簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 謝侑霖
You-Lin Sie
論文名稱: 基於渾沌門檻值調變與邊緣增強誤差擴散法之FPGA設計與實現
Design and Implementation of Chaotic Threshold Modulation and Edge Enhanced Error Diffusion on FPGA Chip
指導教授: 蘇崇彥
Su, Chung-Yen
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年: 2010
畢業學年度: 98
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 95
中文關鍵詞: 誤差擴散法數位半色調FPGA
英文關鍵詞: Error Diffusion, Digital Halftoning, FPGA
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:146下載:2
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 數位半色調是一種將連續色調影像轉換成有限色調影像的技術,此技術的主要特點為使用有限的色調去呈現出連續色調的影像。此特點被廣泛應用於顯示器與印表機裝置上。然而,傳統的數位半色調演算法仍有一些缺點,因此在本論文中我們提出一個新的數位半色調演算法。有別於傳統演算法使用固定的門檻值,我們的演算法所使用的是渾沌門檻值調變,藉由渾沌門檻值調變去減少圖片中不自然的紋理。為了更進一步的增加圖片的視覺品質,我們加入邊緣增強之量化方式以增強物體之邊緣。最後為了增加執行速度以符合即時處理之需求,我們設計了一個硬體電路來實現我們的演算法。實驗結果證明,我們所提出的新演算法的確能提高視覺品質,得到較佳的圖片,並且我們設計的硬體電路的執行速度能比軟體的執行速度快超過10倍。

    Digital halftoning is the technique of transforming continuous-tone images into a limited number of gray level ones. The goal is to create the perception of a continuous-tone image using limited gray levels. Hence, it is broadly applied to display and printing devices. However, there are still some problems in traditional digital halftoning methods. In this thesis, we present an effective digital halftoning algorithm to solve these problems. Unlike traditional algorithms using the fixed threshold, the new algorithm uses chaotic threshold modulation to reduce the visual artifacts. Furthermore, for edge enhancement, we also incorporate a novel quantization method into our algorithm. To speed up the execution time to meet the requirement for real time processing, we design a useful hardware architecture to implement the proposed algorithm. In our experiment, the proposed algorithm achieves more satisfying performance than existing algorithms and the execution time of hardware can be sped up more than 10 times than software.

    摘 要 i ABSTRACT ii 致謝 iii Contents iv List of Figure vi List of Tables x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background of Research 1 1.2 Design Motivation and Purpose of Research 3 1.3 Thesis Organization 4 Chapter 2 Overview of Digital Halftoning 5 2.1 Overview 5 2.2 Point-Process Algorithms 8 2.2.1 Threshold Dither 8 2.2.2 Bayer Dither 10 2.3 Neighborhood-Process Algorithms 14 2.3.1 Conventional Algorithms 14 2.3.2 Probabilistic Error Diffusion for Image Enhancement 19 2.3.3 Edge-Directed Error Diffusion Halftoning 23 2.3.4 Error-Diffusion Algorithm with Edge Enhancement 26 2.4 Summary 27 Chapter 3 Chaotic Threshold Modulation and Edge Enhanced Error Diffusion 29 3.1 Overview 29 3.2 Proposed Algorithm 31 3.2.1 Gradient-Based Edge Detection 32 3.2.2 Chaotic Threshold Generation 34 3.2.3 Edge Enhanced Quantization 37 3.2.4 Error Diffusion 38 3.3 Summary 39 Chapter 4 Hardware Implementation 40 4.1 Overview 40 4.2 FPGA Solution 40 4.3 Hardware Platform Diagram 41 4.4 Design Flow 42 4.5 Hardware Design and Implementation 43 4.5.1 Edge Detection Circuit 44 4.5.2 Chaotic Threshold Generation Circuit 45 4.5.3 Edge Enhanced Quantization Circuit 48 4.5.4 Error Diffusion Circuit 50 4.5.5 Data Transmission Circuit 51 4.6 FPGA Verification 53 4.7 Summary 54 Chapter 5 Simulation Results and Performance Comparisons 55 5.1 Overview 55 5.2 Simulation Results Based on Software 55 5.3 Simulation Results Based on Hardware 71 5.4 Software vs Hardware 78 5.5 Experimental Results of EPD 79 5.6 Edge-Enhanced Measurement 80 5.7 Summary 81 Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Work 82 6.1 Conclusion 82 6.2 Future Work 82 References 84 Appendix 1 88 Appendix 2 93

