簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 王琡棻
Shu-Fen Wang
論文名稱: 國小資優學生認知–情意交織特質之分析及其介入方案成效之研究
Research on the Analysis of the Co-cognitive Traits and Intervention Effects of Elementary Gifted Students
指導教授: 盧台華
Lu, Tai-Hua
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 特殊教育學系
Department of Special Education
論文出版年: 2011
畢業學年度: 100
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 367
中文關鍵詞: 認知–情意交織特質創造性傾向資優行為認知–情意交織特質介入方案國小資優學生
英文關鍵詞: Co-Cognitive Traits, Creativity Tendency, Gifted Behaviors, Co-Cognitive Traits Intervention Program, Elementary Gifted Students
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:184下載:24
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究目的在建構認知–情意交織特質對資優行為之預測模式,並探究認知–情意交織特質介入方案對提升國小資優學生認知–情意交織特質、創造性傾向與資優行為之成效。研究主要分為兩階段,第一階段係以709位就讀高雄市國小一般智能資優資源班學生為受試對象進行調查研究,第二階段則以187位國小資優生為受試對象進行認知–情意交織特質介入方案實驗研究。茲將研究發現分述如下:
    一、國小資優學生的認知–情意交織特質與資優行為的分布情形
    (一)國小資優學生在認知–情意交織特質全量表及6個分量表之表現均為正向,且以對主題或學科的熱情之特質表現最佳,以人道關懷與身心活力較弱。
    (二)教師認為國小資優學生在資優行為具有正向之表現,其中以快速學習表現較佳,風趣幽默表現較弱。
    (三)國小資優學生認為其在資優行為具有正向之表現,其中以快速學習的表現較佳,語文表達之表現較弱。
    二、國小資優學生認知–情意交織特質對資優行為之預測模式
    認知–情意交織特質能有效預測教師評定之資優行為,預測力為.05;亦可有效預測學生自評之資優行為,預測力為.60。
    三、認知–情意交織特質介入方案提升國小資優學生認知–情意交織特質、創造性傾向與資優行為之成效
    (一)認知–情意交織特質介入方案能有效提升國小資優學生整體認知–情意交織特質與創造性傾向,且對兩者之效果相當。
    (二)教師與學生均認為認知–情意交織特質介入方案能有效提升國小資優學生之整體資優行為表現。
    (三)認知–情意交織特質介入方案之成效為先藉由提升學生之認知–情意交織特質,再進而提升其資優行為。
    四、國小資優學生在認知–情意交織特質介入方案各單元的進步情形與滿意度
    (一)認知–情意交織特質介入方案各單元能有效提升國小資優學生的樂觀、勇氣、對主題或學科的熱情、人道關懷、魅力與遠景等各項認知–情意交織特質。
    (二)多數學生表示喜歡認知–情意交織特質介入方案之內容,亦表示認同各單元議題與保護地球之重要性。

    The main purposes of this study were (1) to construct the model of the co-cognitive traits for predicting gifted behaviors and (2) to explore the effects of a self-designed co-cognitive traits intervention program on enhancing the co-cognitive traits, creativity tendency, and gifted behaviors of the elementary gifted students. The study mainly composed of two stages. On the first stage, 709 gifted students from various Kaohsiung Elementary Schools were administered co-cognitive traits scale for the first purpose. Then, 187 were selected as experimental subjects to participate in the co-cognitive traits intervention program. The main findings were stated based on the research questions were as follows:
    I.Regarding the distribution of co-cognitive traits of elementary gifted students and their gifted behaviors:
    (I)The performances of all gifted students indicated a positive tendency on the whole co-cognitive traits scale and its 6 sub-scales. They performed better in romance with a topic or discipline but weaker in the sensitivity to human concerns and physical/ mental energy.
    (II)Teachers thought gifted students had positive performances on gifted behaviors, Among them, “rapid learning” was most obviously shown but “sense of humor” was the weaker one.
    (III)These gifted students believed that they presented positive performances on gifted behaviors. They also thought “rapid learning” was the better one. However, they indicated they performed weaker in language expression.
    II.Concerning the prediction model of the co-cognitive traits of gifted students to their gifted behaviors: Teachers thought the co-cognitive traits could effectively predict gifted students’ gifted behaviors with predictive power of .05. Gifted students themselves also thought the same with predictive power of .60.
    III.The effects on the enhancement of gifted students’ co-cognitive traits, creativity tendency, and gifted behaviors after receiving the co-cognitive traits intervention program:
    (I)The co-cognitive traits intervention program could significantly enhance both the overall co-cognitive traits and creativity tendency.
    (II)Both teachers and gifted students thought the co-cognitive traits intervention program could effectively improve gifted behaviors.
    (III)The program effects showed that gifted students’ gifted behaviors were increased after their co-cognitive traits improved.
    IV.The effects and satisfaction degrees about the units contents of the co-cognitive traits intervention program:
    (I)All units could significantly enhance co-cognitive traits, i.e., “optimism”, “courage”, “romance with a topic or discipline”, “sensitivity to human concerns”, and ” vision/sense of destiny”.
    (II)Most students liked all unit contents of the co-cognitive traits intervention program. They also agreed that the themes of each unit were very important and were indispensable to protect the earth.

    目 次 第一章 緒論………………………………………………… 1 第一節 研究動機與目的…………………………………… 1 第二節 研究問題與假設…………………………………… 8 第三節 名詞釋義…………………………………………… 12 第二章 文獻探討…………………………………………… 15 第一節 資優行為之意涵與評量及其相關研究…………… 15 第二節 認知–情意交織特質之內涵與評量及其相關研究 30 第三節 認知–情意交織特質介入方案與相關研究……… 56 第三章 研究方法………………………………………… 69 第一節 研究架構…………………………………………… 69 第二節 研究對象…………………………………………… 82 第三節 研究工具…………………………………………… 85 第四節 研究流程…………………………………………… 98 第五節 資料處理與分析…………………………………… 101 第四章 研究結果與討論……………………………… 105 第一節 國小資優學生認知–情意交織特質與資優行為之 現況………………………………………………… 105 第二節 認知–情意交織特質與資優行為之測量模式…… 114 第三節 認知–情意交織特質介入方案效果分析………… 157 第四節 國小資優學生在認知–情意交織特質介入方案 各單元活動的表現情形與滿意度分析…………… 175 第五章 結論與建議………………………………………… 189 第一節 結論………………………………………………… 189 第一節 研究限制…………………………………………… 193 第二節 建議………………………………………………… 195 參考文獻……………………………………………………… 201 一、中文部分………………………………………………… 201 二、西文部分………………………………………………… 210 附錄…………………………………………………………… 237 附錄1-1 認知–情意交織特質量表因素分析結果 摘要………………………………………………… 237 附錄2-1 認知–情意交織特質量表之學者專家審 說明書…………………………………………… 239 附錄2-2 審核認知–情意交織特質量表之學者專家背 景資料…………………………………………… 240 附錄2-3 認知–情意交織特質量表專家審核意見彙 整表……………………………………………… 242 附錄2-4 認知–情意交織量表預試問卷………………… 248 附錄2-5 認知–情意交織量表正式問卷 ………………… 253 表 次 表2-1 資優學生認知能力、工作熱忱與創造力之行為 表徵摘要…………………………………………… 25 表3-1 實驗研究設計……………………………………… 72 表3-2 認知–情意交織特質介入方案摘要……………… 74 表3-3 認知–情意交織特質介入方案編製雙項細目…… 79 表3-4 調查研究預試樣本人數分配……………………… 82 表3-5 調查研究正式樣本人數分配……………………… 83 表3-6 實驗研究樣本分配………………………………… 84 表3-7 認知–情意交織特質量表之題目分佈情形……… 86 表3-8 認知–情意交織特質量表之項目分析結果摘要… 88 表3-9 不同因素數之因素負荷量平方和比較………… 91 表3-10 認知–情意交織特質介入方案各單元評量重點及題 項分布…………………………………………… 97 表4-1 國小資優學生認知–情意交織特質之現況分析 106 表4-2 國小資優學生資優行為之現況分析…………… 110 表4-3 認知-情意交織特質測量模式之基本適合度評鑑標 準及結果………………………………………… 117 表4-4 認知–情意交織特質測量模式之整體模式適合度評 鑑標準及結果…………………………………… 119 表4-5 認知–情意交織特質測量模式之初階潛在變項成分 信度及平均變異抽取…………………………… 120 表4-6 認知–情意交織特質測量模式之模式內在結構適合 評鑑標準及結果………………………………… 121 表4-7 修正之認知–情意交織特質模式基本適合度評鑑標 準及結果………………………………………… 126 表4-8 修正之認知–情意交織特質測量模式之整體模式適 合度評鑑標準及結果…………………………… 127 表4-9 修正之認知–情意交織特質測量模式之初階潛在變 項成分信度及平均變異抽……………………… 128 表4-10 修正之認知–情意交織特質測量模式之模式內在 結構適合度評鑑標準及結果…………………… 128 表4-11 教師評定資優行為測量模式之基本適合度評鑑標 準及結果………………………………………… 132 表4-12 教師評定資優行為測量模式之整體模式適合度評 鑑標準及結果…………………………………… 133 表4-13 教師評定資優行為測量模式之個別項目的信度、 潛在變項成分信度及平均變異抽取…………… 134 表4-14 教師評定資優行為測量模式之模式內在結構適合 度評鑑標準及結果……………………………… 134 表4-15 學生自評資優行為測量模式之基本適合度評鑑標 準及結果………………………………………… 137 表4-16 學生自評資優行為測量模式之整體模式適合度評 鑑標準及結果…………………………………… 138 表4-17 學生自評資優行為測量模式之個別項目的信度、 潛在變項成分信度及平均變異抽取…………… 139 表4-18 學生自評資優行為測量模式之模式內在結構適合 度評鑑標準及結果……………………………… 140 表4-19 資優行為綜合版測量模式之基本適合度評鑑標準 及結果…………………………………………… 143 表4-20 資優行為綜合版測量模式之整體模式適合度評鑑 標準及結果……………………………………… 144 表4-21 資優行為綜合版測量模式之個別項目的信度、潛 在變項成分信度及平均變異抽取……………… 145 表4-22 資優行為綜合版測量模式之模式內在結構適合度 評鑑標準及結果………………………………… 146 表4-23 修正之資優行為綜合版測量模式之基本適合度評 鑑標準及結果……………………………………… 150 表4-24 修正之資優行為測量模式之整體模式適合度評鑑 標準及結果………………………………………… 151 表4-25 修正之資優行為綜合版測量模式之個別項目的信 度、潛在變項成分信度及平均變異抽取………… 152 表4-26 資優行為綜合版測量模式之模式內在結構適合度 評鑑標準及結果…………………………………… 153 表4-27 認知–情意交織特質介入方案提升認知–情意交織 分量表之成效分析摘要…………………………… 162 表4-28 認知–情意交織特質介入方案提升創造傾向分量表 之成效分析摘要…………………………………… 164 表4-29 認知–情意交織特質介入方案提升教師評定資優行 為分量表之成效分析摘要………………………… 170 表4-30 認知–情意交織特質介入方案提升學生自評資優行 為分量表之成效分析摘要………………………… 171 表4-31 實驗組在各單元認知–情意交織特質表現之描述性 統計摘要…………………………………………… 176 表4-32 實驗組在各單元認知–情意交織特質前後測表現之 差異檢定分析……………………………………… 177 表4-33 實驗組在美麗的水藍星球單元的滿意度與認同度 之分析……………………………………………… 181 表4-34 實驗組在分享大師視野單元的滿意度與認同度之 分析………………………………………………… 182 表4-35 實驗組在氣候變遷特展單元的滿意度與認同度之 分析………………………………………………… 183 表4-36 實驗組在土石流實驗與實地勘查單元的滿意度與 認同度之分析……………………………………… 184 表4-37 實驗組在環保小學堂單元的滿意度與認同度之 分析………………………………………………… 185 表4-38 實驗組在未來城市的市長單元的滿意度與認同度 之分析……………………………………………… 186 表4-39 實驗組在雲端環保小組織單元之滿意度與認同度 之分析……………………………………………… 187 圖 次 圖2-1 資優三環論…………………………………………… 21 圖2-2 千鳥格互動論(1986)……………………………… 32 圖2-3 千鳥格互動論(2002)……………………………… 34 圖2-4 千鳥格互動介入理論………………………………… 57 圖2-5 金星…………………………………………………… 58 圖3-1 第一階段調查研究架構……………………………… 70 圖3-2 第二階段實驗研究架構……………………………… 72 圖3-3 因素分析陡坡檢定…………………………………… 92 圖3-4 研究流程……………………………………………… 100 圖4-1 認知–情意交織特質測量模式之標準化解………… 115 圖4-2 修正之認知–情意交織特質測量模式之標準化解… 124 圖4-3 教師評定資優行為測量模式之標準化解…………… 131 圖4-4 學生自評資優行為測量模式之標準化解…………… 136 圖4-5 資優行為綜合版測量模式之標準化解……………… 142 圖4-6 修正之資優行為綜合版測量模式之標準化解……… 149 圖4-7 認知–情意交織特質對資優行為預測模式之標 準化解………………………………………………… 155 圖4-8 認知–情意交織特質介入方案提升認知–情意交織特 質與創造傾向特質效果模式之標準化解…………… 159 圖4-9 認知–情意交織特質介入方案提升認知–情意交織 特質與創造傾向特質效果模式之非標準化解……… 159 圖4-10 認知–情意交織特質介入方案提升資優行為效果模 式之標準化解………………………………………… 166 圖4-11 認知–情意交織特質介入方案提升資優行為效果模 式之非標準化解……………………………………… 166 圖4-12 認知–情意交織特質對資優行為中介效果模式之標 準化解………………………………………………… 174 圖4-13 認知–情意交織特質對資優行為中介效果模式之非 標準化解……………………………………………… 174

