對許多已開發國家和發展中國家來說，觀光業不僅是重要的外匯來源，也是創造更多就業機會和吸引更多外國投資的來源，因此是經濟發展和脫貧的關鍵產業。在過去十年裡，尼加拉瓜漸漸成為觀光目的地，並提高其在國際旅客中的知名度，觀光業所創造的產值現已超過咖啡、肉類和海鮮，且扮演了國內經濟中的主要角色之一。然而，這項研究基於SWOT分析發現，觀光業的發展和在國際市場上的推廣存在幾個問題。其中包括：低品質的基礎設施、低品質的服務、缺乏正確的行銷策略、推廣觀光業的預算不足、缺乏多樣化。這項研究回顧了關於互聯網+的文獻和影響互聯網採用的因素。許多已開發國家和發展中國家多年來一直在觀光業採用資訊通訊技術（特別是互聯網），這種趨勢透過減少訊息不對稱、提高勞動生產率、提高資源使用率，進而改變了人們的旅遊方式、改變了商業模式和創造了更具競爭力的市場。另一方面，這種技術在尼加拉瓜普及率不高，本研究探討出在尼加拉瓜影響互聯網採用的因素，包括：低水平的經濟發展、低互聯網普及率、低科技意識、低教育水平、缺乏技術人才、數位素養水平低。這項研究為尼加拉瓜觀光業使用互聯網技術提供了建議。

For many developed and developing countries, tourism is not only an important source of foreign exchange, but also a source to create more jobs and attract more foreign investment, thus being a key sector to economic development and reduction of poverty. In the last ten years, Nicaragua has been emerging as a tourist destination and becoming well-known among international tourists, tourism’s business volume has now surpassed that of coffee, meat and seafood, becoming one of the major players in national economy. Nevertheless, this research based on a SWOT analysis found that there are several problems for the development of tourism and its promotion in international markets. They include: low-quality infrastructure, low-quality service, lack of a right marketing strategy, insufficient budget for promoting tourism and lack of diversification. This research reviews the literature about Internet plus and the factors affecting Internet adoption. Many developed and developing countries have been adopting IT technologies (especially the Internet) in the tourism industry for many years, such trend has revolutionized the way people travel by reducing the information asymmetry, improving labor productivity, enhancing resources’ use efficiency, resulting in new business models and creating a more competitive market. On the other hand, such technologies are not commonly used in Nicaragua, this research identifies the factors affecting the adoption of the Internet, including: low level economic development, low Internet penetration, low-level of awareness for new technologies, low level of education, shortage of qualified personnel, low level of digital literacy. This research also provides suggestions for the implementation of the Internet in Nicaragua’s tourism industry.

English References

Abkowitz, A. (2016a, June 2). Baidu plans to mass produce autonomous cars in five years. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com
Abkowitz, A. (2016b, August 1). Uber sells China operations to Didi Chuxing. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com
Abou‐Shouk, M., Lim, W. M., & Megicks, P. (2013). Internet adoption by travel agents: A case of Egypt. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(3), 298-312.
Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., & Autio, E. (2016). The global entrepreneurship index. Retrieved from https://thegedi.org/download/11746/
Airbnb. (2012a). Airbnb fact sheet.
Airbnb. (2012b). Study finds that Airbnb hosts and guests have major positive effect on city economies [Press release]. Retrieved from http://assets.airbnb.com/press/press-releases/Economic_Impact_Study.pdf
Airbnb. (2015). Airbnb summer travel report: 2015. Retrieved from http://blog.airbnb.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Airbnb-Summer-Travel-Report-1.pdf
Álvarez Hidalgo, W. (2016a, March 17). Para elevar gasto urge ampliar oferta turística en Nicaragua. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.laprensa.com.ni
Álvarez Hidalgo, W. (2016b, May 25). Tecnología no llega a pequeñas empresas de Nicaragua. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.laprensa.com.ni
Apteligent. (2016). Mobile travel the connected traveler: Destination mobile.
Arias, I. (2015, April 27). Mundial de surf en Nicaragua, un mar de esperanzas. El Nuevo Diario. Retrieved from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni
Arnum, E., & Conti, S. (1998). Internet deployment worldwide: The new superhighway follows the old wires, rails, and roads. Paper presented at the INET. http://www.isoc.org/inet98/proceedings/5c/5c_5.htm
Babb, F. E. (2004). Recycled sandalistas: From revolution to resorts in the new Nicaragua. American Anthropologist, 106(3), 541-555. doi:10.1525/aa.2004.106.3.541
Balakrishnan, A. (2015, December 30). Uber may get into travel-booking business. CNBC.