    [1] W.-C. Kao, J.-A. Ye, F.-S. Lin, P.-Y. Cheng, and R. Sprague, “Configurable Timing Controller Design for Active Matrix Electrophoretic Design,” IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 1-5, Feb. 2009.
    [2] Sony PRS-505 e-reader. Available at http://www.sonystyle.com/ .
    [3] RFID card with e-paper. Available at http://www.uselog.com/2010/02/ rfid-card-e-paper-information-on-your. html.
    [4] Seiko-e-watch. Available at http://www.seikowatches.com/.
    [5] Citizen E-ink clock. Available at http://www.eink.com/.
    [6] E-Paper market forecast. Available at Display http://www.Bank.displaybank.com Bank/eng/report/report.php
    [7] W.-C. Kao, J.-A. Ye, and C. Lin, “Image quality improvement for electrophoretic displays by combining contrast enhancement and halftoning techniques,” Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 11.2-2, 2009.
    [8] F. A. Baqai, J.-H. Lee, A. U. Agar and J. P. Allebach, “Digital Color Halftoning,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, January. 2005.
    [9] N. Damera-Venkata and B. L. Evans, ”Adaptive threshold modulation for error diffusion halftoning,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 104-116, January. 2001.
    [10] Z.-J. Liu, Z.-H. Liang, and C.-L. Liu, “3-dimensional error diffusion method based on edge detection for digital display devices,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 239-242, May 2007.
    [11] D. Kacker and J. P. Allebach, “Joint halftoning and watermarking,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 1054-1069, 2003.
    [12] J.-M. Guo, “Improved block truncation coding using modified error diffusion,” Electronics Letters, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 462-464, March 2008.
    [13] J. B. Rodriguez, G. R. Arce and D. L. Lau, “Blue-Noise Multitione Dithering,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1368-1382, August. 2008.
    [14] T.-C. Chang and J. P. Allebach, “Quantization of Accumulated Diffused Errors in Error Siffusion,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1960-1976, December. 2005.
    [15] B. E. Bayer, “An Optimum Method for Two-Level Rendition of Continuous-Tone Picture,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. Conference Record, pp. 11-15, 1973.
    [16] R. W. Floyd and I. Steinberg, “An adaptive algorithm for spatial grayscale,” Proc. SID, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 75–78, 1976.
    [17] J. F. Jarvis, C. N. Judice, and W. H. Ninke, “A survey of techniques for the display of continuous-tone pictures on bilevel displays,” Comput. Graph. Image Process, vol. 5, pp. 13–40, 1976.
    [18] P. Stucki, “Mecca—A multiple-error correcting computation algorithm for bi-level image hardcopy reproduction,” Tech. Rep. RZ1060, IBM Res. Lab., Zurich, Switzerland, 1981.
    [19] T. Lin, “Probabilistic error diffusion for image enhancement,” IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 528-534, May 2007.
    [20] X. Li, “Edge-directed error diffusion halftoning,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 688-690, Nov. 2006.
    [21] R. Eschbach and K. T. Knox, “Error-diffusion algorithm with edge enhancement,” Journal of Optical Society of America, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1844-1850, Dec. 1991.
    [22] R. Ulichney, “Dithering with blue noise,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 76, pp. 56-79, Jan. 1988.
    [23] R. Eschbach, Z. Fan, K. T. Knox and G. Marcu, “Threshold Modulation and Stability in Error Diffusion,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2003.
    [24] Introduction to FPGA Technology: Top Five Benefits. Available at http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/6984.
    [25] SMIMS Technology Corp. Available at http://www.smims.com/.
    [26] 黃正誼,”內嵌CMOS影像感測擷取模組及影像濾波器之FPGA平台設計”,國立臺灣師範大學工業教育研究所碩士論文,2004。
    [27] Z. Wang and A. C. Bovik, “A Uinversal Image Quality Index,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 81-84, March. 2002.
    [28] N. Damera-Venkata, B. L. Evans and V. Monga, “Color Error-Diffusion Halftoning,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, July. 2003.
    [29] Z. Sun, “Video Halftoning,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 15,
    no. 3, pp. 678-686, March. 2006.
    [30] C.-Y. Hsu, C.-S. Lu and S.-C. Pei, “Video Halftoning Preserving Temporal Consistency,” International Conference on Multimedia & Expo, 2007.
    [31] T. D. Kite, B. L. Evans and A. C. Bovik, “Modeling and Quality Assessment of Halftoning by Error Diffusion,” IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 909-922, May 2000.
    [32] T. Mitsa and K. Varkur, “Evaluation of contrast sensitivity functions for the formulation of quality measures incorporated in halftoning algorithms,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing,
    vol. 5, pp. 301–304, Apr. 1993.
    [33] Halftoning Tool Box for MATLAB. Available at http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~bevans/projects/halftoning/toolbox/
    [34] http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~edubois/demosaicking/, 24 images from KODAK Photo CD Photo Sampler, 1991.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE