The product of attitudes, behavioral beliefs, and outcome evaluations was not significantly correlated, which is inconsistent with the research hypothesis.
This is not consistent with the research hypothesis.
(2) The product of subjective norms, normative beliefs, and compliance motives was significantly lower than the positive correlation.
(3) The product of perceptual behavior control, control beliefs, and perceptual power were moderately positive.
The results of this study provide a reference for health educators to develop intervention strategies for e-cigarette prevention education and suggest further investigation on how to change knowledge and beliefs about e-cigarette use and reduce behavioral intentions of e-cigarette use among high school students in rural areas.

王志效、吳岱穎、郭冠良、盛業瑄、吳逸帆、林志陵（2019）。電子煙概論。北市醫學雜誌，16（4），305-312。 doi:10.6200/TCMJ.201912_16（4）.0003
王郁雯（2010）。應用計畫行為理論探討吸菸青少年戒菸意圖及其影響因素-以南部某專科學校為例。（未出版之碩士論文）。高雄醫學大學口腔衛生科學系，高雄市。
王國川（1998）。計畫行為理論各成份量表之設計、發展與建立－以青少年無照騎車行為之研究為例。師大學報，43（2），67-91。
李杰炫（2000）。青少年戒菸意向之研究：計劃行為理論之應用-以台中縣、巿專科吸菸學生為例。（未出版之碩士論文）。靜宜大學青少年兒童福利學系，臺中市。
侯佩君、杜素豪、廖培珊、洪永泰、章英華（2008）。台灣鄉鎮市區類型之研究：「台灣社會變遷基本調查」第五期計畫之抽樣分層效果分析。調查研究-方法與應用 ，23，7 – 32。
郭生玉（2022）。教育測驗與評量（最新版）。台北：精華。
郭芃彣（2013）。臺北市某國中學生吸菸行為意圖之研究─計畫行為理論之應用。（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學健康促進與衛生教育學系，臺北市。
張得軒（2022）。計劃行為理論探討國中生電子煙使用之行為意圖與其相關因素：臺北市某國中之調查研究。國立臺灣大學健康行為與社區科學系，臺北市。
潘俞樺、陳正杰、簡惠萍（2021）。電子煙對肺臟潛在的損傷－以一細胞學案例探討。臺灣醫檢雜誌，36（3），31-36。
消基會檢驗部（2020）。消費者報導。取自:網址https://www.consumers.org.tw/product-detail-2591943.html
教育部統計處（2022）。高級中等學校校別資料（含進修部）。取自:網址https://depart.moe.edu.tw/ED4500/News_Content.aspx?n=5A930C32CC6C3818&sms=91B3AAE8C6388B96&s=8AF80DB14ADF7370
衛生福利部國民健康署（2021）。青少年吸菸行為調查結果。取自:網址https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=1725&pid=9931
Abafalvi, L., Pénzes, M., Urbán, R., Foley, K. L., Kaán, R., Kispélyi, B., & Hermann, P. (2019). Perceived health effects of vaping among Hungarian adult e-cigarette-only and dual users: A cross-sectional internet survey. BMC public health, 19(1), 302. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6629-0
Abamecha, F., Godesso, A., & Girma, E.(2013). Intention to voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) among health professionals in Jimma zone, Ethiopia: The theory of planned behavior (TPB) perspective. BMC Public Health, 13, 140.
Ajzen I.(1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior.Onganizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Ajzen, I, & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Inc.
Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Chicago: The Dorsey Press.
Ajzen, I. (1989). Attitude structure and behavior. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 241-274). Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264666774_Attitude_structure_and_behavior
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intention to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In
J. Kuhl & J. Beckman(Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior(pp.11-39). Berlin. New York: Springer-Verlag. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1992). Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to leisure choice. Journal of Leisure Research, 24. 207-224.
Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal directed behavior:Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 453-474.
