研究生: |
蕭怡欣 Xiao, Yi-Xin |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
工作自主權與工作負荷對工作敬業度與情緒耗竭之影響-以遠距工作為調節變項 The Impact of Job Autonomy and Workload on Work Engagement and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Role of Telework |
指導教授: |
陳怡靜
Chen, Yi-Ching |
口試委員: |
吳宗祐
Wu, Tsung-Yu 熊欣華 Hsiung, Hsin-Hua 陳怡靜 Chen, Yi-Ching |
口試日期: | 2021/07/28 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
科技應用與人力資源發展學系 Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development |
論文出版年: | 2021 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 96 |
中文關鍵詞: | 遠距工作 、JD-R 、工作自主權 、工作負荷 、工作敬業度 、情緒耗竭 |
英文關鍵詞: | Telework, JD-R, Job autonomy, work load, work engagement, emotional exhaustion |
研究方法: | 問卷調查法 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202101509 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:181 下載:39 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究以JD-R模型為基礎,旨在探討此模型底下的工作自主權、工作負荷對工作敬業度、情緒耗竭之影響,是否會因實施遠距工作而有所改變。本研究以便利抽樣為主,透過網路問卷調查,有效回收問卷之份數為426份。
在資料收回以後,以統計分析軟體JASP12.2版進行後續的分析,研究結果顯示:遠距工作在工作自主權與工作敬業度之間具有調節效果,即在實施遠距工作的情境下,工作自主權與工作敬業度的正向關係增強;遠距工作在工作負荷與情緒耗竭之間具有調節效果即在實施遠距工作的情境下,工作負荷與情緒耗竭的正向關係減弱。接著對研究結果進行最終討論,分別提出實務管理與未來的研究建議。
Based on the JD-R model, the purpose of this study is to invesgigate the moderating effect of telework in the relationships between employees' job autonomy and work engagement; between employees' workload, and emotional exhaustion during the COVID-19. This study used convenience sampling from the Internet, and conducts the survey by quantitative survey method, and the effective number of questionnaires is 426. After the data was retrieved, the statistical analysis JASP version 12.2 software was used to conduct subsequent analysis of the obtained data. The research results showed that: telework has a moderating effect between job autonomy and work engagement, that is, in the context of telework, the positive relationship between job autonomy and work engagement is enhanced; telework is between workload and emotional exhaustion It has a moderating effect, that is, in the context of telework, the positive relationship between workload and emotional exhaustion is weakened.
36氪(2021)疫情衝擊一整年,遠距辦公將成為新常態!怎麼做才能更有效率?數位時代,1156。取自https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/61139/2020-work-remotely
周頌宜(2021)《經理人》遠距工作大調查:主管面臨 3 大管理困難、焦慮感激增,有哪些解決之道?經理人。取自https://www.managertoday.com.tw/articles/view/63186?utm_source=line&utm_medium=message--&utm_campaign=63186&utm_content=-
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽(2006)。管理研究中的共同方法變異:問題本質,影響,測試和補救。管理學報,23(1),77-98。
楊榮宗(2010)。工作要求、工作資源、工作倦怠、組織承諾及組織公民行為關係模式建構之研究。國立高雄師範大學工業科技教育學系博士論文,高雄市。
張婷婷、陸洛、黃睦芸(2011)。工作負荷與工作行為之關聯:主動性人格為調節變項。台灣管理學刊,11(2),177-195。
張齡之(2010)。組織內不同支持來源與員工情緒耗竭關係之研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,臺北市。
陳佳雯、陸洛、許雅玉(2012)。工作要求,工作資源與員工工作態度之關聯:以勤勉審慎性及主動性人格為調節變項。人力資源管理學報,12(1),23-49。
Adriaenssens, L., De Prins, P., & Vloeberghs, D. (2006). Work experience, work stress and HRM at the university. Management Revue, 17(3), 344-363.
Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 549-562.