Banco Central de Nicaragua. (2015). Cuenta satélite de turismo de Nicaragua 2015. Retrieved from http://www.bcn.gob.ni/publicaciones/periodicidad/anual/satelite_turismo/2015/CSTN.pdf.
Barrera Pérez, O. (1998). Turismo y globalización: un reto para Nicaragua. Encuentro: Revista Académica de la Universidad Centroamericana(47), 46-53.
Bazar, B., & Boalch, G. (1997). A preliminary model of Internet diffusion within developing countries. Paper presented at the Third Australian World Wide Web Conference.
BCN. (2015). Importaciones CIF por bienes de consumo
Bejarano, M. (2014, May 28). Tabletas y smartphones controlan mercado nica. El Nuevo Diario. Retrieved from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni
Bejarano, M. (2016, June 10). El sector hotelero nica crece 3% cada año. El Nuevo Diario. Retrieved from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni
Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., & Schwienbacher, A. (2014). Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 585-609. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.003
Benjamín, B. (2015, February 3). Fiebre en Nicaragua por los smartphones. El Nuevo Diario. Retrieved from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni
Bicen, H., & Sadikoglu, S. (2016). Determination of the opinions of students on tourism impact using mobile applications. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, 270-274.
Blanco, B. (2015, July 27). Proponen ampliar conexiones aéreas directas. El Nuevo Diario. Retrieved from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni
Bonner, R. (1984, February 16). U.S. volunteers help Nicaragua with the harvest. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Britton, R. A. (1979). The image of the third world in tourism marketing. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(3), 318-329. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90106-3
Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism management, 21(1), 97-116.
Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research. Tourism management, 29(4), 609-623.
Buhalis, D., & Laws, E. (2001). Tourism distribution channels: Practices, issues and transformations. United Kingdom: Cengage Learning EMEA.
Byford, S. (2016, May 12). Apple invests $1 billion in Chinese transportation service Didi Chuxing. The Verge. Retrieved from http://www.theverge.com
Cai, J. (2015, May 28). Qunar is a long-term winner in the Chinese travel market. Seeking Alpha.
Cannon, J. T. (1968). Business strategy and policy. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Capper, J. (2001). E-learning growth and promise for the developing world. TechKnowLogia, 2(2), 7-10.
CB Insights. (2015, December 28). Funding to travel tech startups skyrockets in 2015.
CEPAL. (2016). Estado de la banda ancha en América Latina y el Caribe 2016. Retrieved from http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/40528/6/S1601049_es.pdf
Chan, E. (2015, July 19). Seeing the doctor has never been easier! China's first cloud hospital allows patients to be diagnosed remotely via video. Daily Mail Online. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk
Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the industrial enterprise (Vol. 120): Cambridge, MIT press.
Chen, L. (2015, September 16). Meet Europe's newest unicorn: BlaBlaCar raises $200 million at $1.6 billion valuation. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com
China Internet Watch. (2014, July 9). Qunar app: Top travel booking app with over 100m downloads.
Chung, N., & Koo, C. (2015). The use of social media in travel information search. Telematics and Informatics, 32(2), 215-229.
Close, R., Humphreys, R., & Ruttenbug, B. (2000). E-learning and knowledge technology. Technology and the Internet are changing the way we learn. Sun Trust Equitable Securities.
Collins, C., Buhalis, D., & Peters, M. (2003). Enhancing SMTEs' business performance through the Internet and e-learning platforms. Education & Training, 45(8/9), 483-494. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00400910310508874
Copeland, D. G., & McKenney, J. L. (1988). Airline reservations systems: Lessons from history. MIS Quarterly, 12(3), 353-370. doi:10.2307/249202
Cormack, M. (2014, December 4). Alibaba launches healthcare app for prescription purchases. Technode. Retrieved from http://technode.com
COSEP. (2015). Encuesta de empresas sostenibles Nicaragua 2015. Retrieved from http://www.cosep.org.ni/rokdownloads/main/cosep/encuesta_empresas_2015.pdf
Criteo. (2015). Travel flash report. Retrieved from http://www.criteo.com/media/2919/criteo-travel-report-september-2015-digital.pdf
Croes, R. (2012). Assessing tourism development from Sen’s capability approach. Journal of Travel Research, 51(5), 542-554.