    一、中文文獻
    毛連塭(1996):資優教育的基本理念。教育資料集刊,21,1-12。
    王如敏(2002):品格教育教學對國小資優學生情緒適應行為與人際溝通能力之影響。國立臺中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺中市。
    王英婷(2006):高中資優學生熱情樣貌之研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    王雅菁(2002):高中公民科服務學習效果之研究。國立臺灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    王蕾雁(2010):中學階段資優學生與普通生樂觀傾向、自我效能與解釋型態之研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    田欣佳(2007):資優班與普通班學生自我效能及挫折容忍力之相關研究---以台南市國中為例。國立臺南大學諮商與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺南市。
    吳昆壽(2010):資優概論(第二版)。臺北市:心理。

    吳昆壽、梁仲容、蘇麗雲(2006):資優行為觀察量表。臺北市:教育部。
    吳武典(1988):平常心乎?非平常心乎?—談資優兒童父母與教師的角色。國教研究雙月刊,3,2-12。
    吳武典(2003):三十年來的臺灣資優教育。資優教育季刊,88,
    1-5。
    吳武典、張正芬主編(1990):台灣地區特殊教育暨殘障福利機構簡介(第33頁)。臺北市,臺灣師大特教中心。
    吳明隆(2009):結構方程模式:AMOS的操作與應用(第二版)。臺北市:五南。
    吳裕益(2009):結構方程模式。未出版手稿,國立高雄師範大學特殊教育學系。
    吳裕益(2010a):因素分析方法。未出版手稿,國立高雄師範大學特殊教育學系。
    吳裕益(2010b):教育心理測驗。未出版手稿,國立高雄師範大學特殊教育學系。
    呂郁珊(2007):國小資優學生樂觀、社會興趣與內在動機之研究。國立臺北教育大學特殊教育碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。

