研究生: |
林禹彤 Lin, Yu-Tung |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
探討膳食中蛋白質攝取與臺灣成人體圍相關性 Exploring the correlations between dietary protein intake and body circumferences in Taiwanese adults. |
指導教授: |
盧立卿
Lyu, Li–Ching |
口試委員: |
盧立卿
Lyu, Li–Ching 駱菲莉 Lo, Fe-ili 李文宗 Li, wen-chung |
口試日期: | 2024/06/26 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
營養科學碩士學位學程 Graduate Program of Nutrition Science |
論文出版年: | 2024 |
畢業學年度: | 112 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 189 |
中文關鍵詞: | 蛋白質品質指標 、胺基酸 、體圍 、肥胖 |
英文關鍵詞: | Protein Quality Index, amino acids, body circumferences, obesity |
研究方法: | 世代研究 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202401307 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:70 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
目的:近十年亞洲富裕地區國家之營養調查結果顯示,膳食中總蛋白質攝取量增加,而腰圍、臀圍及肥胖比例有逐年攀升趨勢,但是也有研究發表高蛋白飲食有助於體重控制。因此本研究目的為透過飲食及體圍問卷所分析之結果,使用國際膳食指南所創立之最新健康餐食蛋白質品質指標 (Healthy plate protein source quality index, HPPQI),探討臺灣成人膳食中蛋白質攝取與體圍之相關性。方法:收集282份之20–59歲臺灣成人飲食問卷資料,三種HPPQI指數經由本研究室之資料庫相關營養素分析後計算而得,HPPQIa多增加穀物類、蛋類以及乳製品之食物類別,HPPQIb則是多增加乳製品;體圍及體位則是經由體圍問卷資料進行整理及計算後而得,使用三種HPPQI指數五分位探討蛋白質攝取與體圍之相關性。結果:本研究以FIFFQ計算HPPQI、HPPQIa及HPPQIb五分位,受訪者平均每日熱量攝取1871 kcal,碳水化合物231 g (占總熱量50%),蛋白質71g (占總熱量15%),其中HPPQI分數越高,植物性蛋白質有顯著增加趨勢 (每日平均攝取29g),相較HPPQI及HPPQIb,多數維生素及礦物質於HPPQIa五分位間呈增加趨勢。在體圍方面,多數體圍在HPPQIa及HPPQIb呈減少趨勢,而HPPQI則無觀察到顯著趨勢。在蛋白質食物類別與體圍相關性分析結果中,植物性蛋白質來源的精緻穀物攝取量越高,多項體圍增加;豆類攝取量越高,中臂圍及腰臀比增加。在動物性蛋白質來源的蛋類攝取量越高,臀圍、腰高比增加;魚類與海鮮類攝取量越高,上胸圍減少;乳製品攝取量越高,上胸圍、腰圍及腰臀比減少;於未精緻穀物、家畜類、加工肉類、全脂乳、低脂乳、起司及堅果類皆無觀察到與體圍之相關性。在胺基酸與體圍相關性分析中發現,多數胺基酸則與腰圍及腰臀比呈顯著負相關。結論:本研究發現雖然HPPQI指數與體圍沒有顯著相關性,但經由納入全穀物、雞蛋及乳製品等食物類別考量後的調整HPPQIa及HPPQIb模型發現與多數體圍呈現負相關,其中精緻穀物及蛋類攝取量攝取過量可能導致體圍增加,相較之下海鮮、魚類及乳製品的攝取可能與較低的體圍相關,因此綜觀上述,不同蛋白質來源食物種類的選擇會影響體型的表現。
Objective: In the past decade, nutritional survey results from the affluent regions of Asia have shown an increase in the total dietary protein intake, along with a gradual rise in the waist circumference, hip circumference, and obesity rates. However, some studies have suggested that a high-protein diet can aid in weight control. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the correlations between the dietary protein consumptions and body measurements in Taiwanese adults, using the results analyzed from dietary and body measurement questionnaires and the latest Healthy Plate Protein Source Quality Index (HPPQI) established by international dietary guidelines. Methods: We collected dietary questionnaire data from 282 Taiwanese adults aged 20-59. Three types of HPPQI indices were calculated based on the nutrient analysis from food composition databases. HPPQIa included a higher variety of grains, eggs, and dairy products, while HPPQIb included more dairy products. Body measurements were organized and calculated using the body measurement questionnaire data. We used the quintiles of the three HPPQI indices to explore the relationship between the protein consumptions and body measurements. Results: This study used the FIFFQ to calculate HPPQI, HPPQIa, and HPPQIb quintiles. Participants had an average daily calorie intake of 1871 kcal, with carbohydrates at 231 g (50% of total calories) and protein at 71 g (15% of total calories). Higher HPPQI scores were associated with a significant increase in daily intake of plant-based protein (average 29 g). Compared to HPPQI and HPPQIb, most vitamins and minerals showed an increasing trend in the HPPQIa quintile. Regarding anthropometric measures, most measurements decreased in the HPPQIa and HPPQIb quintiles, with no significant trends observed in HPPQI. In the analysis of protein food source categories and anthropometrics, higher intake of refined grains from plant-based sources was associated with several anthropometric increases. Increased legume consumption was linked to increased mid-arm circumference and waist-hip ratio. Among animal-based protein sources, higher egg intake was associated with increased hip circumference and waist-height ratio. Increased consumption of fish and seafood was associated with decreased upper chest circumference. Higher dairy intake was associated with decreased upper chest circumference, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio. No correlation was observed between the anthropometrics and consumption of unrefined grains, livestock, processed meats, whole milk, low-fat milk, cheese, or nuts. Most dietary amino acids showed a significant negative correlation with waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. Conclusion: Although HPPQI scores showed no significant correlation with anthropometrics, adjusted models for HPPQIa and HPPQIb, including whole grains, eggs, and dairy products have showed a negative association with most anthropometric measures. Excessive intake of refined grains and eggs may lead to increased anthropometrics, whereas consumption of seafood, fish, and dairy products may be associated with lower anthropometrics.
World Health Organazition. (2021)
Akhlaghi, M., Zare, M., & Nouripour, F. (2017). Effect of Soy and Soy Isoflavones on Obesity-Related Anthropometric Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr, 8(5), 705-717.
Aoyama, T., Fukui, K., Takamatsu, K., Hashimoto, Y., & Yamamoto, T. (2000). Soy protein isolate and its hydrolysate reduce body fat of dietary obese rats and genetically obese mice (yellow KK). Nutrition, 16(5), 349-354.
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., Michos, E. D., Miedema, M. D., Muñoz, D., Smith, S. C., Jr., Virani, S. S., Williams, K. A., Sr., Yeboah, J., & Ziaeian, B. (2019). 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 140(11), e563-e595.
Ashwell, M., & Gibson, S. (2016). Waist-to-height ratio as an indicator of ‘early health risk’: simpler and more predictive than using a ‘matrix’based on BMI and waist circumference. BMJ open, 6(3), e010159.
Aune, D., Keum, N., Giovannucci, E., Fadnes, L. T., Boffetta, P., Greenwood, D. C., Tonstad, S., Vatten, L. J., Riboli, E., & Norat, T. (2016). Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Bmj, 353, i2716.
Battie, C. A., Borja-Hart, N., Ancheta, I. B., Flores, R., Rao, G., & Palaniappan, L. (2016). Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist to height ratio in the prediction of hypertension and diabetes mellitus: Filipino-American women cardiovascular study. Prev Med Rep, 4, 608-613.
Bennouar, S., Bachir Cherif, A., Hani, H. M., Kerrouche, A., & Abdi, S. (2023). Prediction of body fat percentage: Development and validation of new anthropometric equations. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 57, 510-518.
Bonnema, A. L., Altschwager, D. K., Thomas, W., & Slavin, J. L. (2016). The effects of the combination of egg and fiber on appetite, glycemic response and food intake in normal weight adults – a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 67(6), 723-731.
Chen, L.-K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T.-W., Chou, M.-Y., Iijima, K., Jang, H. C., Kang, L., Kim, M., & Kim, S. (2020). Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(3), 300-307. e302.