Croes, R., & Tesone, D. (2004). Small firms embracing technology and tourism development: evidence from two nations in Central America. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(5), 557-564.
Croes, R., & Vanegas, M. (2008). Cointegration and causality between tourism and poverty reduction. Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 94-103.
Crotti, R., & Misrahi, T. (2015). The travel & tourism competitiveness report 2015. Paper presented at the The World Economic Forum.
Dahl, J. (2016, October 24). China's version of Airbnb just got bigger with newest acquisition from Ctrip, Qunar. Forbes.
Dal Fiore, F., Mokhtarian, P. L., Salomon, I., & Singer, M. E. (2014). “Nomads at last”? A set of perspectives on how mobile technology may affect travel. Journal of Transport Geography, 41, 97-106.
Davidson, T. L. (2005). What are travel and tourism: Are they really an industry? In W. F. Theobald (Ed.), Global Tourism (Third Edition) (pp. 25-31). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Deloitte. (2015). Travel consumer 2015: Engaging the empowered holidaymaker. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/consumer-business/deloitte-uk-travel-consumer-2015.pdf
Dickinson, J. E., Ghali, K., Cherrett, T., Speed, C., Davies, N., & Norgate, S. (2014). Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(1), 84-101.
Dimitrova, D. (2002). Internet uses and gratifications: An online survey of Bulgarians at home and abroad. International Communication Bulletin, 37(1-2), 36-49.
Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: An empirical investigation for Greece using causality analysis. Tourism Economics, 10(3), 305-316.
Ericsson. (2016). Ericsson mobility report. Retrieved from https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/mobility-report/documents/2016/ericsson-mobility-report-november-2016.pdf
Euromonitor International. (2014). The new online travel consumer. Retrieved from http://www.etoa.org/docs/default-source/presentations/2014-the-new-online-travel-consumer.pdf?sfvrsn=4
Eventbrite. (2014). Millennials: Fueling the experience economy. Retrieved from https://eventbrite-s3.s3.amazonaws.com/marketing/Millennials_Research/Gen_PR_Final.pdf
Expedia. (2013). The future of travel. Retrieved from http://expediablog.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Future-of-Travel-Report1.pdf
Expedia Media Solutions. (2013). Retail and travel site visitation aligns as consumers plan and book vacation packages [Press release]. Retrieved from https://advertising.expedia.com/about/press-releases/retail-and-travel-site-visitation-aligns-consumers-plan-and-book-vacation-packages/
Fitzgerald Rodriguez, J. (2016, January 6). Yellow cab to file for bankruptcy. The San Francisco Examiner Retrieved from http://www.sfexaminer.com
Flores, M., Bratescu, A., Martínez, J., Oviedo, J., & Acosta, A. (2002). Centroamérica: El impacto de la caída de los precios del café. Serie estudios y perspectivas. Sede Subregional México.
Fotis, J., Buhalis, D., & Rossides, N. (2012). Social media use and impact during the holiday travel planning process. In M. Fuchs, F. Ricci, & L. Cantoni (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2012: Proceedings of the international conference in Helsingborg (pp. 13-24). Vienna: Springer Vienna.
Gerhardt, W. (2008). Prosumers: a new growth opportunity. Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group IBSG.
Gobierno de Nicaragua. (2012). Plan nacionalde desarrollo humano 2012-2016.
González Morales, O. (2015, June 5). Organizadores de mundial de surf satisfechos con Nicaragua. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.laprensa.com.ni
Gretzel, U., Fesenmaier, D. R., & O'Leary, J. T. (2006). The transformation of consumer behaviour. In D. Buhalis & C. Costa (Eds.), Tourism Business Frontiers (pp. 9-18). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Sharma, A., & Lucini, B. A. (2016). Digital Inclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Retrieved from https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=895f6c0a1efa7a25f5d6b4ff874e92f1&download
Guo, Y., Liu, H., & Chai, Y. (2014). The embedding convergence of smart cities and tourism internet of things in China: An advance perspective. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research, 2(1), 54-69.
Höckert, E. (2009). Sociocultural sustainability of rural community-based tourism: Case study of local participation in fair trade coffee trail, Nicaragua. Lapland University, Rovaniemi.
