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研究生: 高莉雁
Juliet Furaha Karisa
論文名稱: 肯尼亞的珊瑚礁群落:現狀,模式和復原力
Coral Reef Communities in Kenya: Status, Patterns and Resilience
指導教授: 陳昭倫
Chen, Chao-Lun
David Obura
David Obura
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 生命科學系
Department of Life Science
論文出版年: 2020
畢業學年度: 108
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 126
英文關鍵詞: Benthic communities, Coral communities, Coral bleaching, Spatial patterns, Marine protected areas, Kenya
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202001493
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:103下載:10
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  • Coral reefs are important ecosystems providing ecological and social services but are declining at an alarming rate globally with climate change being one of the biggest threats. Understanding the resilience-enhancing properties of these ecosystems will help focus management intervention that support the persistence of these ecosystems amid climatic disturbances. This thesis determines the spatial and temporal patterns of coral reef communities and how this influences the resilience of coral communities. First, I determine the spatial pattern of benthic coral reef communities in Kenya using rapid underwater assessments and find that there is a spatial heterogeneity in the composition of benthic communities across different reef habitats. This pattern is tied into two levels, there is a broad latitudinal gradient in benthic community composition that separates north and south geographic zones. This latitudinal gradient is further compounded by a more complex habitat-level pattern with a highly heterogenous benthic community in the north. Second, I determine the demographic changes in coral communities by comparing with past data and classify their responses into three groups reflecting ongoing recovery patterns in 2015/16 from 2008/9 and the initial bleaching in 1998. ‘Group I’- coral community with increasing colony sizes and numbers representing potentially high recruitment and growth; ‘Group II’- increasing colony sizes but decreasing numbers suggesting potentially low recruitment but good growth; ‘Group III’- decrease in density with no change/decrease in area representing declining populations with low recruitment and low ability to grow. The temporal pattern is influenced by regional differences. Thirdly, I determine the spatial pattern in resilience of coral communities by applying a bivariate analysis of resistance and recovery properties of resilience from bleaching disturbance. Using some of the variables that were analysed in the previous parts of the study as indicators, I quantify the resistance and recovery potential of reefs along the Kenyan coast. Results show that resistance and recovery potential of coral communities is highly influenced by habitat factors with depth, exposure to oceanic waves and reef type having a significant role in structuring this pattern. Resistant potential is higher in patch reefs that are deep and exposed to oceanic waves. Recovery potential is higher in channel reefs that are shallow and exposed to oceanic waves. Finally, discussion is based on how these findings are important in providing information about the current status of coral reef communities in Kenya, their recovery trajectory from previous bleaching disturbances and their resistance and recovery potential. I suggest that re-designing and creating new MPA networks should include replicates of representative habitats with high resistance and recovery potential to bleaching in order to spread the risk of coral loss from other localized disturbance including failures in management.

    Dedication i Acknowledgement ii Abstract iv Publication vi Table of contents vii Table of Figure tables x Table of tables xii Chapter 1 General Introduction 1 Chapter 2 . Spatial heterogeneity of coral reef benthic communities in Kenya 11 Abstract 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Materials and methods 14 2.2.1 Study area 14 2.2.2 Sampling design 15 2.2.3 Data collection 15 2.2.4 Data analysis 17 2.3 Results 18 2.3.1 Description of variables-Overall 18 2.3.2 Selection of key variables 18 2.3.3 Describing key variables 19 2.3.4 Habitat factors and management status 21 2.4 Discussion 22 2.4.1 Biogeographic pattern in benthic community composition 22 2.4.2 Influence of habitat factors and management on benthic community composition 24 2.4.3 Implications for conservation 29 2.5 Conclusion 29 Chapter 3 : Spatio pattern and demographic changes among coral communities along the Kenyan coast 38 Abstract 38 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Materials and Methods 41 3.2.1 Study area 41 3.2.2 Data collection 41 3.2.3 Data analysis 42 3.3 Results 43 3.3.1 Variation in density and area of coral colonies between the two time periods 43 3.3.2 Effect of geographic zone, habitat factors and management on the changes in density and area 47 3.4 Discussion 49 3.4.1 Changes in coral population structure 49 3.4.2 Implication on recovery patterns 51 3.4.3 Influence of geography, habitat factors and management 53 3.4.4 Implication on management 54 Chapter 4 : Spatial pattern in resistance and recovery potential of coral community from bleaching disturbance. 72 Abstract 72 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Material and methods 75 4.2.1 Study sites and data collection 75 4.2.2 Data collection 75 4.2.3 Classification of coral resistance and recovery indicators 76 4.2.4 Data analysis 78 4.3 Results 79 4.3.1 Description of resistance and recovery indicators at the site level 79 4.3.2 Spatial pattern- relationship of sites based on the abundance of resistance and recovery indicators 80 4.3.3 Spatial pattern- Resistance and Recovery Indicators at geographic zones 81 4.3.4 Spatial pattern- resistance, recovery potential 82 4.4 Discussion 83 4.4.1 Habitat influence on spatial patterns 84 4.4.2 Implication on management 85 Chapter 5 : General discussion 96 5.1 Marginal reef in the north 96 5.2 Implication on connectivity 97 5. 3 Potential of an ecological corridor 98 5.4 Spatial heterogeneity 98 5.5 Climate-resilient MPAs 99 5.6 Monitoring for coral reef resilience 99 References 100 Supplementary material 119

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