Chen, L.-K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T.-W., Chou, M.-Y., Iijima, K., Jang, H. C., Kang, L., Kim, M., Kim, S., Kojima, T., Kuzuya, M., Lee, J. S. W., Lee, S. Y., Lee, W.-J., Lee, Y., Liang, C.-K., Lim, J.-Y., Lim, W. S., . . . Arai, H. (2020). Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(3), 300-307.e302.
Chuang, Y.-C., Hsu, K.-H., Hwang, C.-J., Hu, P.-M., Lin, T.-M., & Chiou, W.-K. (2006). Waist-to-Thigh Ratio Can also be a Better Indicator Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Than Traditional Anthropometrical Measurements in Taiwan Population. Annals of Epidemiology, 16(5), 321-331.
Cocate, P. G., Natali, A. J., de Oliveira, A., Alfenas, R. C., & Hermsdorff, H. H. M. (2015). Consumption of branched-chain amino acids is inversely associated with central obesity and cardiometabolic features in a population of Brazilian middle-aged men: Potential role of leucine intake. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 19(7), 771-777.
Daneshzad, E., Askari, M., Moradi, M., Ghorabi, S., Rouzitalab, T., Heshmati, J., & Azadbakht, L. (2021). Red meat, overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 45, 66-74.
Davies, R. W., & Jakeman, P. M. (2020). Separating the Wheat from the Chaff: Nutritional Value of Plant Proteins and Their Potential Contribution to Human Health. Nutrients, 12(8).
de la O, V., Zazpe, I., de la Fuente-Arrillaga, C., Santiago, S., Goni, L., Martínez-González, M. Á., & Ruiz-Canela, M. (2023). Association between a new dietary protein quality index and micronutrient intake adequacy: a cross-sectional study in a young adult Spanish Mediterranean cohort. European Journal of Nutrition, 62(1), 419-432.
Drouin-Chartier, J.-P., Li, Y., Korat, A. V. A., Ding, M., Lamarche, B., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2019). Changes in dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 3 large prospective cohorts of US men and women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 110(5), 1201-1212.
Emrani, A. S., Beigrezaei, S., Zademohammadi, F., & Salehi-Abargouei, A. (2023). The effect of whole egg consumption on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Syst Rev, 12(1), 125.
Feeney, E. L., O'Sullivan, A., Nugent, A. P., McNulty, B., Walton, J., Flynn, A., & Gibney, E. R. (2017). Patterns of dairy food intake, body composition and markers of metabolic health in Ireland: results from the National Adult Nutrition Survey. Nutrition & Diabetes, 7(2), e243-e243.
Feng, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, J., Huang, Z., Yang, X., Qin, P., Chen, C., Luo, X., Li, Y., Wu, Y., Li, X., Huang, H., Hu, F., Hu, D., Liu, Y., & Zhang, M. (2022). Consumption of Dairy Products and the Risk of Overweight or Obesity, Hypertension, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Cohort Studies. Adv Nutr, 13(6), 2165-2179.
Fjære, E., Myrmel, L. S., Dybing, K., Kuda, O., Jensen, B. A. H., Rossmeisl, M., Frøyland, L., Kristiansen, K., & Madsen, L. (2020). The Anti-Obesogenic Effect of Lean Fish Species is Influenced by the Fatty Acid Composition in Fish Fillets. Nutrients, 12(10).
Heitmann, B. L., & Frederiksen, P. (2009). Thigh circumference and risk of heart disease and premature death: prospective cohort study. Bmj, 339.
Hess, J. M., Stephensen, C. B., Kratz, M., & Bolling, B. W. (2021). Exploring the Links between Diet and Inflammation: Dairy Foods as Case Studies. Adv Nutr, 12(Suppl 1), 1s-13s.
Hu, F. B. (2011). Globalization of diabetes: the role of diet, lifestyle, and genes. Diabetes Care, 34(6), 1249-1257.
Huang, R.-Y., Huang, C.-C., Hu, F. B., & Chavarro, J. E. (2016). Vegetarian diets and weight reduction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of general internal medicine, 31(1), 109-116.
Hughes, G. J., Ryan, D. J., Mukherjea, R., & Schasteen, C. S. (2011). Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Scores (PDCAAS) for Soy Protein Isolates and Concentrate: Criteria for Evaluation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(23), 12707-12712.
Hursel, R., van der Zee, L., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2010). Effects of a breakfast yoghurt, with additional total whey protein or caseinomacropeptide-depleted α-lactalbumin-enriched whey protein, on diet-induced thermogenesis and appetite suppression. British Journal of Nutrition, 103(5), 775-780.
Jackson, C. L., & Hu, F. B. (2014). Long-term associations of nut consumption with body weight and obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(suppl_1), 408S-411S.
Jayedi, A., Soltani, S., Zargar, M. S., Khan, T. A., & Shab-Bidar, S. (2020). Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies. Bmj, 370, m3324.
Jennings, A., MacGregor, A., Pallister, T., Spector, T., & Cassidy, A. (2016). Associations between branched chain amino acid intake and biomarkers of adiposity and cardiometabolic health independent of genetic factors: A twin study. International Journal of Cardiology, 223, 992-998.
Kawakami, R., Miyachi, M., Sawada, S. S., Torii, S., Midorikawa, T., Tanisawa, K., Ito, T., Usui, C., Ishii, K., Suzuki, K., Sakamoto, S., Higuchi, M., Muraoka, I., & Oka, K. (2020). Cut-offs for calf circumference as a screening tool for low muscle mass: WASEDA'S Health Study. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 20(10), 943-950.
Kim, H., Lee, K., Rebholz, C. M., & Kim, J. (2020). Plant-based diets and incident metabolic syndrome: Results from a South Korean prospective cohort study. PLoS Med, 17(11), e1003371.
Kinoshita, H., Kobayashi, M., Kajii, Y., Satonaka, A., & Suzuki, N. (2022). Calf circumference positively correlates with calf muscle thickness and negatively correlates with calf subcutaneous fat thickness and percent body fat in non-obese healthy young adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 62(3), 343-349.
Le Couteur, D. G., Solon-Biet, S. M., Cogger, V. C., Ribeiro, R., de Cabo, R., Raubenheimer, D., Cooney, G. J., & Simpson, S. J. (2020). Branched chain amino acids, aging and age-related health. Ageing Research Reviews, 64, 101198.
Li, T. S., Sun, W. J., Wei, M. W., Chen, S. H., Wang, P., Wang, X. L., He, L. P., & Wen, Y. F. (2014). Roc curves of obesity indicators have a predictive value for children hypertension aged 7-17 years. Nutr Hosp, 30(2), 275-280.
Li, Y.-C., Li, Y., Liu, L.-Y., Chen, Y., Zi, T.-Q., Du, S.-S., Jiang, Y.-S., Feng, R.-N., & Sun, C.-H. (2015). The Ratio of Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Obesity in Young Northern Chinese Adults: An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 7(11), 9573-9589.
Liu, J., Tse, L. A., Liu, Z., Rangarajan, S., Hu, B., Yin, L., Leong, D. P., & Li, W. (2019). Predictive Values of Anthropometric Measurements for Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Diseases Among 44 048 Chinese. J Am Heart Assoc, 8(16), e010870.
Magkos, F. (2020). The role of dietary protein in obesity. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 21(3), 329-340.
Micha, R., Michas, G., & Mozaffarian, D. (2012). Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes--an updated review of the evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 14(6), 515-524.
Mohammadifard, N., Salehi-Abargouei, A., Salas-Salvadó, J., Guasch-Ferré, M., Humphries, K., & Sarrafzadegan, N. (2015). The effect of tree nut, peanut, and soy nut consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(5), 966-982.
Mu, Y., Kou, T., Wei, B., Lu, X., Liu, J., Tian, H., Zhang, W., Liu, B., Li, H., Cui, W., & Wang, Q. (2019). Soy Products Ameliorate Obesity-Related Anthropometric Indicators in Overweight or Obese Asian and Non-Menopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 11(11).