Harty, D. (2016, July 25). Smartphones overtake computers as top e-commerce traffic source. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com
Hernández N., G. (2012, April 18). Turismo rural en crecimiento. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.laprensa.com.ni
Hollander, P. (1986). Political hospitality and tourism: Cuba and Nicaragua: Cuban American National Foundation.
Horton, L. (1998). Peasants in arms: War and peace in the mountains of Nicaragua, 1979-1994: Ohio University Center for International Studies.
Ibarrola, K. (2016, November 22). Uber Indonesia rolls out new tourist-friendly feature. The Jakarta Post.
iLifebelt. (2016). Social networks research in Central America.
Institute for Economics & Peace. (2016). Global peace index 2016. Retrieved from http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/02/GPI-2016-Report_2.pdf
Inversini, A., & Masiero, L. (2014). Selling rooms online: The use of social media and online travel agents. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(2), 272-292.
Jafari, J. (1977). Editor's page. Annals of Tourism Research, 5, 6-11. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(77)80002-9
Jahan, S., & Jespersen, E. (2015). Human Development Report 2015. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf
Jisi, W. (2001). Crossing the digital divide: The Internet in China: A new fantasy? New Perspectives Quarterly, 18(1), 22-24.
Jolly, J. (2015). An Uber for doctor housecalls. The New York Times.
Jourdan, A. (2015, March 30). Ali Health pens tie-up for online health testing platform. Reuters. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com
Kang, C. (2013, February 3). Tech, telecom giants take sides as FCC proposes large public WiFi networks. Washington Post.
Katircioǧlu, S. T. (2011). Tourism and growth in Singapore: New extension from bounds test to level relationships and conditional Granger causality tests. The Singapore Economic Review, 56(03), 441-453. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0217590811004365
Kotler, P. (1986). The prosumer movement: A new challenge for marketers. NA-Advances in Consumer Research, 13(1), 510-513.
Kramer, R., Modsching, M., ten Hagen, K., & Gretzel, U. (2007). Behavioural Impacts of Mobile Tour Guides. In M. Sigala, L. Mich, & J. Murphy (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2007: Proceedings of the international conference in Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2007 (pp. 109-118). Vienna: Springer Vienna.
López, M. A. (2004, April 28). La marca de Nicaragua. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.laprensa.com.ni
López-Guzmán, T. J., & Sánchez, S. M. (2009). Desarrollo socioeconómico de las zonas rurales con base en el turismo comunitario. Un estudio de caso en Nicaragua. Cuadernos de desarrollo rural, 6(62), 81-97.
La Prensa. (2007, April 26). Quesos, artesanía y turismo: La Garnacha. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.laprensa.com.ni
La Prensa. (2009, April 8). Turismo comunitario les ha cambiado la vida. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.laprensa.com.ni
La Prensa. (2014, April 2). A usar tarjetas en los taxis. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.laprensa.com.ni
Lamsfus, C., Wang, D., Alzua-Sorzabal, A., & Xiang, Z. (2015). Going mobile defining context for on-the-go travelers. Journal of Travel Research, 54(6), 691-701.
Lane, B. (2011). Sustainable rural tourism strategies: A tool for development and conservation. Revista Interamericana de Ambiente y Turismo-RIAT, 1(1), 12-18.
Lang, T. C. (2000). The effect of the Internet on travel consumer purchasing behaviour and implications for travel agencies. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 6(4), 368-385. doi:10.1177/135676670000600407
Lara, R. (2014, December 11). "Desempolvan" la idea del taxímetro. El Nuevo Diario. Retrieved from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni
Lara, R. (2017, January 22). La educación mejora el uso de Internet. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni
Law, R., Leung, K., & Wong, R. (2004). The impact of the Internet on travel agencies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(2), 100-107.
Le Deu, F., Parekh, R., Zhang, F., & Zhou, G. (2012). Health care in China: Entering ‘uncharted waters’. Shanghai: McKinsey & Company.
Lee, C.-C., & Chien, M.-S. (2008). Structural breaks, tourism development, and economic growth: Evidence from Taiwan. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 77(4), 358-368.
Leiper, N. (1979). The framework of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 390-407. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90003-3
Lexhagen, M. (2004). The importance of value-added services to support the customer search and purchase process on travel websites. Information Technology & Tourism, 7(2), 119-135.