    李乙明(2008):數理資優學生社會資本之發展系列研究(Ⅰ)─ 千鳥格經緯系統的建構及其內涵向度之發展。載於國立臺灣師範大學(主編),97年度數理特殊教育學門專題研究計畫成果集(20-25 頁)。編者。
    李乙明(2009):數理資優學生社會資本之發展系列研究(Ⅰ)─ 涵養知情意交織特質歷程之探究。載於國立臺灣師範大學(主編),98年度數理特殊教育學門專題研究計畫成果集 (43-75頁)。編者。
    李杏芬(2010):國民中學資賦優異學生正向心理與學校適應之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化縣。
    李秀姿、陳昭儀(2007):創造性戲劇教學對國小資優學生創造力與人際溝通影響之研究。資優教育研究,7(2),19-45。
    李俊榮(2010):運用不同教學模式於電腦樂高課程對資優學生問題解決能力與學習動機之影響。國立屏東教育大學教育科技研究所碩士論文,未出版,屏東縣。
    周佩樺(2007):創造性領導才能教學方案對發展國小資優學生領導才能成效之探究。臺北市立教育大學創造思考暨資賦優異教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    林良惠(2008):高中數理資優班畢業生之成就表現及其影響因素之研究。國立高雄師範大學特殊教育研究所博士論文,未出版,高雄市。
    林佳瑩(2006):國小資優學生利社會行為與情緒智力之研究。國立臺北教育大學特殊教育碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    林孟函(2007):國小資優班學生情緒能力與利社會行為關係之研究。國立臺南大學特殊教育碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺南市。
    林幸台、王木榮修訂(1994):Williams, F. E. 原著(1980)。威廉斯創造力測驗。Creativity Assessment Packet。台北:心理。
    林美杏(2007):高中資優學生快樂感受、利社會行為動機與利社會行為表現之相關研究。國立臺南大學特殊教育碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺南市。
    林淑娟(2009):國中一般智能優異學生領導才能之研究--以彰化縣為例。東海大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺中市。
    花敬凱(譯) (2007),B. Clack (著):啟迪資優-如何開發孩子的潛能。(Growing up gifted: Developing the potential of children at home and at School) 。臺北市:心理。
    邱郁芳(2008):國小學生認知-情意交織特質、資優行為特質及自我效能之研究。國立臺北教育大學特殊教育教學碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    邱皓政(1997):態度測量與心理測量發展與檢驗的新趨勢:結構方程模式 (Structural Equation Modeling)的應用。世新大學學報,7,61-95。
    柳易伸(2009):高雄市國小資優學生和普通生創造力之內隱理論與自我效能。國立臺北教育大學特殊教育教學碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    洪蘭 (譯)(2003), M. E. P. Seligman (著):真實的快樂(Authentic Happiness)。臺北市:遠流。
    胡金枝(2007):國中低成就資優學生學校適應問題與支持系統之建構研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所博士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    侯雅齡(2009):幼兒資優特質與科學創造力的關係:心流經驗之中介效果。特殊教育研究學刊,34(2),108-118。
    特殊教育法(2009):中華民國九十八年十一月十八日總統華總一義字第 09800289381 號令修正公布。
    常雅珍(2004):激發心靈潛能-以正向心理學內涵建構情意教育課程之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    張文芳(2009):未來環境議題對國小資優學生未來觀及批判思考能力之影響。臺北市立教育大學特殊教育學系碩士班資賦優異組碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    張春興(2006):教育心理學-三化取向的理論與實踐。臺北市:東華。
    張淑玲(2005):情緒教育課程對提升國小資優學生情緒智力之研究。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化縣。
    張國振、潘裕豐(2008):探索教育活動方案對國中數理資優班學生領導才能與情緒智力之成效研究。資優教育研究,8(2),51-78。
    教育部(2010):特殊教育通報網。2010年10月5日取自http://www.set.edu.tw/sta2。
    郭肈盛(2009):國中數理資優學生正向心理情意教育方案發展與成效之分析。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    陳昭儀(2003):創意人物研究之回顧與探析。資優教育季刊,87,27-40。
    陳淑菁(2007):國中資優學生與普通生同儕關係與道德判斷比較之研究--以臺灣中部地區為例。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化縣。
    陳雅玲(2004年7月26日):兩種狀元。商業週刊,870,88-102。
    陳雅檸(2006):高中數理資優班學生利社會行為及其相關因素之探討。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化縣。
    曾子瑛(2008):繪本創造思考教學方案對國小資優學生創造力之影響。臺北市立教育大學特殊教育碩士班資賦優異組碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    游璧如(2006):資優學生自我效能與社會支持對於情緒適應之預測研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育在職進修碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    楊婉筠(2006):國小資優學生互同認知特質與問題解決態度之分析。臺北市立教育大學特殊教育碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    葉光輝 (譯)(2005),L. A. Pervin, D. Crtvone, & O. P. John(著):性格心理學理論與研究(Personality: Theory and research, 9th)。臺北市:雙葉書廊。
    葉俐君(2009):影片引導教學對國小資優學生利社會行為和情緒表現之成效。國立彰化師範大學資賦優異研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化縣。
    葉惠芳(2008):國小資優學生領導才能課程教學成效之研究。國立臺北教育大學特殊教育教學碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    廖丹敏(2005):國小資優班領導才能課程實施成效之研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育在職進修碩士班碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    趙德國、蔡言厚、彭用軍、王凌峰、劉明(2008):中國高考狀元調查報告。2010年11月20日取自中國校友會網http://www.cuaa.net/alumni/news/news.
    劉慧慧(2002):國中資優學生情緒智力與道德判斷關係之研究。國立臺東師範學院教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺東縣。
    蔡碩穎(2010):DISCOVER課程對提升國小資優學生問題解決能力與創造力之成效。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    鄭英建(2007):資優學生的情緒智力發展與情緒教育方案實施成效之研究。致遠管理學院教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
    顏巧怡(2009):高中資優學生與普通生認知-情意交織特質、正向支持環境及志願服務傾向之研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    顏靖芳(2006):資優學生逆境商數與社會興趣之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    蘇素美、吳裕益(2008):害羞量表之修訂及其效度研究。教育與心理研究,31 (4),53-82。
    蘇麗雲(2005):國小學生資優行為觀察量表之編製與相關研究。國立臺南大學教師在職進修特殊碩士學位班碩士論文,未出版,臺南市。
    二、英文文獻
    Albaili, M. A. (2003). Motivational goal orientations of intellectually giftedachieving and underachieving students in the United Arab Emirates. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 107-120.
    Alexander, J. M., & Schnick, A. K. (2008). Motivation. In J. A. Plucker & C. M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and practices in gifted education: What the research says (pp. 423-447). Waco: Prufrock press.
    Aspinwall, L. G., & Brunhart, S. M. (2000).What I do know won’t hurt me:Optimism, attention to negative information, coping, and health. In J.E. Gillham (Ed.), The science of optimism and hope: Research essays inhonor of Martin E. P. Seligman (pp.163-200). Philadelphia: US Press.
    Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 16 (1), 74-95.
    Baillargeon, R., Pascual-Leone,J., & Roncadin, C. (1998). Mental- attentional capacity: Does cognitive style make a difference? Journal of
    Experimental Child Psychology, 70, 143-166.