Muscogiuri, G., Verde, L., Sulu, C., Katsiki, N., Hassapidou, M., Frias-Toral, E., Cucalón, G., Pazderska, A., Yumuk, V. D., Colao, A., & Barrea, L. (2022). Mediterranean Diet and Obesity-related Disorders: What is the Evidence? Current Obesity Reports, 11(4), 287-304.
Nishida, C., Ko, G. T., & Kumanyika, S. (2010). Body fat distribution and noncommunicable diseases in populations: overview of the 2008 WHO Expert Consultation on Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio. Eur J Clin Nutr, 64(1), 2-5.
Njike, V. Y., Smith, T. M., Shuval, O., Shuval, K., Edshteyn, I., Kalantari, V., & Yaroch, A. L. (2016). Snack Food, Satiety, and Weight. Adv Nutr, 7(5), 866-878.
Norton, L. E., & Layman, D. K. (2006). Leucine Regulates Translation Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle after Exercise. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(2), 533S-537S.
O'Connor, L. E., Kim, J. E., Clark, C. M., Zhu, W., & Campbell, W. W. (2021). Effects of Total Red Meat Intake on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Advances in Nutrition, 12(1), 115-127.
O'Hara, C., & Gibney, E. R. (2024). Dietary Intake Assessment Using a Novel, Generic Meal–Based Recall and a 24-Hour Recall: Comparison Study. J Med Internet Res, 26, e48817.
Oh, K., Park, S., Park, S., Yun, S., Choi, H., & Jeong, E. K. (2023). Changes in food and nutrient intakes in Korean adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: data from the 2011-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Epidemiol Health, 45, e2023015.
Piqueras, P., Ballester, A., Durá-Gil, J. V., Martinez-Hervas, S., Redón, J., & Real, J. T. (2021). Anthropometric Indicators as a Tool for Diagnosis of Obesity and Other Health Risk Factors: A Literature Review [Review]. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
Puglisi, M. J., & Fernandez, M. L. (2022). The Health Benefits of Egg Protein. Nutrients, 14(14).
R, K., Harshitha, & Bhargava, M. (2022). Mid-upper arm circumference and neck circumference to screen for overweight-obesity in young adults in South India. Heliyon, 8(12), e12173.
Reynolds, A. N., Akerman, A. P., & Mann, J. (2020). Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: Systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS Med, 17(3), e1003053.
Rico-Martín, S., Calderón-García, J. F., Sánchez-Rey, P., Franco-Antonio, C., Martínez Alvarez, M., & Sánchez Muñoz-Torrero, J. F. (2020). Effectiveness of body roundness index in predicting metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 21(7), e13023.
Rico‐Martín, S., Calderón‐García, J. F., Sánchez‐Rey, P., Franco‐Antonio, C., Martinez Alvarez, M., & Sánchez Muñoz‐Torrero, J. F. (2020). Effectiveness of body roundness index in predicting metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 21(7), e13023.
Rigi, S., Mousavi, S. M., Benisi-Kohansal, S., Azadbakht, L., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2021). The association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. Sci Rep, 11(1), 3391.
Ross, R., Neeland, I. J., Yamashita, S., Shai, I., Seidell, J., Magni, P., Santos, R. D., Arsenault, B., Cuevas, A., Hu, F. B., Griffin, B. A., Zambon, A., Barter, P., Fruchart, J.-C., Eckel, R. H., Matsuzawa, Y., & Després, J.-P. (2020). Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16(3), 177-189.
Santiago, S., Zazpe, I., Fernandez-Lazaro, C. I., de la, O. V., Bes-Rastrollo, M., & Martínez-González, M. (2021). Macronutrient Quality and All-Cause Mortality in the SUN Cohort. Nutrients, 13(3).
Satija, A., Malik, V., Rimm, E. B., Sacks, F., Willett, W., & Hu, F. B. (2019). Changes in intake of plant-based diets and weight change: results from 3 prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr, 110(3), 574-582.
Schwingshackl, L., Hoffmann, G., Schwedhelm, C., Kalle-Uhlmann, T., Missbach, B., Knüppel, S., & Boeing, H. (2016). Consumption of Dairy Products in Relation to Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. PLOS ONE, 11(6), e0157461.
Shang, X., Scott, D., Hodge, A. M., English, D. R., Giles, G. G., Ebeling, P. R., & Sanders, K. M. (2016). Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies12. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 104(5), 1352-1365.
Shimazu, T., Kuriyama, S., Hozawa, A., Ohmori, K., Sato, Y., Nakaya, N., Nishino, Y., Tsubono, Y., & Tsuji, I. (2007). Dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: a prospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36(3), 600-609.
Simonson, M., Boirie, Y., & Guillet, C. (2020). Protein, amino acids and obesity treatment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 21(3), 341-353.
Simonson, M., Boirie, Y., & Guillet, C. (2020). Protein, amino acids and obesity treatment. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 21(3), 341-353.
Smedman, A. E., Gustafsson, I.-B., Berglund, L. G., & Vessby, B. O. (1999). Pentadecanoic acid in serum as a marker for intake of milk fat: relations between intake of milk fat and metabolic risk factors. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(1), 22-29.
Soedamah-Muthu, S. S., & de Goede, J. (2018). Dairy Consumption and Cardiometabolic Diseases: Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies. Current Nutrition Reports, 7(4), 171-182.
Song, M., Fung, T. T., Hu, F. B., Willett, W. C., Longo, V. D., Chan, A. T., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2016). Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(10), 1453-1463.
Souza, R. G., Gomes, A. C., Naves, M. M., & Mota, J. F. (2015). Nuts and legume seeds for cardiovascular risk reduction: scientific evidence and mechanisms of action. Nutrition Reviews, 73(6), 335-347.
Terpstra, A. H. (2004). Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: an overview of the literature. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(3), 352-361.
Tharrey, M., Mariotti, F., Mashchak, A., Barbillon, P., Delattre, M., & Fraser, G. E. (2018). Patterns of plant and animal protein intake are strongly associated with cardiovascular mortality: the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(5), 1603-1612.
Tuccinardi, D., Perakakis, N., Farr, O. M., Upadhyay, J., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2021). Branched-Chain Amino Acids in relation to food preferences and insulin resistance in obese subjects consuming walnuts: A cross-over, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled inpatient physiology study. Clin Nutr, 40(5), 3032-3036.
Vanegas, P., Zazpe, I., Santiago, S., Fernandez-Lazaro, C. I., de la, O. V., & Martínez-González, M. (2022). Macronutrient quality index and cardiovascular disease risk in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. Eur J Nutr, 61(7), 3517-3530.
Viguiliouk, E., Kendall, C. W., Blanco Mejia, S., Cozma, A. I., Ha, V., Mirrahimi, A., Jayalath, V. H., Augustin, L. S., Chiavaroli, L., & Leiter, L. A. (2014). Effect of tree nuts on glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled dietary trials. PLOS ONE, 9(7), e103376.
Villaverde, P., Lajous, M., MacDonald, C.-J., Fagherazzi, G., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., & Bonnet, F. (2020). Dairy product consumption and hypertension risk in a prospective French cohort of women. Nutrition Journal, 19(1), 12.
Wang, Y., Beydoun, M. A., Min, J., Xue, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & Cheskin, L. J. (2020). Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. Int J Epidemiol, 49(3), 810-823.
Wang, Y., Tuccillo, F., Lampi, A.-M., Knaapila, A., Pulkkinen, M., Kariluoto, S., Coda, R., Edelmann, M., Jouppila, K., Sandell, M., Piironen, V., & Katina, K. (2022). Flavor challenges in extruded plant-based meat alternatives: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 21(3), 2898-2929.
Woo, H. W., Kim, M. K., Lee, Y.-H., Shin, D. H., Shin, M.-H., & Choi, B. Y. (2019). Habitual consumption of soy protein and isoflavones and risk of metabolic syndrome in adults ≥ 40 years old: a prospective analysis of the Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study (MRCohort). European Journal of Nutrition, 58(7), 2835-2850.