Li Keqiang. (2015). Report on the work of the government. The State Council of The People's Republic of China.
Lickorish, L. J., Jefferson, A., Bodlender, J., & Jenkins, C. L. (1991). Developing tourism destinations: Policies and perspectives: Longman, Harlow.
Lieber, R. (2011, November 11). Airbnb's lodging gets tested, yielding a mixed bag. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Mackenzie, A. (2015). The fintech revolution. London Business School Review, 26(3), 50-53.
Marek, M. (2014, July 19). Nicaragua backpacking guide. Retrieved from http://www.indietraveller.co/nicaragua-travel-guide/
MARENA. (2010). Estudio de ecosistemas y biodiversidad de nicaragua y su representatividad en el sistema nacional de áreas protegidas. Managua, Nicaragua.
Martin, H. (2016, July 23). Uber and Lyft have nearly overtaken taxis and car rentals among business travelers. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com
Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, physical and social impacts. London: Longman.
May, K. (2015, March 10). Expedia eyes South America, invests $270 million in Decolar online travel agency. Tnooz.
Mcintosh, R. W., Goeldner, C. R., & Ritchie, B. J. R. (1990). Tourism: Practices, principles, philosophies: Wiley, New York.
Mendoza, M. R. H., & Alvarez de Toledo, J. A. (1997). Demographics and behavior of the Chilean Internet population. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 3(1). doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00068.x
Mitra, S. (2016, May 27). This Latin American travel company is in the billion dollar unicorn club. Inc.
Mitroff, S. (2012, August 23). Before Airbnb, there was CouchSurfing. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com
Moncada, R. (2013, October 20). MPeso, esa pesadilla. La Prensa. Retrieved from http://www.laprensa.com.ni
Montez Rugama, H. (2014, December 23). ¿Qué pasó con las tarjetas TUC recarga única? El Nuevo Diario. Retrieved from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni
Munch, J. (Producer). (2015). What is fintech and why does it matter to all entrepreneurs? Retrieved from https://www.hottopics.ht
Navarro, J. C., Crespi, G., & Zuñiga, P. (2010). Science, technology, and innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean: A statistical compendium of indicators. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.
O’Connor, K. (2005). La crisis del café en Nicaragua: el impacto y sus implicaciones. Encuentro, 37(70), 40-61.
Ouyang, S. (2016, October 19). Didi targets tourists with TripAdvisor deal. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn
Pagés, C. (2010). The importance of ideas: Innovation and productivity in Latin America. In C. Pagés (Ed.), The Age of Productivity: Transforming Economies from the Bottom Up (pp. 223-255). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
Palmer, A., & Bejou, D. (1995). Tourism destination marketing alliances. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(3), 616-629.
Parrilla, J. C., Font, A. R., & Nadal, J. R. (2007). Tourism and long-term growth a Spanish perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(3), 709-726.
Perlroth, N. (2011, August 24). Non-Profit CouchSurfing raises millions in funding. Forbes.
Pierre-Marc, R. (2014, March 29). Nicaragua: El milagro de una economía en crecimiento. Forbes.
Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74(6), 61-78.
Press, L., Burkhart, G., Foster, W., Goodman, S., Wolcott, P., & Woodard, J. (1998). An Internet diffusion framework. Communications of the ACM, 41(10), 21-26.
Qing, K. G., & Yao, K. (2015, March 5). China signals ‘new normal’ with higher spending, lower growth target. Reuters. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com
Quibria, M. G., Ahmed, S. N., Tschang, T., & Reyes-Macasaquit, M.-L. (2003). Digital divide: Determinants and policies with special reference to Asia. Journal of Asian Economics, 13(6), 811-825. doi:10.1016/S1049-0078(02)00186-0
Qunar. (2016). Qunar reports first quarter 2016 financial results. Retrieved from http://investor.qunar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=252141&p=irol-newsArticle&id=2177871
Raina, A. K. (2005). Ecology, wildlife and tourism development: Principles, practices and strategies. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
República de Nicaragua. (1999). Ley de incentivos para la industria turística de la República de Nicaragua. In L. Gaceta (Ed.). Managua, Nicaragua.
Reyes, B. (2016, May 1). ¿Por qué fracasó Efytaxi? El Nuevo Diario. Retrieved from http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni
Rifkin, J. (2014). The zero marginal cost society: The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism: Macmillan.
Ritzer, G., Dean, P., & Jurgenson, N. (2012). The coming of age of the prosumer. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(4), 379-398.
Rosoff, M. (2016, August 6). Airbnb is now worth $30 billion. Business Insider. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com
Roycroft, T. R., & Anantho, S. (2003). Internet subscription in Africa: Policy for a dual digital divide. Telecommunications Policy, 27(1), 61-74.
Saranow, J. (2004, September 28). Travel advice from a stranger's diary. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com
Schechner, S. (2015, September 16). BlaBlaCar valued at $1.5 billion after new funding round. The Wall Street Journal.
Schendel, D., & Hofer, C. W. (1979). Strategic management: A new view of business policy and planning: Little, Brown.
Schuman, M. (2016, September 27). Chinese tourists pump cash into a hot destination: China. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com
Schwab, K., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (2016). The global competitiveness report 2016-2017.
Scott, M. (2014, July 2). BlaBlaCar, a ride-sharing start-up in Europe, looks to expand its map. The New York Times.
Sigala, M. (2007). WEB 2.0 in the tourism industry: A new tourism generation and new e-business models. Retrieved from http://195.130.87.21:8080/dspace/handle/123456789/386
Sigala, M. (2012). Exploiting Web 2.0 for new service development: Findings and implications from the Greek tourism industry. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(6), 551-566.
SITCA. (2010). Boletín de estadísticas turísticas de Centroamérica 2010 Retrieved from http://www.sica.int/busqueda/busqueda_archivo.aspx?Archivo=bole_61338_1_19072011.pdf
SITCA. (2014). Compendio de estadísticas de turismo de los países miembros del SICA
Skan, J., Dickerson, J., & Masood, S. (2015). The future of fintech and banking: Digitally disrupted or reimagined. Retrieved from http://www.fintechinnovationlablondon.co.uk/media/730274/Accenture-The-Future-of-Fintech-and-Banking-digitallydisrupted-or-reima-.pdf
Smith, B. C., Günther, D. P., Rao, B. V., & Ratlife, R. M. (2001). E-commerce and operations research in airline planning, marketing, and distribution. Interfaces, 31(2), 37-55.
Spring, J., & Carsten, P. (2013, March 12). China's SAIC Motor, Alibaba to invest $160 million in Internet-connected cars. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com
Standing, C., Tang-Taye, J.-P., & Boyer, M. (2014). The impact of the Internet in travel and tourism: A research review 2001–2010. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(1), 82-113.
State Council News Office. (2010). The Internet in China: 北京: 人民出版社.
Sundeen, M. (2005, May 15). In Nicaragua, chasing the unsurfed wave. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Tegos, M. (2016, May 26). Low-cost airline ticket startup spreads its wings with seed funding. Techinasia.
The Economist. (2015). The fintech revolution. The Economist, 415, 13-14.
Tian Ying. (2016, May 31). SAIC, Alibaba to mark Chinese foray into connected cars with SUV. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com
TripAdvisor. (2015). TripBarometer connected traveler [Press release]. Retrieved from http://ir.tripadvisor.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=919990
Udo, G. J., & Edoho, F. M. (2000). Information technology transfer to African nations: An economic development mandate. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 25(3), 329-342.
UNCTAD. (2013). Service Policy Review Nicaragua. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctncd2013d13_en.pdf
UNWTO. (2010). UNWTO tourism highlights: 2010 edition. Retrieved from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284413720
Usher, L. E., & Kerstetter, D. (2014). Residents’ perceptions of quality of life in a surf tourism destination: A case study of Las Salinas, Nicaragua. Progress in Development Studies, 14(4), 321-333.
Vanegas, S., Gartner, W., & Senauer, B. (2015). Tourism and poverty reduction: An economic sector analysis for Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Tourism Economics, 21(1), 159-182.
Vermeulen, I. E., & Seegers, D. (2009). Tried and tested: The impact of online hotel reviews on consumer consideration. Tourism management, 30(1), 123-127.
Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1947). Theory of games and economic behavior: Princeton University Press.
Wang, D., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2013). Transforming the travel experience: The use of smartphones for travel Information and communication technologies in tourism 2013 (pp. 58-69): Springer.