Aizen, I. ＆ Fishbein, M. (2008). Scaling and testing multiplicative combinations in the expectancy-value model: of attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 2222-2247.
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavior control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1-20.
Ajzen I. (2012). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Handbook of theories of social psychology. 438-459.
Akre C., Suris J.C. (2017). Adolescents and young adults’ perceptions of electronic cigarettes as a gateway to smoking: A qualitative study in Switzerland. Health Educ Res, 32(5), 448–454. doi: 10.1093/her/cyx054.
Albarracín D., Johnson B. T., Fishbein M., Muellerleile P. A. (2001) Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: a meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 127, 142-61. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.142. PMID: 11271752; PMCID: PMC4780418.
Bhatnagar, A. (2016). E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Evaluation of Evidence, Policy Implications, and Recommendations. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 10, 1-10.
Bold, K. W., Kong, G., Cavallo, D. A., Camenga, D. R., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2018). E-Cigarette Susceptibility as a Predictor of Youth Initiation of E-Cigarettes. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 20(1), 140–144. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw393
Burnley, A., Bold, K. W., Kong, G., Wu, R., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2021). E-cigarette use perceptions that differentiate e-cigarette susceptibility and use among high school students. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 47(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2020.1826501
Caporale A, Langham MC, Guo W, Johncola A, Chatterjee S, & Wehrli FW. (2019). Acute Effects of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation on Vascular Function Detected at Quantitative MRI. Radiology, 293(1), 97-106. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2019190562. Epub 2019 Aug 20. PMID: 31429679; PMCID: PMC6776371
Case K., Crook B., Lazard A., & Mackert M. (2016). Formative research to identify perceptions of e-cigarettes in college students: implications for future health communication campaigns. J Am Coll Heal, 64(5), 380–389. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2016.1158180.
Chadi, N., & Belanger, R. E. (2019). Teen vaping: There is no vapour without fire. Paediatrics & child health, 25(6), 337–339. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxz137
Julia C. C., Kerry G., Craig F. & Dina B. (2019). Perceptions about e-cigarette flavors: a qualitative investigation of young adult cigarette smokers who use e-cigarettes. Addict Res Theory, 27(5), 420–428. doi: 10.1080/16066359.2018.1540693.
Chen-Sankey, J. C., Unger, J. B., Bansal-Travers, M., Niederdeppe, J., Bernat, E., & Choi, K. (2019). E-cigarette Marketing Exposure and Subsequent Experimentation Among Youth and Young Adults. Pediatrics, 144(5), e20191119. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1119
McCausland K, Maycock B, Leaver T, & Jancey J. (2019). The messages presented in electronic cigarette–related social media promotions and discussion: scoping review. J Med Internet Res, 21(2), e11953. doi: 10.2196/11953.
Coleman, M., Donaldson, C. D., Crano, W. D., Pike, J. R., & Stacy, A. W. (2021). Associations Between Family and Peer E-Cigarette Use With Adolescent Tobacco and Marijuana Usage: A Longitudinal Path Analytic Approach. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 23(5), 849–855. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa204
Conner, M., Sandberg, T., McMillan, B., & Higgins, A. (2006). Role of anticipated regret, intentions and intention stability in adolescent smoking initiation. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(1), 85-101.
Dai H. (2021). Prevalence and Factors Associated With Youth Vaping Cessation Intention and Quit Attempts. Pediatrics, 148(3), e2021050164. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-050164
Darshil P., R. Verena T., Katie N., George H., Charles C. (2021), Ronald Shimmon,Headspace analysis of E-cigarette fluids using comprehensive two dimensional GC×GC-TOF-MS reveals the presence of volatile and toxic compounds,Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 196,113930,ISSN 0731-7085,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113930.
Dono J, Wilson C, Ettridge K, & Miller C. (2019). ‘I don’t think I’d feel good about myself if I was to give up smoking and go to one of these’: perceptions of e-cigarettes among south Australian young adult smokers and ex-smokers. Addict Res Theory, 27(3), 258–268. doi: 10.1080/16066359.2018.1501032.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York: Psychology Press (Taylor & Francis).
Francis, J. J., Eccles, P. M., Johnston, M., Walker, A., Grimsmshaw, J.,Foy, R., Kaner, F S. E., Smith, L., & Bonetti, D. (Ed) (2004). Construction questionnaires based on the theory of planned behavior. Centre for Health Services Research: Newcastle upon Tyne.
Fielding-Singh, P., Epperson, A. E., & Prochaska, J. J. (2021). TobaccoProduct Promotions Remain Ubiquitous and Are Associated with Use and Susceptibility to Use Among Adolescents. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 23(2), 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa136
Fuentes-Cano, M. A., Bustamante-Valdez, D. J., & Durán, P. (2020). Perinatal exposure to nicotine disrupts circadian locomotor and learning efficiency rhythms in juvenile mice. Brain structure & function, 225(7), 2287–2297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02126-2
Gaiha, S. M., Cheng, J., & Halpern-Felsher, B. (2020). Association Between Youth Smoking, Electronic Cigarette Use, and COVID-19. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 67(4), 519–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.002
Gaur, S., & Agnihotri, R. (2019). Health Effects of Trace Metals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols-a Systematic Review. Biological trace element research, 188(2), 295–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1423-x
Gentina, E., Kilic, D., & Dancoine, P. F. (2017). Distinctive role of opinion leaders in the social networks of school adolescents: an investigation of e-cigarette use. Public health, 144, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.11.020
Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87-98.
Gowin M, Cheney MK, & Wann TF. (2017).Knowledge and beliefs about e-cigarettes in straight-to-work young adults. Nicotine Tob Res, 19(2), 208–214. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw195.
Groom, A. L., Vu, T. T., Landry, R. L., Kesh, A., Hart, J. L., Walker, K. L., Wood, L. A., Robertson, R. M., & Payne, T. J. (2021). The Influence of Friends on Teen Vaping: A Mixed-Methods Approach. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(13), 6784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136784
Guo, Q., Johnson, C. A., Unger, J. B., Lee, L., Xie, B., Chou, C.-P., . . . Pentz, M. (2007). Utility of the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior for predicting Chinese adolescent smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 32(5), 1066-1081.
Hammal F, & Finegan B. (2016). Exploring attitudes of children 12-17 years of age toward electronic cigarettes. J Community Health, 41(5), 962–968. doi: 10.1007/s10900-016-0178-6.
Hammond D, Reid JL, Rynard VL, Fong GT, Cummings KM, McNeill A, …Christine M. W. (2019). Prevalence of vaping and smoking among adolescents in Canada, England, and the United States: repeat national cross sectional surveys. BMJ, 370, 2579 doi: 10.1136/bmj.l2219. Erratum in: BMJ. 2020 Jul 10;370:m2579. PMID: 31221636; PMCID: PMC6582265.
Hampson, S. E., Andrews, J. A., & Barckley, M. (2007). Predictors of the development of elementary-school children's intentions to smoke cigarettes: hostility, prototypes, and subjective norms. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 9(7), 751-760.
Harrell PT, Brandon TH, England KJ, Barnett TE, Brockenberry LO, Simmons VN, Quinn GP. (2019).Vaping expectancies: a qualitative study among young adult nonusers, smokers, vapers, and dual users. Subst Abuse Res Treat, 13:1178221819866210.
Hassandra, M., Vlachopoulos, S. P., Kosmidou, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Goudas, M., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Predicting students' intention to smoke by theory of planned behaviour variables and parental influences across school grade levels. Psychology and Health, 26(9), 1241-1258.
Heng, P. P., Daud, F., Yusoff, M., & Lim, K. H. (2021). Susceptibility to e-cigarette initiation among tobacco product naïve adolescents in Malaysia: Findings from the tobacco and e-cigarette survey among Malaysian adolescents (TECMA). Tobacco induced diseases, 19, 89. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/142900
Hess, C. A., Olmedo, P., Navas-Acien, A., Goessler, W., Cohen, J. E., & Rule, A. M. (2017). E-cigarettes as a source of toxic and potentially carcinogenic metals. Environmental research, 152, 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.026
Hiemstra, M., Otten, R., van Schayck, O. C., & Engels, R. C. (2012). Smoking-specific communication and children's smoking onset: an extension of the theory of planned behaviour. Psychology and Health, 27(9), 1100-1117.
Hwang, J. H., Lyes, M., Sladewski, K., Enany, S., McEachern, E., Mathew, D. P., Das, S., Moshensky, A., Bapat, S., Pride, D. T., Ongkeko, W. M., & Crotty Alexander, L. E. (2016). Electronic cigarette inhalation alters innate immunity and airway cytokines while increasing the virulence of colonizing bacteria. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany), 94(6), 667–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-016-1378-3
Jabba, S. V., & Jordt, S. E. (2019). Risk Analysis for the Carcinogen Pulegone in Mint- and Menthol-Flavored e-Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Products. JAMA internal medicine, 179(12), 1721–1723. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.3649
Jane L., M. Y., Ahmad, N., Mohd Y. M. F., & Lim, K. H. (2022). Current e-cigarette use among in-school adolescents in West Malaysia: Examining the interactions between sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle risk behaviours. PloS one, 17(1), e0263355. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263355
Johnson A.C., Mays D., Hawkins K. B., Denzel M., Tercyak K.P. (2017). A qualitative study of adolescent perceptions of electronic cigarettes and their marketing: implications for prevention and policy. Childrens Health Care, 46(4), 379–392. doi: 10.1080/02739615.2016.1227937.
Johnson, J. M., Naeher, L. P., Yu, X., Sosnoff, C., Wang, L., Rathbun, S. L., De Jesús, V. R., Xia, B., Holder, C., Muilenburg, J. L., & Wang, J. S. (2019). A biomonitoring assessment of secondhand exposures to electronic cigarette emissions. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 222(5), 816–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.04.013
Kam, J. A., Matsunaga, M., Hecht, M. L., & Ndiaye, K. (2009). Extending the theory of planned behavior to predict alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among youth of Mexican heritage. Prevention Science, 10(1), 41-53.
Kamboj, A., Spiller, H. A., Casavant, M. J., Chounthirath, T., & Smith, G. A. (2016). Pediatric Exposure to E-Cigarettes, Nicotine, and Tobacco Products in the United States. Pediatrics, 137(6), e20160041. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0041
Kann L,McManus T , William A. Harris, Shari L. Shanklin, Katherine H. Flint, Barbara Queen, …, Kathleen A. Ethier. (2017). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, MMWR Surveill Summ, 67 (8), 1–114. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6708a1external icon
Kandel, D. & Faust, R. (1975). Sequence and stages in patterns of adolescent drug use. Archives of general psychiatry, 32(7), 923–932. doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760250115013
Karimy, M., Niknami, S., Heidarnia, A. R., Hajizadeh, I., & Montazeri, A. (2013). Prevalence and determinants of male adolescents' smoking in iran: an explanation based on the theory of planned behavior. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15(3), 187-193.
Keamy-Minor E, McQuoid J, & Ling PM. (2019). Young adult perceptions of JUUL and other pod electronic cigarette devices in California: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 9(4):e026306. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026306.
Khachatoorian, C., Jacob Iii, P., Benowitz, N. L., & Talbot, P. (2019). Electronic cigarette chemicals transfer from a vape shop to a nearby business in a multiple-tenant retail building. Tobacco control, 28(5), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054316
Kowitt, S. D., Osman, A., Ranney, L. M., Heck, C., & Goldstein, A. O. (2018). E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents Not Susceptible to Using Cigarettes. Preventing chronic disease, 15, E18. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.170368
Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W., (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement.