    Bandura, A. (1998). Self-regulation of motivation and action through goal systems. In V. Hamilton, G. H. Bower, & N. H. Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation (pp.37-61). New York: Springer.
    Baslanti, U., & McCoach, D. B. (2006). Gifted underachievers and factors affecting underachievement. Roeper Review, 28, 210-215.
    Baum, S. M., Owen, S. V., & Oreck, B. A. (1996). Talent beyond words: Identification of potential talent in dance and music in elementary students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 40, 93-101.
    Beghetto, R. A. (2008). Creativity enhancement. In J. A. Plucker & C. M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and practices in gifted education: What the research says (pp. 139-153). Waco: Prufrock press.
    Binet, A. (1969). The education of intelligience.In P. Torrance & W. White (Eds.), Issue and advance in educational psychology (pp. 69–74). Itasca, IL: Peacock.
    Binet, A., & Simon, Th. A. (1905). Méthode nouvelle pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux. L'Année Psychologique, 11, 191-244.

    Bjorklund, D. F. (2005). Children’s thinking. Belmont, CA: Wadswoth/Thomson.
    Bloom, B. S. (1964). Stability and change in human characteristics. New York: Wiley.
    Bruner, J. (1960). The process of education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (1997). Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS for Windows. London: Roultedge.
    Chan, D. W. (2005). Emotional intelligence, social coping, and psychological distress among Chinese gifted students in Hong Kong. High Ability
    Studies, 16, 163-178.
    Chan, L. K. S. (1996). Motivational Orientations and Metacognitive Abilities of Intellectually Gifted Students. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 40, 184-193.
    Clark, B. (2008). Growing up gifted: Developing the potential of children at home and at School (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merrill Prentice.
    Cohen, L. M., & Kim, Y. M. (1998). Piaget’s equilibration theory and the young gifted child: A balancing act. Roeper Review, 21, 201-206.

    Cooper, E. E. (2000). Spatial-temporal intelligence: Original thinking processes of gifted inventors. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 24, 170-193.
    Copenhaver, R. W., & McIntyre, D. J. (1992). Teachers’ perceptions of gifted students. Roeper Review, 14, 151-153.
    Cross, T. L. (1996). Psychological autopsy provides insight into gifted adolescent suicide. Gifted Child Today, 19 (3), 22-23.
    Cross, T. L. (1997). Psychological and social aspects of educating gifted students. Peabody Journal of Education, 72 (3 & 4), 180-200.
    Crowther, J. (1995). Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current English. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
    Dabrowski, K. (1964). Positive disintegration. Boston: Little Brown.
    Daniels, S., & Piechowski, M. M. (2009). Embracing Intensity: Overexcitability, Sensitivity, and the Developmental Potential of the Gifted. In S. Daniels, & M. M. Piechowski (Eds.), Living with Intensity: Understanding the Sensitivity, Excitability, and Emotional Development of Gifted Children, Adolescent, and Adults (pp. 3-17). Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press.

    Davidson, J. E., & Sternberg, R. J. (1984). The role of insight in intellectual giftedness. Gifted Child Quarterly, 28, 257-273.
    Davis, G. A. & Rimm, S. B. (1998). Education of the gifted and talented (4rd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
    Dixon, F. A. (2008). Cognitive develpoment. In. J.A. Plucker & C. M. Callahan (Eds.). Critical Issues and Practices in Gifted Education: What the Research Says (pp. 85-137). Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.
    Dresel, M., & Haugwitz, M. (2005). The relationship between cognitive abilities and self-regulated learning: Evidence for interactions with academic self-concept and gender. High Ability Studies, 16, 201-218.
    Emerick, L. J. (1992). Academic underachievement among the gifted: Students’ perceptions of factors that reverse the pattern. Gifted Child
    Quarterly, 36, 140-146.
    English, L. (1992). Children’s use of domain-specific knowledge and domain-general strategies in novel problem solving. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 6, 203-216.
    Feist, G. J. (1999). Personality in scientific and artistic creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of Human Creativity ( pp. 273-296). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Fiedler, E. D. (1999). Gifted children: The promise of potential/the problems of potential. In V. L. Schwean & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Handbook of psychosocial characteristics of exceptional children (pp. 401-441). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
    Frasier, M. M., Hunsaker, S. L., Lee, J., Mitchell, S., Cramond, B., Krisel, S., et al. (1995). Core attributes of giftedness: A foundation for recognizing the gifted (Monograph No. 95210). Storrs: National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented, University of Connecticut.
    Freedman, J. (2000). Personal and school factors influencing academic success or underachievement of intellectually gifted students in middle childhood. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
    Freeman, J. (2000). Children’s talent in fine art and music—England. Roeper Review, 22, 98-101.
    Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences.
    New York: Basic Books.

    Gardner, H., Krechevsky, M., Sternberg, R. J., & Okagaki, L. (1994). Intelligence in context: Enhancing students’ practical intelligence for school. In K. McGilly (Ed.), Classroom lesson: Integrating cognitive theory and classroom practice (pp.105-127). Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books.
    Garmezy, N. (1991). Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmentaloutcomes associated with poverty. The American Behavioral Scientist,34 (4), 416-430.
    Gavin, M. K., Casa, T. M., Adelson, J. L., Carroll, S. R., & Sheffield, L. J. (2009). The Impact of Advanced Curriculum on the Achievement of Mathematically Promising Elementary Students. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 53(3), 188-202.
    Gay, L. R. (1992). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
    Gottfried, A. E., & Gottfried, A. W. (1996). A longitudinal study of academic intrinsic motivation in intellectually gifted children: Childhood through early adolescence. Gifted Child Quarterly, 40, 179-180.