Wycherley, T. P., Moran, L. J., Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., & Brinkworth, G. D. (2012). Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials123. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(6), 1281-1298.
Yasar Firat, Y., Inanc, N., Soylu, M., Basmisirli, E., Capar, A. G., & Aykemat, Y. (2022). Relationship Between Dairy Consumption and Abdominal Obesity. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 41(6), 569-576.
Zalesin, K. C., Franklin, B. A., Miller, W. M., Peterson, E. D., & McCullough, P. A. (2008). Impact of Obesity on Cardiovascular Disease. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 37(3), 663-684.
Zhao, Z., Zhen, S., Yan, Y., Liu, N., Ding, D., & Kong, J. (2023). Association of dietary patterns with general and central obesity among Chinese adults: a longitudinal population-based study. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1588.
Zhui Y., Lin, Q., Zhang, Y., Deng, H., Hu, X., Yang, X., & Yao, B. (2020). Mid-upper arm circumference as a simple tool for identifying central obesity and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. PLOS ONE, 15(5), e0231308.
Zhubi-Bakija, F., Bajraktari, G., Bytyçi, I., Mikhailidis, D. P., Henein, M. Y., Latkovskis, G., Rexhaj, Z., Zhubi, E., Banach, M., Alnouri, F., Amar, F., Atanasov, A. G., Bajraktari, G., Banach, M., Bartlomiejczyk, M. A., Bjelakovic, B., Bruckert, E., Cafferata, A., Ceska, R., . . . Zirlik, A. (2021). The impact of type of dietary protein, animal versus vegetable, in modifying cardiometabolic risk factors: A position paper from the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Clinical Nutrition, 40(1), 255-276.
行政院衛生福利部國民健康署(2018)。國民營養健康狀況變遷調查成果報 告 2005-2008 年(民 107 年 11 月)。取自 https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/EBook.aspx?nodeid=1208
行政院衛生福利部國民健康署(2019)。國民營養健康狀況變遷調查成果報 告 2013-2016 年(民 108 年 7 月)。取自 https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/List.aspx?nodeid=1767
行政院衛生福利部國民健康署(2022)。國民營養健康狀況變遷調查成果報 告 2017-2020 年(民 111 年 5 月)。取自 https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=3999&pid=15562
行政院衛生福利部國民健康署(2018)。每日飲食指南手冊(民 107 年 10 月)。取自https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/EBook.aspx?nodeid=1208
行政院衛生福利部國民健康署(2016)。成人肥胖實證治療指引(民 107 年 9 月)。取自 https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/EBook.aspx?nodeid=1788
吳幸娟、潘文涵、葉乃華、張新儀、洪淑怡(2018)。台灣成人與老人營養素及食物攝取來源之變遷趨勢_由 NAHSIT1993-1996 到 2005-2008_(2018.11.15 更新)。取自 https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/TopicList.aspx?nodeid=1768
日本國民健康營養調查(2019年)。厚生勞動省。取自https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/kenkou_eiyou_chousa.html
中國疾病預防控制中心營養與健康所(2018年)。中國食物成分表標準版第 6 版第一冊。北京大學醫學出版社。取自 https://product.suning.com/0070067633/10727256558.html
韓國全國健康營養調查(2022年11月28日)。第8次第3年(2021年)全國健康與營養檢查調查結果公佈資料收集。取自https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/sub04/sub04_04_03.do
中國疾病預防控制中心營養與健康所 (2023)。營養數據年鑑。取自 https://www.chinanutri.cn/sjnj/
劉志怡(民 107)。台灣成人食材為主飲食頻率問卷之發展研究(碩士論 文)。取自 https://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgibin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=1j8TIh/record?r1=1&h1=0
游家佳(民 107)。估臺灣成人飲食頻率問卷之效度(碩士論文)。取自 https://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgibin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=1j8TIh/record?r1=1&h1=1
鄭政宏(民 109)。討臺灣成年男女性飲食型態與體圍之相關性(碩士論 文)。取自 https://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgibin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/ccd=2BxYIG/record?r1=1&h1=2