Small-Sample Techniques (1960). The NEA Research Bulletin, Vol. 38.
Layden, J. E., Ghinai, I., Pray, I., Kimball, A., Layer, M., Tenforde, M. W., Navon, L., Hoots, B., Salvatore, P. P., Elderbrook, M., Haupt, T., Kanne, J., Patel, M. T., Saathoff-Huber, L., King, B. A., Schier, J. G., Mikosz, C. A., & Meiman, J. (2020). Pulmonary Illness Related to E-Cigarette Use in Illinois and Wisconsin - Final Report. The New England journal of medicine, 382(10), 903–916. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911614
Lee, J. A., Lee, S., & Cho, H. J. (2017). The Relation between Frequency of E-Cigarette Use and Frequency and Intensity of Cigarette Smoking among South Korean Adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(3), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030305
Lee, S., Oh, Y., Kim, H., Kong, M., & Moon, J. (2020). Implications of electronic cigarette use for depressive mood: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Medicine, 99(40), e22514. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022514
Lee, Y., & Lee, K. S. (2019). Association of Depression and Suicidality with Electronic and Conventional Cigarette Use in South Korean Adolescents. Substance use & misuse, 54(6), 934–943. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1552301
Leventhal A. M., Strong D.R., Kirkpatrick M. G., Nathaniel R. Riggs N. R. … McGovern J. A., (2015). Association of electronic cigarette use with initiation of combustible tobacco product smoking in early adolescence. JAMA, 314(7), 700–707. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.8950
Lino, S., Marshak, H. H., Herring, R. P., Belliard, J. C., Hilliard, C., Campbell, D., & Montgomery, S. (2014). Using the theory of planned behavior to explore attitudes and beliefs about dietary supplements among HIV-positive Black women. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 22(2), 400-408.
Lozano, A., Liu, F., Lee, T. K., Prado, G., Schwartz, S. J., Leventhal, A. M., Kelleghan, A. R., Unger, J. B., & Barrington-Trimis, J. L. (2021). Bidirectional associations between e-cigarette use and alcohol use across adolescence. Drug and alcohol dependence, 220, 108496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108496
Lu Y, Shin Y, Gitau MW, Njoroge MW, Gitau P, & Temple JR. (2021). Application of the theory of planned behavior to predict smoking intentions: cross-cultural comparison of Kenyan and American young adults. Health Educ Res, 36(1), 140-150. doi: 10.1093/her/cyaa041. PMID: 33270825.
Lucherini M, Rooke C, & Amos A. (2019). “They're thinking, well it's not as bad, I probably won't get addicted to that. But it's still got the nicotine in it, so...”: maturity, control, and socializing: negotiating identities in relation to smoking and vaping - a qualitative study of young adults in Scotland. Nicotine Tob Res, 21(1), 81–87. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx245.
Lucherini M, Rooke C, & Amos A. (2018). E-cigarettes, vaping and performativity in the context of tobacco denormalisation. Sociol Health Illn, 40(6), 1037–1052. doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.12741.
Madden, T. J., Ellen, P. S., & Ajzen, I. (1992). A Comparison of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Theory of Reasoned Action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292181001
Macedonia, T. V., Krefft, S. D., & Rose, C. S. (2020). Persistent Severe Fixed Airways Obstruction in a High-Dosing E-cigarette User. Journal of general internal medicine, 35(1), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05462-0
Maglalang D.D., Le M.N., Yoo G.J., & Del Mundo G.O. (2019). Personal motivations of Asian Americans who use ENDS: a qualitative study. Am J Health Behav, 43(4), 680–690. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.43.4.3.
Margolis, K. A., Donaldson, E. A., Portnoy, D. B., Robinson, J., Neff, L. J., & Jamal, A. (2018). E-cigarette openness, curiosity, harm perceptions and advertising exposure among U.S. middle and high school students. Preventive medicine, 112, 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.04.017
McCabe SE，West BT，Veliz P，& Boyd CJ. (2017). E-cigarette use， cigarette smoking，dual use，and problem behaviors among U.S. adolescents: results from a national survey. J Adolesc Health, 61(2), 155–162.
McEachan, R. R. C., Conner, M., Taylor, N. J., & Lawton, R. J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(2), 97-144.
McKeganey N, Barnard M, & Russell C. (2018). Vapers and vaping: E- cigarettes users views of vaping and smoking. Drugs. Educ Prev Policy, 25(1), 13–20. doi: 10.1080/09687637.2017.1296933.
McKeganey N, & Barnard M. (2018). Change and continuity in vaping and smoking by young people: a qualitative case study of a friendship group. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(5), 1008. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15051008.
Miech RA, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD, & Patrick ME. (2016). E-cigarettes and the drug use patterns of adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res, 18(5), 654–659.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Moustafa, A. F., Testa, S., Rodriguez, D., Pianin, S., & Audrain-McGovern, J. (2021). Adolescent depression symptoms and e-cigarette progression. Drug and alcohol dependence, 228, 109072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109072
Mukhopadhyay, S., Mehrad, M., Dammert, P., Arrossi, A. V., Sarda, R., Brenner, D. S., … Ghobrial, M. (2020). Lung Biopsy Findings in Severe Pulmonary Illness Associated With E-Cigarette Use (Vaping) . American journal of clinical pathology, 153(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz182
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Eaton, D. L., Kwan, L. Y., & Stratton, K. (Eds.). (2018). Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. National Academies Press (US).
Navas-Acien, A., Martinez-Morata, I., Hilpert, M., Rule, A., Shimbo, D., & LoIacono, N. J. (2020). Early Cardiovascular Risk in E-cigarette Users: the Potential Role of Metals. Current environmental health reports, 7(4), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00297-y
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York:McGraw- Hill.
Orellana-Barrios MA, Payne D, Mulkey Z, ＆ Nugent K. (2015). Electronic Cigarettes—A Narrative Review for Clinicians. The American journal of medicine, 128(7), 674–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033
Pisinger, C., & Dossing, M. (2014). A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes. Preventive medicine, 69, 248–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.009
Pokhrel P, Fagan P, Herzog TA, Laestadius L, Buente W, Kawamoto CT, Lee HR, Unger JB. (2018). Social media e-cigarette exposure and e-cigarette expectancies and use among young adults. Addict Behav, 78, 51–58. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.017.
Pokhrel, P., Ing, C., Kawamoto, C. T., Laestadius, L., Buente, W., & Herzog, T. A. (2021). Social media's influence on e-cigarette use onset and escalation among young adults: What beliefs mediate the effects?. Addictive behaviors, 112, 106617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106617
Prasedya, E. S., Ambana, Y., Martyasari, N., Aprizal, Y., Nurrijawati, & Sunarpi (2020). Short-term E-cigarette toxicity effects on brain cognitive memory functions and inflammatory responses in mice. Toxicological research, 36(3), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-019-00031-3
Prati, G., Mazzoni, D., & Zani, B. (2014). Perceived behavioural control, subjective norms, attitudes and intention to use condom: A longitudinal cross-lagged design. Psychol Health, 29(10), 1119-1136.
Primack BA, Soneji S, Stoolmiller M, Fine MJ, Sargent JD. (2015). Progression to traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among us adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatr, 169(11), 1018–1023.Google Scholar
Rader, F., Rashid, M., Nguyen, T. T., Luong, E., Kim, A., Kim, E., Elashoff, R., Davoren, K., Moy, N., Nafeh, F., Merz, N. B., Ebinger, J., Hamburg, N., Lindner, J., & Cheng, S. (2020). E-Cigarette Use and Subclinical Cardiac Effects. Circulation research, 127(12), 1566–1567. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.316683
Riehm, K. E., Young, A. S., Feder, K. A., Krawczyk, N., Tormohlen, K. N., Pacek, L. R., Mojtabai, R., & Crum, R. M. (2019). Mental Health Problems and Initiation of E-cigarette and Combustible Cigarette Use. Pediatrics, 144(1), e20182935. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2935
Roncancio, A. M., Ward, K. K., & Fernandez, M. E. (2013). Understanding cervical cancer screening intentions among Latinas using an expanded theory of planned behavior model.Journal of Behavior and Medicine, 39(3), 66-72.
Rossheim ME, Livingston MD, Soule EK, Zeraye H. A, & Thombs D. L (2019). Electronic cigarette explosion and burn injuries,US Emergency Departments 2015–2017. TobaccoControl , 28, 472-4. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054518
Scheffler, S., Dieken, H., Krischenowski, O., Förster, C., Branscheid, D., & Aufderheide, M. (2015). Evaluation of E-cigarette liquid vapor and mainstream cigarette smoke after direct exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(4), 3915–3925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120403915
Scheinfeld E, Crook B, & Perry CL. (2019). Understanding Young Adults' E-cigarette Use through the Theory of Planned Behavior. Health Behav Policy Rev, 6(2), 115-127. doi: 10.14485/hbpr.6.2.1. Epub 2019 Mar 1. PMID: 33907698; PMCID: PMC8074637.
Schober W, Fembacher L, Frenzen A, & Fromme H. (2019). Passive exposure to pollutants from conventional cigarettes and new electronic smoking devices （IQOS, e-cigarette） in passenger cars. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 222(3), 486-493. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.01.003. Epub 2019 Jan 23. PMID: 30685192.
Schier, J. G., Meiman, J. G., Layden, J., Mikosz, C. A., VanFrank, B., King, B. A., … Marynak, K. L., CDC 2019 Lung Injury Response Group (2019). Severe Pulmonary Disease Associated with Electronic-Cigarette-Product Use - Interim Guidance. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 68(36), 787–790. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6836e2
Seitz, C. M., Staley, M. E., Kearley, J., Wright, L., Bowman, R., Phillips, C., & Orsini, M. M. (2020). E-cigarette sharing behavior among college students: An exploratory study. Journal of American college health : J of ACH, 1–4. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1800710
Sivell, S., Elwyn, G., Edwards, A., & Manstead, A. S. (2013). Factors influencing the surgery intentions and choices of women with early breast cancer: the predictive utility of an extended theory of planned behaviour. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 13, 92.
Soneji S., Barrington-Trimis J.L., Wills T.A., Leventhal A.M., Unger J.B., Gibson L.A., … Sargent J.D. (2017). Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr, 171(8), 788–797. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1488
Staudt, M. R., Salit, J., Kaner, R. J., Hollmann, C., & Crystal, R. G. (2018). Altered lung biology of healthy never smokers following acute inhalation of E-cigarettes. Respiratory research, 19(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-018-0778-z
Stratton K, Kwan LY, Eaton DL, (2018). Public health consequences of E-cigarettes. Washington DC: The National Academies Press. DOI: 10.17226/24952
Sutha DW, Prabandari YS, & Padmawati RS, (2022). Smoking behavior among junior high school students based on the theory of planned behavior in Madura, Indonesia. Int J Adolesc Med Health. doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2022-0061. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36347513.
Su X, Li L, Griffiths SM, Gao Y, Lau JT, & Mo PK, (2015). Smoking behaviors and intentions among adolescents in rural China: the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the role of social influence. Addict Behav, 48, 44-51. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.005. Epub 2015 Apr 16. PMID: 25973776.
Szafran, B. N., Pinkston, R., Perveen, Z., Ross, M. K., Morgan, T., Paulsen, D. B., Penn, A. L., Kaplan, B., & Noël, A. (2020). Electronic-Cigarette Vehicles and Flavoring Affect Lung Function and Immune Responses in a Murine Model. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(17), 6022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176022
Szumilas, K., Szumilas, P., Grzywacz, A., & Wilk, A. (2020). The Effects of E-Cigarette Vapor Components on the Morphology and Function of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(17), 6152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176152
Tapera R, Mbongwe B, Mhaka-Mutepfa M, Lord A, Phaladze NA, & Zetola NM (2019). The theory of planned behavior as a behavior change model for tobacco control strategies among adolescents in Botswana. PLoS One, 15(6). e0233462. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233462. PMID: 32502211; PMCID: PMC7274417.
Tobore T. O. (2019). On the potential harmful effects of E-Cigarettes (EC) on the developing brain: The relationship between vaping-induced oxidative stress and adolescent/young adults social maladjustment. Journal of adolescence, 76, 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.004
Topa, G., & Moriano, J. A. (2010). Theory of planned behavior and smoking: meta-analysis and SEM model. Journal of Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 1, 23-33.
Trivers KF, Phillips E, Gentzke AS, Tynan MA, ＆ Neff LJ (2018). Prevalence of Cannabis Use in Electronic Cigarettes Among US Youth. JAMA Pediatr., 172(11), 1097–1099. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1920
Ua-Kit, N., Phuphaibul, R., Panitrat, R., Loveland-Cherry, C. J., & Vorapongsathorn, T. (2004). Cigarette smoking behavior among Thai adolescents in Metropolitan Bangkok. Thai Journal of Nursing Research, 8(4), 245.
Van De Ven, M. O., Engels, R. C., Otten, R., & Van Den Eijnden, R. J. (2007). A longitudinal test of the theory of planned behavior predicting smoking onset among asthmatic and non-asthmatic adolescents. Journal of Behavior Medicine, 30(5), 435-445.
Van Zundert, R. M., Engels, R. C., & Van den Eijnden, R. J. (2006). Adolescent smoking continuation: reduction and progression in smoking after experimentation and recent onset. Journal of Behavior Medicine, 29(5), 435-447.
Vardavas, C. I., Anagnostopoulos, N., Kougias, M., Evangelopoulou, V., Connolly, G. N., & Behrakis, P. K. (2012). Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette: impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest, 141(6), 1400–1406. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-2443
Vogel, E. A., Ramo, D. E., Rubinstein, M. L., Delucchi, K. L., Darrow, S. M., Costello, C., & Prochaska, J. J. (2021). Effects of Social Media on Adolescents' Willingness and Intention to Use E-Cigarettes: An Experimental Investigation. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 23(4), 694–701. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa003
Wang, J. W., Cao, S. S., & Hu, R. Y. (2018). Smoking by family members and friends and electronic-cigarette use in adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tobacco induced diseases, 16, 05. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/84864
Wang, L., Chen, J., Ho, S. Y., Leung, L. T., Wang, M. P., & Lam, T. H. (2020). Exposure to e-cigarette advertising, attitudes, and use susceptibility in adolescents who had never used e-cigarettes or cigarettes. BMC public health, 20(1), 1349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09422-w
White, K. M., Terry, D. J., Troup, C., Rempel, L. A., Norman, P., Mummery, K., . .Kenardy, J. (2012). An extended theory of planned behavior intervention for older adults with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Aging and Phyisical Activity, 20(3), 281-299.
World Health Organization,WHO(2021). report on the global tobacco epidemic : addressing new and emerging products,P33-38. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240032095.pdf
Yule JA, & Tinson JS. (2017). Youth and the sociability of “vaping” J Consum Behav, 16(1), 3–14. doi: 10.1002/cb.1597.
Zemore, S. E., & Ajzen, I. (2014). Predicting substance abuse treatment completion using a new scale based on the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 46(2), 174-182.
Zhu S.-H., Sun J.Y., Bonnevie E., Cummins S.E., Gamst A., Yin L., & Lee M. (2014). Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation. Tob Control ,23:iii3–iii9. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051670.