    Gottfried, A. W., Gottfried, A. E., Bathurst, K., & Guerin, D. W. (1994). Gifted IQ: Early developmental aspects: The Fullerton Longitudinal Study. New York: Plenum Press.
    Gottfried, A. W., Gottfried, A. E., Cook, C. R., & Morris, P. (2005). Educational characteristics of adolescents with gifted academic intrinsic motivation: A longitudinal investigation from school entry through early adulthood. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 49(2), 172-186.
    Gottfried, A., Gottfried, A. E. & Guerin, D. W. (2006). The fullerton longitudinal study: A long-term investigation of intellectual and motivational giftedness. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 29(4), 430-486.
    Greene, M. J. (2002). Career counseling for gifted and talented students. In M. Neihart, S. M. Reis, N. M. Robinson, & S. M. Moon (Eds.), The social and emotional development of gifted children: What do we know? (pp. 93-102). Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.
    Guilford, J. P. (1959). Three faces of intellect. American Psychologist, 14, 469-479.

    Guskin, S. L., Peng, C-Y. J., & Simon, M. (1992). Do teachers react to “multiple intelligences” ? Effects of teachers’ stereotypes on judgments and expectancies for students with diverse patterns of giftedness/talent. Gifted Child Quarterly, 36, 32-37.
    Hannah, C. L., & Shore, B. M. (1995). Metacognition and high intellectual ability: Insights from the study of learning disabled gifted students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 39(2), 95-109.
    Harrison, C. (1999). Visual representation of the young gifted child. Roeper Review, 21, 189-194.
    Hennessey, B. A. (2005). Developing creativity in gifted children: The central importance of motivation and classroom climate. Retrieved February 11, 2010, from: http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/nrcgt/ newsletter/fall05/fall052.html.
    Henson, R. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: A conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 177-189.
    Hettinger, H., & Carr, M. (2003). Cognitive development in gifted children:Toward a more precise understanding of emerging differences in intelligence. Educational Psychology Review, 15, 215-245.
    Hoekman, K., McCormick, J., & Barnett, K. (2005). The important role of optimism in a motivational investingation of gifted adolescents. Gifted child Quarterly, 49, 99-110.
    Hoge, R. D., & Renzulli, J. S. (1993). Exploring the link between giftedness and self-concept. Review of Educational Research, 63, 449-465.
    Hoh, P. S. (2005). The linguistic advantage of the intellectually gifted child: An empirical study of spontaneous speech. Roeper Review, 27, 178-185.
    Hoh, P. S. (2008). Cognitive characteristics of the gifted. In J. A. Plucker & C. M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and practices in gifted education: What the research says (pp. 57-84). Waco: Prufrock press.
    Hunsaker, S. L. (1994). Creativity as a characteristic of giftedness: Teachers see it, then they don’t. Roeper Review, 17, 11-15.
    Hunsaker, S. L., Finley, V. S., & Frank, E. L. (1997). An analysis of teacher nomination and student performance in gifted programs. Gifted Child Quarterly, 41, 19-24.

    Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podlski, C., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relation between children’s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Development Psychology, 39, 201-221.
    Jarosewich, T., Pfeiffer, S. I., & Morris, J. (2002). Identifying gifted students using teacher rating scales: A review of existing instruments. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 20, 322-336.
    Karolyi, C.V., Ramos-Ford, V., & Gardner, H. (2003). Multiple intelligence: A perspective on giftedness. In N. Colangelo & G. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of Gifted Education (3rd ed.) (pp. 100-112). Boston: Allyn and bacon.
    Kerr, B. A. (1991). A handbook for counseling the gifted and talented. Alexandria,VA: Americn Counseling Association.
    Kerr, B., Kurpius, S., & Harkins, A. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook for counseling girls and women: Talent development (Vol. 2). Mesa, AZ: Nueva Science Press.
    Kitano, M., K., & Lewis, R. B. (2005). Resilience and coping: Implications for gifted children and youth at risk. Roeper Review, 27 (4), 200-205.
    Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development. New York: Haper & Row.
    Koro-Ljungberg, M. (2002). Constructions of high academic achievement through the analysis of critical events. Gifted Child Quarterly, 46, 209-223.
    Kurpius, S., Kerr, B., & Harkins, A. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook for counseling girls and women: Talent, risk, and resiliency. Mesa, AZ: Nueva Science Press.
    Lacasse, M. A. (1999). Personality types among gifted underachieving adolescents: A comparison with gifted achievers and non-gifted underachievers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
    Lee, S., & Olszewski-Kubilius, P. (2006). The emotional intelligence, moral judgment, and leadership of academically gifted adolescents. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 30, 29-67.
    Little C. A., Feng, A. X., VanTassel-Baska, J., Rogers, K. B., & Avery, L. D. (2007). A Study of Curriculum Effectiveness in Social Studies. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 51 (3), 272-284.

    Lovecky, D. V. (1992). Exploring social and emotional aspects of giftedness in children. Roeper Review, 15 (1), 18-25.
    Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2006). Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years: Uncovering the antecedents for the development of math-science expertise. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 316-345.
    Marland, S. P. (1972). Education of the gifted and talented: Report to the Congress of the United States by the U. S. Commissioner of Education. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office.
    Matthews, M. S., & McBee, M. T. (2007). School factors and the underachievement of gifted students in a talent search summer program. Gifted Child Quarterly, 51, 167-181.
    McBride-Chang, C., Manis, F. R., & Wagner, R. K. (1996). Correlates of phonological awareness: Implications for gifted education. Roeper Review, 19, 27-30.
    McCall, R. B., Evahn, C., & Kratzer, L. (1992). High school underachievers: What do they achieve as adults? Newburypork, MA: Sage.
    McCarney, S. B., & Anderson, P. D. (1998). The Gifted Evaluation Scale (2nd ed.): Technical manual. Columbia, MO: Hawthorne EducationalServices.
    McCoach, D. B., & Siegle, D. (2003a). The structure and function of academic self-concept in gifted and general education samples. Roeper Review, 25, 61-65.
    McCoach, D. B., & Siegle, D. (2003b). Factors that differentiate underachieving gifted students from high-achieving gifted students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 47, 144-154.
    Mendaglio, S. (1995). Sensitivity among gifted persons: A multi-faceted perspective. Roeper Review, 17, 169-172.
    Miller, E. M. (2008). Conceptions of giftedness. In J. A. Plucker & C. M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and practices in gifted education: What the research says (pp.107-118).Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.
    Mofield, E. L., & Chakraborti-Ghosh, S. (2010). Addressing multidimensional perfectionism in gifted adolescents with affective Curriculum. Journal for the Education of the Gifted , 33(4), 479-630.
    Mönks, F. J., & Mason, E. J. (1993). Developmental theories and giftedness. In K. Heller, F. J. Mönks, & A. Passow (Eds.), International bandbook of research and development of giftedness and talent (pp.89-101). Oxford, England: Pergamon.

    Montague, M. (1991). Gifted and learning-disabled gifted students’ knowledge and use of mathematical problem-solving. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 14, 393-411.
    Moon, S. M. (2000). Personal talent: What is it and how can we study it? Paper presented at the Fifth Biennial Henry B. and Joycelyn Wallace National Research Symposium on Talent Development, Iowa City. IA.
    Moon, S. M., & Hu, S. (2008). Personal talent. In J. A. Plucker & C. M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and practices in gifted education: What the research says (pp. 493-534). Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.
    Nickerson, R. S. (1999). Enhancing creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of human creativity (pp.392-430). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Noble, K. D., Subotnik, R. F., & Arnold, K. D. (1999). To thine own self be true: A model of female talent development. Gifted Child Quarterly, 43, 140-149.

    Parker, M. R., Jordan, K. R. Kirk, E. R., Aspiranti, K. B., Bain, S. K. (2010).Publications in Four Gifted Education Journals From 2001 to 2006: An Analysis of Article Types and Authorship Characteristics. Roeper Review, 32 (3), 207-216.
    Peterson, J. S. (1999). Gifted-Through whose cultural lens? An applicationof the postpositivistic mode of inquiry. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 22, 354-383.
    Peterson, C., & DeAvila, M. (1995). Optimistic explanatory style and the perception of health problems. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 128-132.
    Peterson, J. S., & Margolin, L. (1997). Naming gifted children: An exampleof unintended reproduction. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 21, 82-100.
    Peterson, M. A., & Rhodes, G. (Eds.). (2003). Perception of faces, objects, and scenes. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
    Piechowski, M. M. (1997). Emotional giftedness: The measure of intrapersonal intelligence. In N. Colangelo & G. A. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of gifted education (2nd ed.) (pp. 366-381). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
    Piirto, J. (1992). Understanding those who create. Dayton, OH: Ohio Psychology Press.
    Porath, M. (1997). A developmental model of artistic giftedness in middle childhood. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 20, 201-223.
    Preckel, F., Götz, T., & Frenzel, A. (2010). Ability grouping of gifted students: Effects on academic self-concept and boredom. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80 (3), 451-460.
    Prince-Embury, S. (2008). Translating resiliency theory for assessment and application in schools. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23 (1), 4-10.
    Rayneri, L. J., Gerber, B. L., & Wiley, L. P. (2003). Gifted achievers and gifted underachievers: The impact of learning style preferences in the classroom. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 14, 197-204.
    Reeve, J. (2005). Understanding motivation and emotional (5th Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Jone Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Renzulli, J. S. (1978). What makes giftedness: Reexamining a definition. Phi Delta Kappan, 60, 180-184.

    Renzulli, J. S. (1986). The Three-Ring Conception of giftedness: A developmental model for creative productivity. In R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds.), Conceptions of giftedness (pp. 53-92). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Renzulli, J. S. (2000). What makes giftedness? Re-examining a definition. In R. Diessner & S. Simmons (Eds.), Notable selections in educationalpsychology (pp. 373–384). Guilford, CT: Dushkin/McGraw-Hill.
    Renzulli, J. S. (2002). Expanding the conception of giftedness to include co-cognitive traits and to promote social capital. Phi Delta Kappan,
    84(1), 33-40, 57-58.
    Renzulli, J. S. (2003). Conception of giftedness and its relationship to the
    development of social capital. In N. Colangelo & G. A. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of gifted education (3rd ed.) (pp. 75-87). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
    Renzulli, J. S. & Reis, S. M. (1997). The schoolwide enrichment model: A how-to guide for educational excellence. Mansfield Center, CT: Creative Learning Press.

    Renzulli, J. S. & Sytsma, R. E. (2008). Intelligence outside the normal cure:Co-cognitive traits that contribute to giftedness. In J. A. Plucker & C. M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and practices in gifted education: What the research says (pp. 303-320).Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.
    Renzulli, J. S., Koehler, J. L., & Fogarty, E. A. (2006). Operation Houndstooth intervention theory: Social capital in today’s schools. Gifted Child Today, 29 (1), 14-24.
    Renzulli, J. S., Smith, L. H., White, A. J., Callahan, C, M., Hartman, R. K., Westberg, K. L., Gavin, M. K., Reis, S. M., Siegle, D., & Sytsma, R. E. (2004). Scales for Rating the Behavioral Characteristics of Superior Students. Mansfield Center, CT: Creative Learning Press.
    Rice, K. G., Leever, B. A., Christopher, J., & Porter, J. D. (2006). Perfectionism, stress, and social (dis) connection: A short-term study of hopelessness, depression, and academic adjustment among honors students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 524-534.
    Rimm, S. (2004). The Impact of overweight on gifted children-and what you can do about it. Parenting for High Potential, Sep 2004, 12-15.
    Roeper, A. (1992).Characteristics of gifted children and how parents and teachers can cope with them. RoeperReview, 11, 31-32.
    Rohrer, J. C. (1995). Primary teacher conceptions of giftedness: Image, evidence, and nonevidence. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 18, 269-283.
    Root-Bernstein, R., & Root-Bernstein, M. (2004). Artistic scientists and scientific artists: The link between polymathy and creativity. In R. J. Sternberg, E. L. Grigorenko, & J. L.Singer (Eds.), Creativity: From potential to realization (pp.127-151). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    Rose, S. A., & Feldman, J. F. (1995). Prediction of IQ and specific cognitive abilities at 11 years from infancy measures. Development Psychology, 31, 685-696.
    Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
    Ryser, G. R., & McConnell, K. (2004). Scales for Identifying Gifted Students: Ages 5 through 18. Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.
    Sankar-DeLeeuw, N. (2004). Case studies of gifted kindergarten children: Profiles of promise. Roeper Review, 26, 192-207.

