簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 葉惠珠
Hui-Chu Emma Yeh
論文名稱: 中文反身代名詞
Chinese Reflexives Revisited--from Syntax to Pragmatics
指導教授: 陳純音
Chen, Chun-Yin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2001
畢業學年度: 89
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 124
中文關鍵詞: 約束理論長距離約束內部約束論元約束子句中心詞約束pro省略語言會話的蘊含方式原則
英文關鍵詞: Binding theory, long-distance binding, local binding, coargument-binding, Infl-binding, pro-drop languages, conversational implicature, M(anner)-principle
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:235下載:77
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 中文的反身代名詞以長距離約束和主格/所有格的用法為特點,因此它的先行語多半不是一個位在反身代名詞所處最小命題範圍內的一個論元。基於這樣的原因,本文指出如果一個反身代名詞在所處的最小命題範圍內有一個明確的論元,它就受這論元約束而表現出內部約束的現象;但是如果它在所處的最小命題範圍內沒有一個論元可選做它的先行語,它便可以擺脫內部約束的原則──它不再是受論元約束,而是受一個子句的中心詞約束。文獻上指出子句的中心詞可以從上一層子句中或從話語中解讀它的名詞特徵(人稱);如果是如此,那麼受子句中心詞約束的反身代名詞便可以間接的指到上一層子句或句子外的話語單位,因而表現出長距離約束。有了這兩種約束(論元約束和子句中心詞約束),我們可以解釋中、英文在反身代名詞使用上的差別:英文的反身代名詞多是受論元約束,因此多表現出內部約束,然而中文的反身代名詞多是受一個子句的中心詞約束,故可以有長距離約束。至於為何中文的複合反身代名詞“他自己”,不同於“自己”,通常受內部約束?本文指出這是由於會話的蘊含。使用“他自己”在態度上蘊含著強調的意思,而這樣的意思多鼓勵近距離約束的解讀。

    The Chinese reflexive is characterized by long-distance binding and nominative/possessive uses. So often the antecedent and the reflexive are not coarguments of the minimal propositional domain. Motivated by such cases, this thesis thus argues that the possibility for a reflexive to escape from the locality constraint stated in Chomsky’s (1981) Principle A of Binding theory is related to the fact that the reflexive has no less oblique coargument to refer to. If a reflexive is not coargument-bound, it is Infl-bound. It is shown that an Infl may inherit its nominal features, which it can pass onto the reflexive it binds, from a superordinate linguistic context or from the discourse. As Infl is identified outside the local clause domain, an Infl-bound reflexive may hence exhibit long-distance binding. Given the distinction of the two types of binding, the differences between Chinese and English are predicted: English reflexives are mostly coargument-bound, so they are generally locally confined, whereas in Chinese Infl-binding is always applied (due to the pro-drop possibility and the pervasive subject use of the reflexives), so the reflexives may refer to a remote antecedent. As for the fact that the compound reflexive in Chinese usually requires a local antecedent, I suggest it follow from a theory of implicature in pragmatics. The use of ta-ziji M(anner)-implicates an emphatic reading, which thus encourages a local coreferential interpretation.

    Acknowledgements English Abstract Chinese Abstract Abbreviations and Acronyms 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Theoretical Assumptions 1.3 Organization of the Thesis 2. Differences Between the Anaphoric and Emphatic Ziji and Previous Studies of Chinese Reflexivization 2.1 Anaphoric Ziji vs. Emphatic Ziji 2.1.1 Syntactic Positions 2.1.2 Binding Properties 2.1.2.1 [+Animate] Requirement on Antecedency 2.1.2.1 Long-distance Binding 2.1.2.3 Blocking Effects 2.1.2.4 Subject Orientation 2.1.2.5 Sub-command Condition 2.2 Previous Studies of Chinese Reflexivization 2.2.1 Ziji as a Special Type of Anaphor 2.2.1.1 Wang and Stillings (1984) 2.2.1.2 Battistella and Xu (1990) 2.2.2 Ziji Undergoing Movement at LF 2.2.2.1 Cole, Hermon and Sung (1990) 2.2.2.2 Huang and Tang (1991) 2.2.3 Ziji in an AGR/Phi-Chain 2.2.3.1 Voskuil (1990) 2.2.3.2 Progovac (1992) 2.3 Summary 3. A New Proposal for the Long-Distance Anaphoric Reflexives 3.1 The Movement Hypothesis 3.1.1 Problematic Assumptions 3.1.2 Unpredicted Properties 3.1.3 The Economy Principle 3.2 The Non-Movement Hypothesis 3.2.1 Problematic Assumptions 3.2.2 Unpredicted Properties 3.2.3 The Economy Principle 3.3 The Non-Movement Hypothesis Revisited—A Present Proposal 3.3.1 Coargument-Binding 3.3.2 Infl-Binding 3.3.3 Topic-Binding 3.4 Predictions 3.4.1 The Blocking Effect 3.4.2 The Sub-Command Condition 3.4.3 The Discourse-Binding and A’-Binding 3.4.4 The Minimal Distance Effect 3.5 Summary 4. The Compound Reflexive Ta-Ziji in Chinese 4.1 Ta-Ziji is Infl-Bound 4.2 Ta-Ziji is Locally-Bound 4.3 Summary 5. Conclusion Bibliography

    Aikawa, Takako. 1993. Reflexivity in Japanese and LF-Analysis of zibun-Binding. Doctoral dissertation, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
    Aoun Joseph, Norbert Hornstein, David Lightfoot and Amy Weinberg. 1987. Two types of locality. Linguistic Inquiry 18: 537-577.
    Aoun, Joseph and Yen-hui Audrey Li. 1993a. Wh-Elements in Situ: Syntax or LF? Linguistic Inquiry 24: 199-238.
    Barss, Andrew. 1986. Chains and anaphoric dependence: On reconstruction and its implications. Doctoral dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
    Battistella, Edwin. 1989. Chinese Reflexivization: a movement to INFL Approach. Linguistics 27: 987-1012.
    Battistella, Edwin and Yonghui Xu. 1990. Remarks on the Reflexive in Chinese. Linguistics 28: 205-240.
    Belletti, Adriana and Luigi Rizzi. 1988. Psych verbs and theta-theory. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 6:291-352.
    Borer, H. 1989. Anaphoric AGR, in Jaeggli, O. and K. Safir, (eds.), The Null Subject Parameter. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1986a. Barriers. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1986b. Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin, and use. New York: Praeger.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1993. A Minimalist Program for Lingustic Theory, in Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser (eds.), The View from Building Twenty 1-52. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
    Chien Yu-Chin, Kenneth Wexler and Hsing-Wu Chang. 1993. Children’s Development of Long-Distance Binding in Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2: 229-259.
    Cole, P., G. Hermon and Li-May Sung. 1990. Principles and Parameters of Long Distance Reflexives. Linguistic Inquiry 21:1-22.
    Cole, P. and Li-May Sung. 1994. Head Movement and Long Distance Reflexives. Linguistic Inquiry 25:239-262.
    Culicover, Peter W. 1997. Principles and Parameters: an Introduction to Syntactic Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Fiengo, Robert and James Higginbotham. 1981. Opacity in NP. Linguistic Analysis 7:395-421.
    Giorgi, Akessandra. 1984. Toward a theory of long-distance anaphora: a GB approach. The Linguistic Review 3:307-359.
    Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and Conversation, in Cole & Morgan (eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.
    Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
    Hermon, Gabriella and James Yoon. 1989. The Licensing and Identification of pro and the Typology of AGR. Paper from the 25th Reginal Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago.
    Huang, C.-T. James. 1982. Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. Doctoral dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
    Huang, C.-T. James. 1983. A note on the Binding theory. Linguistic Inquiry 14: 554-561.
    Huang, C.-T. James. 1984. On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15: 531-574.
    Huang, C.-T. James. 1989. Pro-drop in Chinese: A Generalized Control Approach, in O. Jaeggli and K. Safir, (eds.), The Null Subject Parameter. Dordrecht: Reidel.
    Huang, C.-T. James and Jane C.-C. Tang. 1991. The Local Nature of the Long-distance Reflexive in Chinese. In Jan Koster and Eric Reuland, (eds.), Long-distance Anaphora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Huang, Yan. 1991. A neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora. Journal of Linguistics 27:301-335.
    Kayne, R. 1975. French Syntax: The Transformational Cycle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
    Langendoen, D. Terence and Yedidyah Langsam. 1987. On the Design of Finite-State Transducers for Parsing Phrase-Structure Languages, in Alexis Manaster-Ramer, (eds.), Mathematics of Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    Lasnik, Howard and Mamoru Saito. 1992. Move Alpha: Conditions on Its Application and Output. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
    Lebeaux, David. 1983. A Distributional Difference between Reflexives and Reciprocals. Linguistic Inquiry 14:723-730
    Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Levinson, S. C. 1987a. Minimization and Conversational Inference, in Verschueren, J. & Bertuccelli-Papi, M. (eds), The Pragmatic perspective 61-129. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    Levinson, S. C. 1987b. Pragmatics and the grammar of anaphora: a partial pragmatic reduction of binding and control phenomena. Journal of Linguistics 23: 379-434
    Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
    Li, Cherry. 1996. The Use of English Tenses: a Pragmatic perspective. English Teaching 21.2: 39-53. (In Chinese)
    Li, H.-J. Grace. 1994. Bei: An Affected Head—The Bei-construction Revisited. MA Thesis, NTNU.
    Li, J.-W. Frances. 1995. On the Disposal Ka in Taiwanese. MA Thesis, NTNU.
    Li, Yafei. 1990. Xo-binding and verb incorporation. Linguistic Inquiry 21:399-426.
    Li, Y.-H. Audrey. 1992. Indefinite wh in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 1:125-155.
    Maling, Joan. 1984. Non-clause-bound reflexives in modern Icelandic. Linguistics and Philosophy 7:211-241.
    Manziji, Maria Rita and Kenneth Wexler. 1987. Parameters, Binding theory, and learnability. Linguistic Inquiry 18:413-444.
    Mckay, Thomas J. 1991. He Himself: Undiscovering An Anaphor. Linguistic Inquiry 22.2: 368-372.
    Napoli, Donna Jo. 1979. Reflexivization across clause boundaries in Italian. Journal of Linguistics 15: 1~27.
    Pollard, Carl. and Ivan A. Sag. 1992. Anaphors in English and the Scope of Binding theory. Linguistic Inquiry 23.2:262-304.
    Pollard, Carl. and Ivan A. Sag. 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Pollock, J.-Y. 1989. Verb movement, UG and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry 20:365-424.
    Postal, Paul M. 1970. On the surface verb “remind.” Linguistic Inquiry 1:37-120.
    Progovac, Ljiljana. 1992. Relativized SUBJECT: Long-distance Reflexives without Movement. Linguistic Inquiry 23.4:671-680.
    Reinhart, Tanya and Eric Reuland. 1991. Anaphors and Logophors: an Argument Structure Perspective, in Jan Kosteer and Eric Reuland, (eds.), Long Distance Anaphora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Rizz, L. 1990a. Relativized Minimalty. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
    Rizz, L. 1990b. On the Anaphoric Agreement Effect. Rivista di Linguistica 2: 27-42.
    Sabine, Iatridou. 1986. An anaphor not bound in its governing category. Linguistic Inquiry 17.4: 766-771.
    Sung, Li-May and Peter Cole. 1991. Long Distance Reflexives and Islandhood in Chinese. Ms., University of Delaware, Newark.
    Tang, C.-C. J. 1989. Chinese Reflexives. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7, 93-121.
    Tsai, Wei-Tian. 2000. Chinese Reflexive Adverbials. speech given at National Taiwan Normal University (tape available from the Graduate Institute of English in NTNU).
    Voskuil, Jan. 1990. Binding and the Transference of Phi-features. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 12: 223-229.
    Wang, Jialing. 1990. Ziji: A Chinese Long-Distance Anaphor. Ms., Program in Computational Linguistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
    Wang, Jialing, and Justine T. Stillings. 1984. Chinese reflexives. Proceedings of the First Harbin Conference on Generative Grammar. Heilongjiang University.
    Xu, Liejiong. 1986. The binding of ziji. Paper presented at the Sloan Foundation Chinese Syntax Workshop, LSA Institute.
    Xu, Liejiong. 1993. The Long-Distance Binding of ziji. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 21: 123-141.
    Xu, Liejiong. 1994. The antecedent of ziji. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 22: 115-136.
    Yu, William X. F. 1992. Challenging Chinese Reflexive Data. The Linguistic Review 9.3:285-294.
    Zribi-Hertz, Anne. 1989. Anaphor Binding and Narrative Point of View: English Reflexive Pronouns in Sentence and Discourse. Language 65: 695-727.
    Zipf. G. K. 1949. Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.

    QR CODE