幽默為教育的第一助手，目前卻未在華語教學領域取得重視。本論文旨在強調言語幽默融入華語教學的合理性，探討如何運用言語幽默題材於中級華語教學等問題，並以捷克馬薩里克大學中級華語學習者為研究對象。

本研究首先介紹幽默與語言的關係、言語幽默融入教學的作用以及中級華語與幽默相關華語教學設計等三項主題文獻；其次，分析言語幽默題材在5套華語教材的使用情況、訪問7位教師和問卷調查97位捷克大學華語學習者對於言語幽默運用於華語教學的意見。最後，以溝通式教學法和ASSURE教學系統設計模式規劃相關教學設計，並實際付諸教學試驗於捷克馬薩里克大學中級華語課程，試圖從課堂觀察、集體座談、成效測驗、個別訪談和問卷回饋等五項結果回應研究問題。

根據研究過程得到以下結論，第一，言語幽默題材融入華語教學能提昇學習興趣並幫助達到學習目標；第二，題材的選擇以符合課程內容、學習者華語程度、自身背景和興趣，且具目標語文化知識性質之幽默篇章題材為佳，並不限於Schmitz（2002）之幽默篇章外語教學排序，第三，以溝通式教學法之特色，融入教師清晰口條和肢體語言，能夠充分發揮言語幽默題材之作用，並有效提高學習者的聽力理解、詞彙數量、語言使用、篇章賞析與文化知識的能力。此外，在教學程序上，言語幽默性質之寒暄可運用在課程開始和結尾，與學習內容相關之題材則適合於教學過程中導入。針對中級華語學習者，教師最好在提供言語幽默題材前預先告示學生，以攫獲注意力區分情境差異，過程中確認學生已熟悉生詞，並搭配合宜的肢體語言或聲音圖像強化幽默效果。以上，言語幽默題材若適當融入中級華語教學，既能有效營造愉悅學習環境，又能提高中文學習興趣與成效。

Humor has served as an effective facilitator in education for years, yet it has not yet been emphasized in Chinese Teaching as a Second Language. Thus, this study explores the possibility, materials, and methods with a teaching experiment involving the students of the Masaryk University, Czech Republic.
The study consists of research questions followed by literature review and needs analysis. It is based on the Communicative Approach and ASSURE model in the curriculum design, followed by the teaching experiment. The result is later revealed through classroom observation, group discussions, a written test, interviews, and questionnaires given to the participants.
The results show that first, appropriate verbal humor helps foster a friendly and effective Chinese learning environment. Second, teachers may incorporate materials using verbal humor related to the lesson goal, students’ personal background and interests, level of Chinese proficiency, and target-culture information into the teaching content. The use of the material is not limited to the progression by Schmitz (2002). Third, by combining the Communicative Approach with the instructor’s delivery and body language skill, the participants elevate their proficiency in listening, vocabulary, language use, context, and culture awareness. In addition, material presented with cues in advance is better understood by the learners of intermediate level of Chinese. The instructors are encouraged to utilize sufficient body language or pictures to amplify humorous effects. In summary, integrating material using verbal humor appropriately is beneficial for teaching Chinese as a Second Language.

中文部份
中野冴依子(2010)。漫畫在華語教學上的運用-以日本高中生為研究對象。臺北
市：國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文。
方裕民(2011)。幽默設計的認知歷程與失諧實驗。臺北市：國立臺灣科技大學碩
士論文。
王健雅(2010)。八向度幽默風格量表之發展與自尊、人格特質、依附風格之關係
探討。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文（未出版）。
宋如瑜(2008)。華語文教師的專業發展－以個案為基礎的探索。臺北市：秀威資
訊科技。
李軍華(1996)。幽默言語。北京：社會科學文獻出版社。
李菊鳳(2014)。中級華語寫作教材探究： 以應用文求職自傳為例。臺北市：國立臺灣
師範大學碩士論文。
杜雯華(2000)。美籍學生中文閱讀過程的策略研究。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大
學華語文教學研究所碩士論文（未出版）。
邱發忠、陳學志和卓淑玲（2003）。幽默創造訓練之課程設計暨實徵效果評估。
教育心理學報，34，179-198。
李葆衛(2007)。言語幽默本質探析。吉林省：北華大學碩士論文。
林立涓(2006)。日籍學生對中文笑話的辨認與理解。高雄市：國立高雄師範大學碩士
論文。
周健(1999)。字詞中的趣味。北京：新世界出版社。
周健(2009)。漢語課堂教學技巧325例。北京：商務印書館。
洪慧如(2003)。中文冷笑話之語言分析。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學碩士學位論文。
陳巧陵(2007)。當代笑話之研究。臺中市：國立臺中教育大學碩士學位論文。
陳以萱(2013)。以任務式教學法設計中級華語口語交際練習之研究。臺北市：國立臺
灣師範大學碩士論文。
陳望道(1983)。修辭學非凡。上海：復旦大學出版社。
高嵩(2011)。捷克經典－5星級的捷克文化深度導遊。臺北市：柿子文化。
郭紹虞(1925)。諺語的研究。上海：商務印書館。
郭泰(1990)。幽默的中國人。臺北市：遠流出版社。
郭泰(1994)。幽默一族。臺北市：遠流出版社。
涂鈺亭(2009)。華語網播教學發展─以中級華語為對象。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學
碩士論文。
袁筱青(1988)。現代漢語諧音研究—以華語廣告文案為例。臺北市：國立臺灣師
範大學碩士學位論文。
陳學志、徐芝君(2006)。幽默創意課程對於教師幽默感及創造力的影響。師大學
報，51，75。
陳學志、詹雨臻、卓淑玲與Martin, R. A.（2011）。區分良善與有害的幽默：中文
版幽默風格量表的發展。測驗學刊，207－234。
陳學志(2001)。小心幽默會毀掉你的煩惱。張老師月刊，284，20-23。
陳學志(1991)。幽默理解的認知歷程。臺北市：國立臺灣大學博士論文。
陳學志(1995)。從「聽笑話」到「鬧笑話」－由幽默理解看幽默創作。輔仁學
誌文學院之部，24，240-261。
許志榮(2007)。藉中文歌曲進行對外華語教學活動之設計。臺北市：國立臺灣
師範大學碩士論文。
張佳靜(2013)。華語流行歌曲融入華語文教學－以蘇打綠四首歌為例。屏東市：
國立屏東教育大學。
董秀琳(2014)。「學生互動式教學法」在中級華語詞彙教學中的應用。臺北市：淡江大
學碩士論文。
張金蘭(2012)。對外華語文教學中的書面語教學－以台灣華語文教材為主所做的探
討。國立政治大學華語文中心。2014年6月20日，取自
http://mandarin.nccu.edu.tw/data/teacher/書面語教學1010217-張金蘭.pdf
趙金銘(1987)。諧音與文化。語音教學與研究，1，23-27。
鄭錦全(2010)繽紛華語文教學。載於嚴翼相等（主編）。華語與文化之多元觀點(pp.
153-167)。臺北市：文鶴出版社。
劉文靈(2009)。幽默日記方案對國小中年級學生幽默感與幽默風格之影響。臺
北市：國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文。
蔡佳紋(2003)。性別、英文程度及笑話類型對台灣高中生英文笑話理解之影響。
高雄市：國立高雄師範大學英語學系碩士論文（未出版）
劉莉芬(2002)。以認知理論探討兒童對幽默笑話觀點之研究。臺北市：國立臺灣
師範大學碩士論文。
盧允中(1991)。中國歷代笑話一百篇。臺北市：臺灣商務。
蕭颯、王文欽與徐智策(1999)。幽默心理分析。臺北市：智慧大學。
賴瑩玲(2011)。運用成語故事語境之中級漢字課程設計。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學
碩士論文。
謝石竹(2009)。記憶策略在華語詞彙教學中的運用。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學碩士
論文。
蘇嘉鈴(2012)。國中生之歷史教材幽默改編策略分析暨其對學習成效之影響。臺
北市：國立臺灣師範大學博士論文。
蘇盈年(2011)。華語電影教材設計―以中高級以上學習者為目標。臺北市：
國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文。
英文部分
Askildson, L. (2008). Humor as a pedagogical tool in second language acquisition. Humor as a Pedagogical Strategy, Pokiya, T (Eds.). Dehradun: Icfai University Press.
Attardo, S. & Raskin, V. (1991). Script theory revis(it)ed: Joke similarity and joke
representation model. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 4(3/4),
293-347.
Attardo, S. (1994). Linguistic theories of humor. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Attardo, S. (2008). Semantics and pragmatics of humor. Blackwell Language and
Linguistics Compass.
Beattie, J. (1776). An essay on laughter and ludicrous composition. Edinburgh:
William Creech. Reprinted: New York: Garland, 1971.
Bell, N. D. (2011). Humor scholarship and TESOL: Applying findings and
establishing a research agenda. TESOL Quarterly, 45(1), 134-159.
Bell, N. D. (2009). Learning about and through humor in the second language
classroom. Language Teaching Research, 13(3), 241-258.
Berk, R. (1998). Professors are from Mars, students are from Snickers. Madison, WI: Mendota.
Borgia, L., Horack, D. Owles, C. Terrific Teaching Tips. Illinois Reading Council
Journal, 33(4),46-49.
Brone, G., Feyaert, K., & Veale, T. (2006). Introduction: Cognitive linguistic approach to humor. Humor, 19(3), 203-228.
Brown, W. & Tomlin, J. (1996). Best and worst university teachers: The opinion of
undergraduate students. College Student Journal, 30(1), 431-34.
Brumfit, C. J., and K. Johnson (Eds.) (1979). The Communicative Approach to
Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Canale, M., & M. Swain. (1980). Theoretical base of communicative approaches to
second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1): 1-47.
Chee, A. (2006). Humor in TEYL- reducing classroom anxiety. The international
Teaching English to Young Learner Journal.
Check, J. (1997). Humor in education. Physical Education, 54(3), 165-167.
Chen, S. Z., Zhan, Y. Z., Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T. & Martin, R. A. (2009). A
Cross-cultural Comparison of the Relationship between Gelotophobia, Gelotophilia and Katagelasticism, and Humor Styles in Taiwan and Switzerland. Oral Symposium presentation at the meeting of International Society for Humor Studies. Long Beach, California State University.
Chlopicki, W. (1987). An application of script theory of semantics to the analysis of selected Polish humorous short stories. M.A. thesis, Purdue University.
Civikly, J. (1986). Humor and the enjoyment of college teaching. New Directions for Teaching and Learning. 26, 61-70.
Cornett, C. E. (1986). Learning through laughter: Humor in the classroom.
Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa.
Deneire, M. (1995). Humor and foreign language teaching. Humor: International
Journal of Humor Research, 8(3), 285-298.
Francis, M. (2012). Using fun to teach rigorous content. Communication in
Information Literacy, 6(2), 151-159.
Freud, S. (1960). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. (Strachey, J. Trans.).
New York: W. W. Norton. (Original work in 1905).
Garner, R. L. (2006). Humor in pedagogy: How ha-ha can lead to aha! Heldref
Publications, 54(1), 177-180.
Glenn, R. (2002). Brain Research: Practical application for the classroom.Teaching for Excellence 21(6): 1-2.
Golchi, M. M. & Jamali, F. (2011). The effect of teacher’s verbal humor on advanced FEL learner’s classroom anxiety. European Journal of Social Sciences. 26(2), 185-192.
Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.). The psychology of humor. New York: Academic
Press. Gordon, M. (2011). Learning to laugh at ourselves: Humor, self-transcendence, and the cultivation of moral virtues. Educational Theory, 60(6), 735-749.
Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In Cole, P. and Morgan, J. (Eds) Syntax
and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, 41-58. New York: Academic Press; reprinted in
Grice, H. P. 1989b, 22-40.
Haigh, G. (1999). Do smile: But don’t tell too many jokes. Times Educational Supplement, 13.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1970). Language structure and language function. In Lyons (Eds.), New Horizons in Linguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 140-465.
Hativa, N. (2011). Teaching for Effective Learning in Higher Education. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hancock, J.(2011). Brilliant Memory Training: stop worrying about your memory and start using it- to the full! Great Britain: Pearson Education.
Hayes, E.B. (1988). Encoding strategies used by native and non-native readers of
Chinese Mandarin. Mandarin Language Journal, 72(2), 188-195.
Hutcheson, F. (1725). Reflections upon laughter. Dublin Journal.
Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. B. Pride and J. Holmes (Eds.), Socialinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 269-293.
Kazarian, S. S. & Martin, R. A. (2006). Humor styles, culture-related personality,
well-being, and family adjustment among Armenians in Lebanon. Humor:
International Journal of Humor Research, 19, 405– 423.
Kelly, N. & Kelly, B. (1992). Backgrounds, education and teaching styles of
teaching award winning professors. (ERIC Document Reproduction Services No. ED 230 080)
Kher, N., Molstad, S., and Donahue, R. (1999). Using humor in the college
classroom to enhance teaching effectiveness in dread courses. College Student Journal, 33(3), 400-406.
Kilburn, A. J. & Kilburn (2012). Liking the Classroom to the living room: learning
through laughter with “the office”. Academy of Education Leadership Journal.
16(2), 21-31.
Korobkin, D. (1989). Humor in the classroom: Considerations and strategies. College Teaching 36, 154-58.
Langevin, R. & Day, H. I. (1972). Psychological correlates of humor. In J. H.
Leacock, S. B. (1937). Humor and humanity. London: Butterworth.
Lei, S.A., Cohen, J. L., & Russler, K. M.(2010). Humor on Learning in the College
Classroom: Evaluating Benefits and Drawbacks From Instructor’s Perspectives.
Journal of Instructional Psychology, 37( 4), 326-331.
Long. D. & Graesser, A. (1988). Wit and Humor in discourse processing. Discourse Processes: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11(2), 35-60.
Lucas, T. (2005). Language awareness and comprehension through puns among ESL learners. Language Awareness, 14(4), 221-238.
Martin, R. A. (2007). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J. &Weir, K. (2003). Individual
differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being:
Development of the humor styles questionnaire. Journal of Research in
personality, 37, 48-75.
Martin, R. A. (2001). Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues
and research findings, Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 504-519.
Martina. (2013, October 15). Brace yourself- Czech humor is coming [Web blog
message]. Retrieved from
http://www.lexiophiles.com/english/brace-yourself-czech-humour-is-coming.
McGhee, P. E. (1979). Humor, its origin and development. San Francisco: W. H.
Freeman.
Morreall, J. (2009). Comic relief: A comprehensive philosophy of humor. New York: John, Wiley & Sons.
Nash, W. (1985). The language of humor. New York：Longman.
Nazareth, J. (1988). The psychology of military humor. New Delhi: Lonor.
Nerhardt, G. (1970). Humor and inclination to laugh: Emotional reactions to stimuli of different divergence from range of expectancy. Scandinavian Journal of
Psychology, 11, 185-195.
Nevo, O., Nevo, B., & Yin, L. L.(1983). What do you do when asked to answer
humorously? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 188-194.
Norrick, N. R. (2003). Issues in conversational joking. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(9), 1333-1359.
Nwokah, E. E., Burnette, S. E. & Graves, K. N. (2013). Joke telling, humor creation,
and humor recall in children with and without hearing loss. International Journal
of Humor Research. 26(1), 69-96.
Palmer, J. (1987). The logic of the absurd. London: British Film Institute.
Pepicello, W. J. & Weisberg, R. W. (1983). Linguistics and humor. In McGhee &
Goldstein(eds.), 59-83.
Polka, J. P. & Freda, P. (1997). Humor, learning, and socialization in middle level
classrooms. Clearing House, 70(4), 176-78.
Powell, J. P., & Andresen, L. W. (1985). Humor and teaching in higher education.
Studies in Higher Education, 10, 79-90.
Raskin, V. (Eds.).(2008). The primer of humor research. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Raskin, V. (1985). Semantic mechanisms of humor. Dorderecht：D. Reidel.
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. Approaches and methods in Language teaching (2nd Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rhem, J. (1998). Humor in the classroom. National Teaching and Learning Forum 7 (6): 10-12.
Shade, A. R. (1996). License to Laugh: Humor in the Classroom. Connecticut:
greenwood publishing.
Suls, J. (1972). A two-stage model for the appreciation of jokes and cartoons. In: J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (eds.). The Psychology of Humor, 81-100. New York: Academic Press.
Schimtz, J. R. (2002). Humor as a pedagogical tool in foreign language and
translation courses. Humor. 15(1), 89-113.
Summerfelt, Lippman & Hyman Jr. (2010) The Effect of Humor on Memory:
Constrained by the Pun. The Journal of General Psychology, 137 (4), 376-394.
Sweet, M., & Pelton-Sweet, L. M. (2008). The social foundation of team-based
learning: Students accountable to students. Team-based Learning: Small Group
Leanring’s Next Big Step. (Eds). Michaelsen, L. K., Sweet, M., & Parmelee, D. X. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Tocalli-Beller, A. & Swain, M. (2007). Riddles and puns in the ESL classroom: Adults
talk to learn. In A. Mackey (Ed.), Conversational Interaction in second language
acquisition: Empirical studies (pp. 143-167). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Tuncay, H. (2007). Welcome to hell: Humor in English language learning. Retrieved July 20, 2010, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED499225.pdf
Walker, G. W. (2001). Teacher’s report of how they used humor with students
perceived use of such humor. Education, 122(2), 337-347.
Wanzer, M., Frymier, A., Wojtaszczyk, A., & Smith, T. (2006). Appropriate and
inappropriate uses of humor by teachers. Communicaiton. Education, 55(2),
178-196.
Weaver II, R., & Contrell, H. (1987). Ten specific techniques for developing humor in the classroom. Education, 55(2), 178-196.
Willman, J.M. (1940). An analysis of humor and laughter. American Journal of
Psychology, 53, 70-85.
White, G. W. (2001). Teachers’ report of how they used humor with students
perceived use of humor. Education, 122(2), 337-347.
Wilson, C. P. (1979). Jokes: Form, Content, Use and Function. London: Academic
Press.
Yaman, D., & Convington, M. (2006). I’ll take learning for 500: Using game shows to engage, motivate, and train. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.
Ziegler, J. (1998). Use of humor in medical teaching. Medical Teacher, 20(4),
341-348.
Ziv, A. (1983). The influence of humorous atmosphere on divergent thinking.
Contemporary Educational Psychology, no. 8:68-75.
Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and sense of humor. New York: Springer.
Ziv, A. (1988). Teaching and learning with humor: Experiment and replication.
Journal of Experimental Education, 57, 5-15
網站、影音資源：
Byrne, R. (2008, December 25). Švejk vs. Schweyk: Encounters with Brecht
[ Web blog message]. Retrieved from http://richbyrne.blogspot.cz/2008/12/vejk-vs-schweyk-encounters-with-brecht.html
Chinese Center of Masaryk University. (2014). Introduction to the Chinese Center.
Retrieved from http://www.phil.muni.cz/wksc/
Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague. (2014). [Website]. Retrieved from http://www.ff.cuni.cz/home/international-mobility/coming-to-prague/prague-czech-republic/
Far East Institute Faculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague. (2014). Sinology
Introduction. Retrieved from http://udlv.ff.cuni.cz/cz/china/china.htm#
Foer, Joshua. (2012, May). Feats of memory anyone can do [Video File]. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/joshua_foer_feats_of_memory_anyone_can_do?language
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.msmt.cz.
Philosophical Faculty of Palacky University. (2014).Chinese Department Introduction. Retrieved from http://udlv.ff.cuni.cz/cz/china/china.htm#
Seechina. Org. (2010, March 24). Chinese Comedy: Cross Talking with Julien
Gaudfroy [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kL-MriW6Bjw