    Schwarzer, R. (1994). Optimism, vulnerability, and self-beliefs as health-related cognitions: A systematic overview. Psychology & Health,9, 161-180.
    Scott, M. S., Perou, R., Urbano, R. Hogan, A., & Gold, S. (1992). The identification of giftedness: A comparison of White, Hispanic, and Black families. Gifted Child Quarterly, 36, 131-139.
    Scott, G., Leritz, L. E., & Mumford, M. D. (2004). The effectiveness of creativity training: A quantitative review. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 361-388.
    Scruggs, T. E., & Mastropieri, M. A. (1985). Spontaneous and verbal elaboration in gifted and nongifted youths. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 9, 1-10.
    Segerstrom, S. C. (2001). Optimism and attentional bias for negative and positive stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1334-1343.
    Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.
    Seligman, M. E. P. (2000). Positive psychology. In J. E. Gillham (Ed.), Science of optimism and hope: Research essays in honor of Martin E. P. Seligman (pp. 415-429). Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation.
    Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 5-14.
    Shavinina, L. V., & Kholodnaja, M. A. (1996). The cognitive experience as a psychological basis of intellectual giftedness. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 20, 3-35.
    Shore, B. M. (2000). Metacognition and flexibility: Qualitative differencesin how gifted children think. In R. C. Friedman & B. M. Shore (Eds.), Talents unfolding: Cognition and development (pp.167-187). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    Shore, B. M., & Lazar, L. (1996). IQ related differences in time allocation during problem solving. Psychological Reports, 78, 848-850.
    Silverman, L. K. (1994). The moral sensitivity of gifted children and the evolution of society. Roeper Review, 17(2), 110-116.
    Snyder, C, R. (1995).Conceptualizing, measuring, and nurturing hope.Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 355-360.

    Snyder, C, R., Sympson, S. C., Michael, S. T., & Cheavens, J. (2001).
    Optimism and hope constructs: Variants on a positive expectancy theme. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 101-125). Washington: American Psychological Association.
    Snyder, C, R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 321-335.
    Spearman, C. (1904). "General intelligence" objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201-293.
    Speirs Neumeister K. L., & Finch, H. (2006). Perfectionism in High-Ability Students: Relational Precursors and Influences on Achievement Motivation. The Gifted Child Quarterly, 50(3), 238-273.
    Sriraman, B. (2004). Gifted ninth graders’ notions of proof: Investigating parallels in approaches of mathematically gifted students and professional mathematicians. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 27, 267-292.
    Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Successful intelligence. New York: Simon & Schuster.
    Sternberg, R. J. (2003a). WICS as model of giftedness. High Ability Studies, 14, 109-137.
    Sternberg, R. J. (2003b). Giftedness according to theory of successful intelligence. In N. Colangelo & G. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of Gifted Education (pp. 88-99). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1992). Creative giftedness in children. In P. S. Klein & A. J. Tannenbaum (Eds.), To be young and gifted (pp. 33-51). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    Sternberg, R.J., & O’Hara, L. A. (1999). Creativity and intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of Creativity (pp. 251-272). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Sytsma, R. E. (2003). Co-cognitive factors and socially-constructive giftedness: Distribution, abundance, and relevance among high school students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
    Sytsma, R. E., Renzulli, J. S., & Berman, K. B. (2002). Operation Houndstooth: The Co-Cognitive Factors Scales. Unpublished instrument, The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented, University of Connecticut.
    Terman, L. M. (1916). Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Scale. Stanford , CA: Stanford University Press.
    Terman, L. M . (1925). Mental and physical traits of a thousand gifted children. In Terman, L. M. (Ed.), Genetic studies of genius (Vol.Ⅰ). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    Thurstone, L. L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Vallerand, R. J., Gagné, M., Senecal, C., & Pelletier, L. G. (1994). A comparison of school intrinsic motivation and perceived competence of gifted and regular students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 38, 172-175.
    Vess, K. A., & Halbur, D. A. (2003). Character education: What counselor educators need to know. Greensboro, NC: ERIC Counseling and Student Services Clearinghouse.
    Webb, J. T. (1994). Nurturing social emotional development of gifted children. (ERIC Digest E527).
    Werner, E. E. (1994). Overcoming the odds. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15, 131-136.
    Werner, E. E. (1995). Resilience in development. American Psychology Society, 4, 81-85.
    Wikipedia (2010a). Gold Star. Retrieved December 20 2010, from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Star.
    Wikipedia (2010b). Sermon. Retrieved December 20 2010, from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preaching.
    Wikipedia (2010c). Observational learning. Retrieved December 20 2010, from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_learning.
    Winner, E. (1996). Gifted children: Myths and realities. New York: Basic Books.
    Winner, E. (2000). The origins and ends of giftedness. American Psychologist, 55, 159-169.
    Zhang, L., & Hui, S. K. (2003). From pentagonal to triangle: A crosscultural investigation of an implicit theory to giftedness. Roeper Review, 25,
    78-82.
    Ziegler, A., Finsterwald, M., & Grassinger, R. (2005). Learned helplessness among average and mildly gifted girls and boys attending initial high school physics instruction in Germany. Gifted Child Quarterly, 49, 7-18.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE