簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 李建明
LEE, Chien-Ming
論文名稱: 中斷久坐介入對於企業員工身體組成及疼痛之影響
Effect of Breaking up Prolonged Sitting on Body Composition and Pain among Company Employees
指導教授: 廖邕
Liao, Yung
口試委員: 廖邕
Liao, Yung
陳伯儀
Chen, Bo-I
薛名淳
Hsueh, Ming-Chun
口試日期: 2024/06/13
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 樂活產業高階經理人企業管理碩士在職專班
Executive Master of Business Administration Program in Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability
論文出版年: 2024
畢業學年度: 113
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 58
中文關鍵詞: 久坐行為職場健康促進人因性危害
英文關鍵詞: Sedentary behavior, Workplace health promotion, Ergonomic hazards
研究方法: 行動研究法個案研究法
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202401893
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:107下載:2
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 員工健康是企業的重要資產,根據國民健康署的調查,超過三分之一的企業員工有過重或肥胖問題,且身體疼痛為該族群最常見的健康問題。隨著科技及生活型態的轉變,逐漸走向以久坐為主的工作型態,將持續增加損害企業員工身體健康的風險。據此,本研究主要目的為探討為期8週的中斷久坐介入對於企業員工身體組成及疼痛狀況之影響,屬行動研究設計,透過便利取樣募集3位員工作為研究對象,自2023年3月至5月間,於工作日中以每30分鐘交換坐、站姿並使用升降工作桌進行辦公為介入措施。利用體重體脂肪計及身體疼痛量表進行測量。資料處理以Wilcoxon符號等級檢定分析前、後測的身體組成及疼痛之差異情形。主要研究結果如下:(一) 介入前,研究對象之身體組成數值(平均值±標準差)分別為 (1) 體重:60.8±7.8公斤、(2) 身體質量指數:24.1±3.0 kg/m2、(3) 體脂肪率:32.8±1.6 %、(4) 內臟脂肪程度:5.5±1.7、(5) 全身骨骼肌率:24.7±0.3%,頸、肩、腰、臀部皆屬輕度疼痛情形,平均職業久坐時間為7.1小時/工作日;(二) 介入後,研究對象回饋自覺身體痠痛感、工作疲勞度、工作效率以及其他身體健康效益皆呈有效改善且予以高滿意度。綜上所述,本研究主要發現為實施8週的中斷久坐介入雖於統計上未呈顯著差異,但3位企業員工主觀上皆自覺其身體健康狀況及工作效率上具正向改善之變化。建議未來研究可多增加樣本數、拉長介入週數或進行長期追蹤的縱貫性研究以探討中斷久坐介入對於企業員工的長期健康影響。

    The health of employees is a vital asset for enterprises. Based on a survey from Taiwan, over one-third of company employees are overweight or obese, and physical pain is the most common work-related health issue. The prevalence of sedentary work styles is exacerbating the risk of health. This study aimed to examine the effects of an 8-week intervention to break up prolonged sitting on body composition and pain status among company employees. An action research design targeting on three employees was conducted using convenience sampling during March and May 2023. Participants alternated sitting and standing every 30 minutes using sit-stand workstation during workdays. Pre- and post-intervention data was collected using a body composition analyzer and a self-perceived pain questionnaire. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used. The results showed that (A) pre-intervention measures revealed (a) weight: 60.8±7.8 kg; (b) body mass index: 24.1±3.0 kg/m2; (c) body fat percentage: 32.8±1.6%; (d) visceral fat level: 5.5±1.7; (e) overall skeletal muscle percentage: 24.7±0.3%, mild pain status, and sitting time averaged 7.1 hours per workday. (B) Individual feedback indicated improvements in self-perceived physical discomfort, work fatigue, work efficiency, and other health benefits. Conclusion: After an 8-week intervention in breaking up prolonged sitting, all participants reported positive health status and work efficiency improvements despite the lack of statistically significant changes. It is suggested that future studies can increase more representative samples or conduct longitudinal studies to evaluate long-term health effects among office workers.