Ammons, S.K., & Markham, W.T. (2004). Working at home: experiences of skilled white-collar workers. Sociological Spectrum, 24(2), 191-238.
Arvola, R., & Kristjuhan, Ü. (2015). Workload and health of older academic personnel using telework. Agronomy Research, 13(3), 741-749.
Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. sage.
Arvola, R., & Kristjuhan, Ü. (2015). Workload and health of older academic personnel using telework. Agronomy Research, 13(3), 741-749.
Bailey, N. B. K. D. E., & Kurland, N. B. (1999). The advantages and challenges of working here, there, anywhere, and anytime. Organizational Dynamics, 28(2), 53-68.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources Model: State of the Art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285.
Bakker, A. B., & Oerlemans, W. G. M. (2011). Subjective well-being in organizations. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. 178-189. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170-180.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands‐resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83-104.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. (2003). A multi-group analysis of the job demands-resources model in four home care organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(1), 16-38
Bakker, A. B., Van Emmerik, H., & Van Riet, P. (2008). How job demands, resources, and burnout predict objective performance: A constructive replication. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 21(3), 309-324.
Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2014). Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD-R Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology & Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 389-411.
Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., De Boer, E., Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(2), 341-356.
Baltes, B. B., Briggs, T. E., Huff, J. W., Wright, J. A., & Neuman, G. A. (1999). Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 495-513.
Baruch, Y. (2000). Teleworking: benefits and pitfalls as perceived by professionals and managers. New Technology, Work and Employment, 15(1), 34-49.
Baruch, Y. (2001). The status of research on teleworking and an agenda for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3(2), 113-129
Beehr, T. A., Walsh, J. T., & Taber, T. D. (1976). Relationships of stress to individually and organizationally valued states: Higher order needs as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(1), 41-47.
Bell, S. J., & Menguc, B. (2002). The Employee–organization relationship, organizational citizenship behaviors, and superior service quality. Journal of Retailing, 78(2), 131-146.
Boles, J. S., Johnston, M. W., & Hair Jr, J. F. (1997). Role stress, work-family conflict and emotional exhaustion: Inter-relationships and effects on some work-related consequences. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 17(1), 17-28.
Breaugh, J. A. (1985). The Measurement of Work Autonomy. Human Relations, 38(6), 551-570.
Brenninkmeijer, V., & VanYperen, N. W. (2003). How to conduct research on burnout: advantages and disadvantages of a unidimensional approach in burnout research. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(1), 16-20.
Bélanger, F. (1999). Workers' propensity to telecommute: An empirical study. Information & Management, 35(3), 139-153.
Baruch, Y. (2000). Teleworking: benefits and pitfalls as perceived by professionals and managers. New Technology, Work and Employment, 15(1), 34-49.
Chiniara, M., & Bentein, K. (2016). Linking servant leadership to individual performance: Differentiating the mediating role of autonomy, competence and relatedness need satisfaction. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(1), 124-141.
Conley, S., Woosley, S. A. (2000). Teacher role stress, higher order needs and work outcomes. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), 179-201.
Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J., & O'Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review and critique of theory, research, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cooper, D., & Kurland, B., (2002). Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 511-532.
Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834-848.
Casey, P. R., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2008). Employee health and well-being: The role of flexibility and work–family balance. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 11(1), 31-47.
David, L., & Sun Young, K., (2018). A Quasi-Experimental Examination of Telework Eligibility and Participation in the U.S. Federal Government. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(4), 451-471.
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1-9.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
Di Martino, V., & Wirth, L. (1990). Telework: A new way of working and living. International Labour Review, 129(5), 529-554.
Dierdorff, E., & Morgeson F. (2007). Consensus in work role requirements: The influence of discrete occupational context on role expectations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1228-1241.
Duxbury, L. E., Higgins, C. A., & Mills, S. (1992). After-hours telecommuting and work-family conflict: A comparative analysis. Information Systems Research, 3(2), 173-190.