Wang, Y. (2015a, August 3). China's Airbnb raises new funds at $1 billion valuation. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com
Wang, Y. (2015b, March 23). Tencent partners with Foxconn in electric car business. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com
Wang, Z., Chen, C., Guo, B., Yu, Z., & Zhou, X. (2016). Internet plus in China. IT Professional, 18(3), 5-8. doi:10.1109/MITP.2016.47
Watanabe, C., Naveed, K., & Neittaanmäki, P. (2016). Co-evolution of three mega-trends nurtures un-captured GDP–Uber’s ride-sharing revolution. Technology in Society, 46, 164-185.
Welsh, E. T., Wanberg, C. R., Brown, K. G., & Simmering, M. J. (2003). E‐learning: Emerging uses, empirical results and future directions. International Journal of Training and Development, 7(4), 245-258.
Woetzel, J., Orr, G., Lau, A., Chen, Y., Chang, E., Seong, J., . . . Qiu, A. (2014). China’s digital transformation: The Internet’s impact on productivity and growth. McKinsey Global Institute, July, McKinsey&Company.
Wolcott, P., Press, L., McHenry, W., Goodman, S., & Foster, W. (2001). A framework for assessing the global diffusion of the Internet. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 2(1), 6.
World Bank. (2016a). Global economic prospects: Divergences and risks. Retrieved from http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/842861463605615468/Global-Economic-Prospects-June-2016-Divergences-and-risks.pdf
World Bank. (2016b). Nicaragua-Caribbean regional communications infrastructure program. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/531031468933251195/pdf/PAD1554-PAD-P155235-IDA-R2016-0189-1-Box396277B-OUO-9.pdf
World Bank. (2016c). World bank supports improved broadband and new ICT industries for Nicaragua.
World Food Programme. (2016). Nicaragua country brief: World Food Programme.
World Travel Market. (2010). World travel market 2010 industry report. Retrieved from http://business.guiomatic.com/documents/researches/wtm2010_industry_report%202011.pdf
Wortham, J. (2011, July 25). Room to rent, via the Web. The New York Times.
WTTC. (2016). Economic impact 2016 world. Retrieved from http://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/regions%202016/world2016.pdf
Wu, Y. (2016, March 7). Smart healthcare changes Chinese lives, but challenges remain. China Daily.
Xiang, Z., Magnini, V. P., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2015). Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22, 244-249.
Xiang, Z., Wang, D., O’Leary, J. T., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2015). Adapting to the internet: trends in travelers’ use of the web for trip planning. Journal of Travel Research, 54(4), 511-527.
Yip, T. L., & Wong, M. C. (2015). The Nicaragua canal: Scenarios of its future roles. Journal of Transport Geography, 43, 1-13. doi:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.01.002
Zax, D. (2014, July 10). With Vayable's new travel app, everyone's a local. Fast Company.
Zhang, D., Zhao, J. L., Zhou, L., & Nunamaker Jr, J. F. (2004). Can e-learning replace classroom learning? Communications of the ACM, 47(5), 75-79.

Chinese References（中文參考）

马化腾、张晓峰、与杜军（2015）。互聯網＋：國家戰略行動路線圖：中信出版社。
中国新闻网（2015）。李彦宏谈互联网与传统产业结合：化腐朽为神奇。中国新闻网。
中國日報（2015）。当科技大佬们谈论“互联网＋”时，他们在谈些什么？。中國日報。
朱敏、熊海峰（2016）。互联网时代旅游的新玩法：知识产权出版社。
百度百科（2015）。互聯網＋。
网贷之家研究院（2015）。2014年中国网贷行业年报。Retrieved from http://wdzjosscdn.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/nianbao/2014nianbao.pdf
艾瑞咨询（2015）。2014年中国第三方互联网支付交易规模突破8万亿。Retrieved from http://www.iresearch.com.cn/view/247141.html
国务院（2015）。国务院关于印发《中国制造2025》的通知。
阿里研究院（2015）。“互聯網＋”研究報告。Retrieved from http://i.aliresearch.com/img/20150312/20150312160447.pdf
盈灿咨询（2015）。2015年中国众筹行业半年报。Retrieved from http://wdzjosscdn.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/nianbaozc/2015nzc.pdf
新华网（2015）。共享的网络共治的空间－国信办主任鲁炜在 ICANN 伦敦会议开幕式上发表主旨演讲。
融360金融搜索平台（2015）。2014年中國互联网众筹报告。Retrieved from http://static.rong360.com//dl/pdf/zhongchou_2014.pdf