    第壹章 緒論 1  第一節 研究動機與重要性 1  第二節 研究目的 4  第三節 研究問題 4  第四節 名詞操作型定義 5  第五節 研究限制 6 第貳章 文獻探討 7  第一節 久坐行為 7  第二節 企業員工的身體組成及疼痛 9  第三節 中斷久坐介入的相關研究 15 第參章 研究方法 20  第一節 研究架構 20  第二節 研究對象 21  第三節 研究工具 21  第四節 研究流程 23  第五節 資料處理與分析 24 第肆章 結果與討論 26  第一節 研究對象介入前之身體組成、疼痛情形及靜態時間 26  第二節 中斷久坐介入對於研究對象身體組成之影響 31  第三節 中斷久坐介入對於研究對象身體疼痛之影響 38  第四節 綜合討論 41 第伍章 結論與建議 44  第一節 結論 44  第二節 建議 45 引用文獻 46 附錄一 研究問卷 54

    王子娟、徐儆暉、彭淑美(2005)。職業駕駛健身操介入效果評估。勞工安全衛生研究季刊,13(3),197-204。
    王子娟、謝曼麗(2021)。職場肌肉骨骼傷病健康管理指引第二版。勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所。
    王錠堯、吳篤安(2016)。高強度循環訓練對中年男性身體組成、心肺適能與代謝症候指標的影響。運動生理暨體能學報,22,1-9。https://doi.org/10.6127/jepf.2016.22.01
    古博文、孫文榮、陳俐蓉(2016)。老年人靜態行為問卷之發展。大專體育學刊,18(1),41-55。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.1801.004
    李貞嫺、彭佳玲、林國榮(2023)。勞動環境安全衛生認知調查-2022年(一版)。勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所。
    朱碧梧(2016)。多元配套運動計畫對體適能促進成效之探討。臺東大學體育學報,(24),57-71。
    朱鍇莙(2022)。職場健康管理-人因與過勞之量表分析。工業安全衛生,(401),17-33。https://doi.org/10.6311/ishm.202211_(401).0004
    李禹璇、翁瑞萱、徐雅媛、王子娟(2013)。勞工工作環境與自覺肌肉骨骼不適之相關研究。勞工安全衛生研究季刊,21(4),432-441。
    林正常(2022)。運動生理學。師大書苑。
    明金蓮、洪曉佩(2011)。急性疼痛評估與症狀護理。源遠護理,5(1),11-16。https://doi.org/10.6530/YYN.2011.5(1).02
    林勁宏、盧淑雲、洪大程、游文杉、許美智(2011)。大學生身體組成與脂肪分布之探討。運動生理暨體能學報,(12),31-40。https://doi.org/10.6127/jepf.2011.12.04
    洪彰岑、葉清華、蔡國權、莊瑞平、謝錦城、甘能斌(2012)。運動介入對銀髮族代謝症候群的健康促進成效。大專體育學刊,14(1),125-133。
    張哲豪、汪宗燁、吳明宜、郭立杰、蔡佩倫(2008)。預防職場傷害之人因健康管理課程。臺灣職能治療研究與實務雜誌,4(1),62-68。https://doi.org/10.6534/jtotrp.2008.4(1).62
    曹昭懿、徐儆暉、陳昭瑩、李昕怡、陳秋蓉(2003)。推展工作場所頸肩運動之成效:不同模式之評估。勞工安全衛生研究季刊,11(2),118-126。
    梁賡義(2021)。2017年『國民健康訪問調查』結果報告。財團法人國家衛生研究院。
    陳美妙、李淑芬、莊雯如、陳品玲(2008)。伸展運動對改善護理人員下背痛之成效探討。長庚護理,19(3),321-333。https://doi.org/10.6386/cgn.200809_19(3).0003
    陳嬿如、林承萓、廖邕(2016)。身體活動流行病學架構之介紹。大專體育,(137),31-36。https://doi.org/10.6162/srr.2016.137.04
    勞動部職業安全衛生署(2014)。人因性危害預防計畫指引。https://www.osha.gov.tw/48110/48713/48735/60198/
    彭淑美(2003)。十三週塑身計畫對職場女性體適能與生化指標之影響。大專體育學刊,5(1),269-278。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.200306_5(1).0024
    劉美蘭、陳俊瑜、徐儆暉(2013)。高科技職場員工健康促進介入性方案對代謝症候群員工之影響。健康促進與衛生教育學報,(39),27-52。https://doi.org/10.3966/207010632013060039002
    衛生福利部國民健康署(2006)。「國際衛生組織身體活動量表監測系統」成果說明會。https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=1126&pid=1875
    衛生福利部國民健康署(2017)。職場周全健康促進工作手冊。https://health99.hpa.gov.tw/material/3265
    衛生福利部國民健康署(2019)。再忙也要動起來!打造健康職場生活員工幸福有保障。https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=3804&pid=10633
    衛生福利部國民健康署(2024)。健康促進推動方法-第七步 評價。https://health.hpa.gov.tw/hpa/info/health_push_in.aspx?enc=7oqDbv+GxIPFC1Ee+qXjAA==
    盧淑雲(2006)。身體活動介入對科技職場員工健康促進效果之研究。運動生理暨體能學報,(5),103-115。https://doi.org/10.6127/jepf.2007.05.11
    薛名淳、廖邕、黃品瑄、張少熙(2017)。高齡者久坐行為與健康之文獻回顧。台灣公共衛生雜誌,36(4),337-349。
    Ainsworth, B. E., Haskell, W. L., Whitt, M. C., Irwin, M. L., Swartz, A. M., Strath, S. J., O'Brien, W. L., Bassett, D. R., Jr., Schmitz, K. H., Emplaincourt, P. O., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., & Leon, A. S. (2000). Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(9 Suppl), S498-504. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009001-00009
    Alkhajah, T. A., Reeves, M. M., Eakin, E. G., Winkler, E. A., Owen, N., & Healy, G. N. (2012). Sit-stand workstations: a pilot intervention to reduce office sitting time. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(3), 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.05.027
    Bridger Staatz, C., Kelly, Y., Lacey, R. E., Blodgett, J. M., George, A., Arnot, M., Walker, E., & Hardy, R. (2021). Life course socioeconomic position and body composition in adulthood: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. International Journal of Obesity, 45(11), 2300-2315. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00898-z
    Brown, W. J., Miller, Y. D., & Miller, R. (2003). Sitting time and work patterns as indicators of overweight and obesity in Australian adults. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 27(11), 1340-1346. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802426
    Buckley, J. P., Hedge, A., Yates, T., Copeland, R. J., Loosemore, M., Hamer, M., Bradley, G., & Dunstan, D. W. (2015). The sedentary office: an expert statement on the growing case for change towards better health and productivity. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(21), 1357-1362. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094618
    Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (2020). Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. http://csepguidelines.ca/
    Carr, L. J., Swift, M., Ferrer, A., & Benzo, R. (2016). Cross-sectional Examination of Long-term Access to Sit-Stand Desks in a Professional Office Setting. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(1), 96-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.013
    Cavedon, V., Milanese, C., Marchi, A., & Zancanaro, C. (2020). Different amount of training affects body composition and performance in High-Intensity Functional Training participants. PLoS One, 15(8), e0237887. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237887
    Chau, J. Y., Daley, M., Dunn, S., Srinivasan, A., Do, A., Bauman, A. E., & van der Ploeg, H. P. (2014). The effectiveness of sit-stand workstations for changing office workers' sitting time: results from the Stand@Work randomized controlled trial pilot. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11, 127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0127-7
    Clemes, S. A., Patel, R., Mahon, C., & Griffiths, P. L. (2014). Sitting time and step counts in office workers. Occupational Medicine, 64(3), 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqt164
    Coffeng, J. K., van der Ploeg, H. P., Castellano, J. M., Fernández-Alvira, J. M., Ibáñez, B., García-Lunar, I., van der Beek, A. J., Fernández-Ortiz, A., Mocoroa, A., García-Leal, L., Cárdenas, E., Rojas, C., Martínez-Castro, M. I., Santiago-Sacristán, S., Fernández-Gallardo, M., Mendiguren, J. M., Bansilal, S., van Mechelen, W., & Fuster, V. (2017). A 30-month worksite-based lifestyle program to promote cardiovascular health in middle-aged bank employees: Design of the TANSNIP-PESA randomized controlled trial. American Heart Journal, 184, 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2016.11.002
    Department of Health and Social Care. (2019). Physical activity guidelines: adults and older adults. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/physical-activity-guidelines-adults-and-older-adults
    Department of Health and Aged Care. (2021). Physical activity and exercise guidelines for all Australians. https://www.health.gov.au/topics/physical-activity-and-exercise/physical-activity-and-exercise-guidelines-for-all-australians/for-adults-18-to-64-years
    Dunstan, D. W., Kingwell, B. A., Larsen, R., Healy, G. N., Cerin, E., Hamilton, M. T., Shaw, J. E., Bertovic, D. A., Zimmet, P. Z., Salmon, J., & Owen, N. (2012). Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Diabetes Care, 35(5), 976-983. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1931
    Fitzsimons, C. F., Kirk, A., Baker, G., Michie, F., Kane, C., & Mutrie, N. (2013). Using an individualised consultation and activPAL™ feedback to reduce sedentary time in older Scottish adults: results of a feasibility and pilot study. Preventive Medicine, 57(5), 718-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.07.017
    Gilson, N. D., Burton, N. W., van Uffelen, J. G., & Brown, W. J. (2011). Occupational sitting time: employees' perceptions of health risks and intervention strategies.
    Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 22(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1071/he11038
    Júdice, P. B., Santos, D. A., Hamilton, M. T., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M. (2015). Validity of GT3X and Actiheart to estimate sedentary time and breaks using ActivPAL as the reference in free-living conditions. Gait and Posture, 41(4), 917-922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.03.326
    Jalayondeja, C., Jalayondeja, W., Mekhora, K., Bhuanantanondh, P., Dusadi-Isariyavong, A., & Upiriyasakul, R. (2017). Break in Sedentary Behavior Reduces the Risk of Noncommunicable Diseases and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Workers in a Petroleum Company. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050501
    Jans, M. P., Proper, K. I., & Hildebrandt, V. H. (2007). Sedentary behavior in Dutch workers: differences between occupations and business sectors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(6), 450-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.033
    Jelsma, J. G. M., Renaud, L. R., Huysmans, M. A., Coffeng, J. K., Loyen, A., van Nassau, F., Bosmans, J. E., Speklé, E. M., van der Beek, A. J., & van der Ploeg, H. P. (2019). The Dynamic Work study: study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial of an occupational health intervention aimed at reducing sitting time in office workers. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6467-0
    Jeznach-Steinhagen, A., Boniecka, I., Rymarz, A., Staszków, M., Romaszko, J., & Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna, A. (2023). Higher Muscle Mass and Higher Serum Prealbumin Levels Are Associated with Better Survival in Hemodialysis Patients during a Five-Year Observation Period. Nutrients, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051237
    Kikuchi, H., Inoue, S., Odagiri, Y., Inoue, M., Sawada, N., & Tsugane, S. (2015). Occupational sitting time and risk of all-cause mortality among Japanese workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 41(6), 519-528. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3526
    Kim, Y., Han, B. D., Han, K., Shin, K. E., Lee, H., Kim, T. R., Cho, K. H., Kim, D. H., Kim, Y. H., Kim, H., & Nam, G. E. (2015). Optimal cutoffs for low skeletal muscle mass related to cardiovascular risk in adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. Endocrine, 50(2), 424-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0577-y
    Krüger, K., Petermann, C., Pilat, C., Schubert, E., Pons-Kühnemann, J., & Mooren, F. C. (2015). Preventive strength training improves working ergonomics during welding. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 21(2), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2015.1029290
    Kuoppala, J., Lamminpää, A., & Husman, P. (2008). Work health promotion, job well-being, and sickness absences--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50(11), 1216-1227. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31818dbf92
    Kuorinka, I., Jonsson, B., Kilbom, A., Vinterberg, H., Biering-Sørensen, F., Andersson, G., & Jørgensen, K. (1987). Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of
    musculoskeletal symptoms. Applied Ergonomics, 18(3), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(87)90010-x
    Max, M. B., Donovan, M., Miaskowski, C. A., Ward, S. E., Gordon, D., Bookbinder, M., Cleeland, C. S., Coyle, N., Kiss, M., Thaler, H. T., Janjan, N., Anderson, M. D., Weinstein, S., Edwards, W. T., & American Pain Society Quality of Care Committee. (1995). Quality Improvement Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Pain and Cancer Pain. JAMA, 274(23), 1874-1880. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530230060032
    Mehrparvar, A. H., Heydari, M., Mirmohammadi, S. J., Mostaghaci, M., Davari, M. H., & Taheri, M. (2014). Ergonomic intervention, workplace exercises and musculoskeletal complaints: a comparative study. Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic of Iran, 28, 69.