De Jonge, J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1998). Job characteristics and employee well-being: A test of Warr’s Vitamin Model in health care workers using structural equation modelling. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19(4), 387-407.
De Lange, A. H., Taris, T. W., Kompier, M. A. J., Houtman, I. L. D., & Bongers, P. M. (2004). The relationships between work characteristics and mental health: Examining normal, reversed and reciprocal relationships in a 4-wave study. Work & Stress, 18(2), 149-166.
DuBrin, A. J. (1991). Comparison of the job satisfaction and productivity of telecommuters versus in-house employees: a research note on work in progress. Psychological Reports, 68(3), 1223-1234.
Eatough E. M., Chang C. H., Miloslavic S. A., & Johnson R. E. (2011). Relationships of role stressors with organizational citizenship behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 96(3), 619-632.
Ennis, N. E., Hobfoll, S. E., & Schröder, K. E. (2000). Money doesn't talk, it swears: How economic stress and resistance resources impact inner‐city women's depressive mood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(2), 149-173.
Ezra, M., & Deckman, M. (1996). Balancing work and family responsibilities: Flextime and child care in the federal government. Public Administration Review, 56(2), 174-179.
Friedman, I. A. (1991). High and low-burnout schools: School culture aspects of teacher burnout. The Journal of Educational Research, 84(6), 325-333.
Ferriss, T. (2011). The 4-hour work week: Escape the 9-5. Live anywhere and join the new rich. Vermillion.
Gaines, J., & Jermier, J.M. (1983). Emotional exhaustion in a high stress organization. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 567-586.
Guditus, C. W. (1981). Staff Burnout: Job Stress in the Human Services Cary Cherniss Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications. Journal of Teacher Education, 32(4), 55-56.
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524-1541.
Gajendran, R. S., Harrison, D. A., & Delaney‐Klinger, K. (2015). Are telecommuters remotely good citizens? Unpacking telecommuting's effects on performance via i‐deals and job resources. Personnel Psychology, 68(2), 353-393.
Gilboa, S., Shirom, A., Fried, Y., Cooper, C. (2008). A meta‐analysis of work demand stressors and job performance: examining main and moderating effects. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 227-271.
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Simsek, Z. (2006). Telecommuting's differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1340-1350.
Greer, T. W., & Payne, S. C. (2014). Overcoming telework challenges: Outcomes of successful telework strategies. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 17(2), 87-111.
Gruman, J. A., & Saks, A. M. (2011). Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), 123-136.
Gryna, F. M. (2004). Work overload!: Redesigning jobs to minimize stress and burnout. Quality Press.
Gurstein, P. (2001). Wired to the world, chained to the home: Telework in daily life. UBC Press.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250-279.
Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., Ahola, K. (2008). The job demands–resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work & Stress, 22(3), 224-241.
Halbesleben, J. R. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources, and consequences. Work engagement: A Handbook of Rssential Theory and Research, 8(1), 102-117.
Handy, S.L., & Mokhtarian, P.L. (1996). The future of telecommuting. Futures, 28(3), 227-240.
Harpaz, I. (2002). Advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting for the individual, organization and society. Work Study, 51(2), 74-80.
Heiden, M., Widar, L., Wiitavaara, B., & Boman, E. (2021). Telework in academia: associations with health and well-being among staff. Higher Education, 81(4), 707-722.
Hilbrecht, M., Shaw, S. M., Johnson, L. C., & Andrey, J. (2008). 'I'm home for the kids': contradictory implications for work–life balance of teleworking mothers. Gender, Work & Organization, 15(5), 454-476.
Hill, E., Ferris, M., & Martinson, V. K. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(2), 220-241.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariat e data analysis (6th ed.). NJ: Pearson Prentice
Igbaria, & Guimaraes, (1999). Exploring Differences in Employee Turnover Intentions and Its Determinants among Telecommuters and Non-Telecommuters. Journal of Management Information Systems, 16(1), 147-164.
Jacob, J.L., Bond, J.T., Galinsky, E., & Hill, E.J. (2008). Six Critical Ingredients in Creating an Effective Workplace. The Psychologist-Manager Journal. 11(1), 141-161.
Janssen, P. P., Bakker, A. B., & De Jong, A. (2001). A test and refinement of the Demand–Control–Support Model in the construction industry. International Journal of Stress Management, 8(4), 315-332.
Johnson, L.C., Audrey, J., & Shaw, S.M. (2007). Mr. Dithers comes to dinner: telework and the merging of women’s work and home domains in Canada. Gender, Place, and Culture, 14(2), 141-161.
Kahn WA. (1990). An exercise of authority. Journal of Management Education, 14(2), 28-42.
Kandolin, I. (1993). Burnout of female and male nurses in shiftwork. Ergonomics, 36(1-3), 141-147.
Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308.
Kelliher, C., & Anderson, D. (2010). Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the intensification of work. Human Relations 63(1), 83-106.
Khalid, K., Salim, H. M., Loke, S. P., & Khalid, K. (2011). The key components of job satisfaction in Malaysia water utility industry. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 550-556.
Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work–family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 347-367.
Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., & Mobley, W. H. (1998). Towards a Taxonomy of Multidimensional Constructs. Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 741-755.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping.
Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (1988). The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9(4), 297-308.
Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lepine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stress or hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 764-775.
Lllegems, V., & Verbeke, A. (2004). Telework: What Does It Mean for Management? Long Range Planning, 37(4), 319-334.
Llorens, S., Schaufeli, W., Bakker, A., & Salanova, M. (2007). Does a positive gain spiral of resources, efficacy beliefs and engagement exist? Computers in Human Behavior, 23(1), 825-841.
Lu, L., Cooper, C. L., Kao, S. F., & Zhou, Y. (2003). Work stress, control beliefs and well‐being in Greater China: An exploration of sub‐cultural differences between the PRC and Taiwan. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(6), 479-510.
Madsen, S. R. (2003). The effects of home‐based teleworking on work‐family conflict. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(1), 35-58.
Mann, S., & Holdsworth, L. (2003). The Psychological Impact of Teleworking: Stress, Emotions and Health. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18(3), 196-211.
Mann, S., Varey, R., & Button, W. (2000). An exploration of the emotional impact of tele-working via computer-mediated communication. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(7), 668-690.
Martin, B. H., & MacDonnell, R. (2012). Is telework effective for organizations? A meta-analysis of empirical research on perceptions of telework and organizational outcomes. Management Research Review, 35(7), 602-616.
Maslach, C. (1982). Understanding burnout: definitional issues in analyzing. WS Paine (Ed.), Job Stres And Burnout: Research, Theory, And Intervention Perspectives.
Maslach, C., & Goldberg, J. (1998). Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7(1), 63-74.
Maslach, C., & Leiter. M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422.
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11-37.
McNall, L. A., Masuda, A. D., & Nicklin, J. M. (2009). Flexible Work Arrangements, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intentions: The Mediating Role of Work-to-Family Enrichment. The Journal of Psychology, 144(1), 61-81.
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P. J. D. Drenth, H. Thierry, & C. J. Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2, 5-33. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Montreuil, S. and K. Lippel (2003). Telework and Occupational Health: A Quebec Empirical Study and Regulatory Implications, Safety Science, 41(4), 339-358.
Morgeson, F. P., & Campion, M. A. (2003). Work design. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology, 12, 423-452. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Nakrošienė A., Ilona Bučiūnienė I., & Goštautaitė B. (2019). Working from home: characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), 87-101.
Nätti, J., Tammelin, M., Anttila, T., & Ojala, S. (2011). Work at Home and Time Use in Finland. New Technology, Work and Employment, 26(1), 68-77.
Nilles, J. M. (1975). Telecommunications and organizational decentralization. IEEE Transactions On Communications, 23(10), 1142-1147.
Nilles, J. M. (1994). Making Telecommuting Happen: A Guide for Telemanagers and Telecommuters. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Nakrošienė, A., Bučiūnienė, I., & Goštautaitė, B. (2019). Working from home: characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), 87-101.
Olchi, W. G. (1978). The transmission of control through organizational hierarchy. Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 173-192.
Parker, S. K., Morgeson, F., Johns, G. (2017). One hundred years of work design research: Looking back and looking forward. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 403-420.
Patricia Voydanoff. (2004). The Effects of Work Demands and Resources on Work‐to‐Family Conflict and Facilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 398-412.
Peters, P., Poutsma, E., Heijden, B., Bakker, A.B., Thomas de Bruijn, T. (2014). Enjoying New Ways to Work: An HRM-Process Approach to Study Flow. Human Resource Management, 53(2), 279-290
Pratt, J.H. (1999). Selected communication variables and telecommuting participation decisions: Data from telecommuting workers. The Journal of Business Communication, 36(3), 247-254.
Rattrie, L. T., Kittler, M. G., & Paul, K. I. (2020). Culture, burnout, and engagement: A meta‐analysis on national cultural values as moderators in JD‐R theory. Applied Psychology, 69(1), 176-220.
Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4), 655-684.
Sardeshmukh, Shruti R., Sharma, D., & Golden, T. (2012). Impact of Telework on Exhaustion and Job Engagement: A Job Demands and Job Resources Model. New Technology, Work and Employment, 27(3), 193-207.
Schaufeli, W. B. & Taris, T. W. (2014). A Critical Review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for Improving Work and Health. Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health, 43-68.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job demands, job resources and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2006). Over de rol van positieve en negatieve emoties bij het welbevinden van managers: Een studie met de Job-related Affective Well-being Scale (JAWS)[About the role of positive and negative emotions in managers’ well-being: A study using the Job-related Affective Well-being Scale (JAWS)]. Gedrag & Organisatie, 19(4), 223-244.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 27-41.
Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Oliveira, P. (2010). Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 456-476.
Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived Control by Employees: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work. Human Relations, 39, 1005-1016.
Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356-367.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.
Stavrou, E. (2005). Flexible work bundles and organizational competitiveness: A cross-national study of the European work context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(8), 923-947.
Stavrou, E., & Kilaniotis, C. (2010). Flexible work and turnover: An empirical investigation across cultures. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 541-554.
Swanberg, J. E., McKechnie, S. P., Ojha, M. U., & James, J. B. (2011). Schedule control, supervisor support and work engagement: A winning combination for workers in hourly jobs? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(3), 613-624.
Taipale, S., Selander, K., Anttila, T., & Nätti, J. (2011). Work engagement in eight European countries: The role of job demands, autonomy, and social support. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 31(7-8), 486-504.
Towers Perrin. (2009). Employee Engagement/Global Workforce Study.
Trépanier, S. G., Fernet, C., Austin, S., & Ménard, J. (2015). Revisiting the interplay between burnout and work engagement: An exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) approach. Burnout Research, 2(2-3), 51-59.
Thompson, C. A., & Prottas, D. J. (2005). Relationships among organizational family support, job autonomy, perceived control, and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 100-118.
Van Yperen, N. W., & Hagedoorn, M. (2003). Do high job demands increase intrinsic motivation or fatigue or both? The role of job control and job social support. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 339-348.
Verhoeven, C., Maes, S., Kraaij, V., & Joekes, K. (2003). The job demand-control-social support model and wellness/health outcomes: A European study. Psychology and Health, 18(4), 421-440.
Vilhelmson, B., & Thulin, E. (2016). Who and where are the flexible workers? Exploring the current diffusion of telework in Sweden. New Technology, Work and Employment, 31(1), 77-96.
Warr, P. (1990). Job control, job demands, and employee well-being. Work and Stress, 4, 285-294.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 486-493.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Dollard, M. F., Demerouti, E., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Schreurs, P. J. (2007). When do job demands particularly predict burnout? The moderating role of job resources. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(8), 766-786.