    Mummery, W. K., Schofield, G. M., Steele, R., Eakin, E. G., & Brown, W. J. (2005). Occupational sitting time and overweight and obesity in Australian workers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(2), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.04.003
    Munir, F., Houdmont, J., Clemes, S., Wilson, K., Kerr, R., & Addley, K. (2015). Work engagement and its association with occupational sitting time: results from the Stormont study. BMC Public Health, 15, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1427-9
    Novak, C. B. (2004). Upper extremity work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a treatment perspective. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34(10), 628-637. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.34.10.628
    O'Donoghue, G., Blake, C., Cunningham, C., Lennon, O., & Perrotta, C. (2021). What exercise prescription is optimal to improve body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults living with obesity? A network meta-analysis.
    Obesity Reviews, 22(2), e13137. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13137
    Owen, N., Healy, G. N., Matthews, C. E., & Dunstan, D. W. (2010). Too much sitting: the population health science of sedentary behavior. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 38(3), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e3181e373a2
    Owen, N., Sugiyama, T., Eakin, E. E., Gardiner, P. A., Tremblay, M. S., & Sallis, J. F. (2011). Adults' sedentary behavior determinants and interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(2), 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.013
    Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2018). 2018 Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
    Pronk, N. P., Katz, A. S., Lowry, M., & Payfer, J. R. (2012). Reducing occupational sitting time and improving worker health: the Take-a-Stand Project, 2011. Preventing Chronic Disease, 9, E154. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110323
    Rogers Everett, M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations. New York, Free Press.
    Saeidifard, F., Medina-Inojosa, J. R., Supervia, M., Olson, T. P., Somers, V. K., Erwin, P. J., & Lopez-Jimenez, F. (2018). Differences of energy expenditure while sitting versus standing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 25(5), 522-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487317752186
    Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., & Fotheringham, M. J. (2000). Behavioral epidemiology: A systematic framework to classify phases of research on health promotion and disease prevention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22(4), 294-298. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02895665
    Sharan, D., Parijat, P., Sasidharan, A. P., Ranganathan, R., Mohandoss, M., & Jose, J. (2011). Workstyle risk factors for work related musculoskeletal symptoms among computer professionals in India. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 21(4), 520-525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-011-9294-4
    Speck, R. M., & Schmitz, K. H. (2011). Energy expenditure comparison: a pilot study of standing instead of sitting at work for obesity prevention. Preventive Medicine, 52(3-4), 283-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.02.002
    Srikanthan, P., Horwich, T. B., & Tseng, C. H. (2016). Relation of Muscle Mass and Fat Mass to Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. American Journal of Cardiology, 117(8), 1355-1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.01.033
    Straker, L., Abbott, R. A., Heiden, M., Mathiassen, S. E., & Toomingas, A. (2013). Sit-stand desks in call centres: associations of use and ergonomics awareness with sedentary behavior. Applied Ergonomics, 44(4), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.11.001
    Thorp, A. A., Kingwell, B. A., Sethi, P., Hammond, L., Owen, N., & Dunstan, D. W. (2014). Alternating bouts of sitting and standing attenuate postprandial glucose responses. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(11), 2053-2061. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000337
    Tremblay, M. S., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Saunders, T. J., Carson, V., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., Chastin, S. F. M., Altenburg, T. M., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2017). Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) - Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8
    Weber Buchholz, S., Wilbur, J., Halloway, S., McDevitt, J. H., & Schoeny, M. E. (2013). Physical activity intervention studies and their relationship to body composition in healthy women. Annual Review of Nursing Research, 31, 71-142. https://doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.31.71
    Wells, J. C., & Fewtrell, M. S. (2006). Measuring body composition. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91(7), 612-617. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2005.085522
    Williamson, A., & Hoggart, B. (2005). Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rating scales. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14(7), 798-804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652702.2005.01121.x
    World Health Organization. (2017). Protecting workers' health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/protecting-workers'-health
    World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: at a glance. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240014886
    World Health Organization, & Burton, J. (2010). WHO healthy workplace framework and model: background and supporting literature and practices. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/113144
    Zeigler, Z. S., Mullane, S. L., Crespo, N. C., Buman, M. P., & Gaesser, G. A. (2016). Effects of Standing and Light-Intensity Activity on Ambulatory Blood Pressure. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(2), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000754

    下載圖示
    QR CODE