本研究之主要目的在於探討職場友誼與工作負荷的關係，組織公民行為在其中的中介效果，與主動性人格在組織公民行為與工作負荷之間的調節效果。本研究以便利取樣方式，發放線上與紙本問卷蒐集資料，實際回收256份有效問卷。並運用階層迴歸分析驗證假設。研究結果發現：（1）職場友誼對組織公民行為具有正向關係；（2）組織公民行為對工作負荷具有正向關係；（3）組織公民行為在職場友誼與工作負荷間具有中介效果；（4）主動性人格在組織公民行為與工作負荷間具有正向調節效果。依據本研究之研究結果，為企業提供相關之實務意涵。

The research was aim to investigate the relationship between workplace friendships and workload, and the mediation effect of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) on the relationship of workplace friendships and workload, as well as the moderating effect of proactive personality on OCB and workload. This study collected data from web- and paper-based questionnaire survey, and 256 valid questionnaires were collected. After collecting the data, this study use hierarchical regression analysis to analyze the data. The results suggested that: (1) workplace friendships had a positive impact on OCB, (2) OCB had a positive effect on workload, (3) OCB mediated the relationship between workplace friendships and workload, (4) proactive personality has a positive moderating effect in the relationship between OCB and workload. Based on the results found from this study, they provide practical implications for enterprises.

中文部分
吳宗祐（2003）。工作中的情緒勞動：概念發展、相關變項分析、心理歷程議題探討。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所博士論文，台北市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/ee9h65
侯望倫 (1984)。工作壓力的實證研究:組織氣候，角色特性，人格特質與壓力症狀的關係。管理評論，3(3)，38-46。
商佳音、甘怡群(2009)。主動型人格對大學畢業生職業決策自我效能的影響。北京大學學報（自然科學版），45(3)，548-554。
張振剛、餘傳鵬、李雲健(2016)。主動性人格、知識分享與員工創新行為關係研究。管理評論，28(4)，123-133。
張婷婷、陸洛、黃睦芸(2011)。工作負荷與工作行為之關聯：主動性人格為調節變項。台灣管理學刊，11(2)，177-195。
張偉豪(2011)。論文寫作SEM不求人。高雄市:三星統計。
陳怡靜、錢國倫（2015）。從功能與象徵性架構探討雇主形象對組織人才吸引力的影響。中山管理評論，23(4)，1125-1154。
陳建佑(2011)。從關懷與交易觀點探討職場友誼與組織公民行為之關係。人文暨社會科學期刊，7(2)，17-24。
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽（2006）。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報，23(1)，77-98。
曾浚吉（2020）。職場友誼、組織認同、工作滿意度對幸福感之研究-以企業員工運動社群為例。大葉大學管理學院博士班博士論文，彰化縣。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/escudc
曾慧萍、鄭雅文(2002)。「負荷控制支持」與「付出回饋失衡」工作壓力模型之探討與其中文版量表信效度之檢驗：以電子產業員工為研究對象。台灣公共衛生雜誌。21(6)，420-432。
黃睦芸（2010）。員工知覺組織支持、工作負荷與工作後果之關連--以人格特質為調節變項。國立臺灣大學商學研究所碩士論文，台北市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/k8t9ts
黃藿(2000)。教育大辭書。國家教育研究院。http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1302884/
趙梅如、王世億(2013)。大學生同性友誼品質之內涵驗證及性別差異分析。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系。教育心理學報，44(4)，829-852。
潘蕙韶（2008）。好士兵症候群-組織公民行為的個人代價。國立屏東科技大學企業管理系所碩士論文，屏東縣。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/2er9dv
謝安田、楊新生(2011)。職場友誼對組織認同之影響-以工作滿意度與群體凝聚力為中介變數。人文暨社會科學期刊，7(1)，77-90。
 
外文部分
Agustiningsih, H. N., Thoyib, A., & Djumilah, H. (2016). Noermijati noermijati, The effect of remuneration, job satisfaction and OCB on the employee performance. Science Journal of Business and Management, 4(6), 212-222.
Arellanoa, J. L. H., Mejíaa, G. I., Serratos-Pérezb, J. N., Alcaraza, J. L. G., & Brunettec, M. J. (2012). Construction of a survey to assess workload and fatigue among AMT operators in Mexico. Work, 41, 1790-1796.
Ashford, E. (2003). The demandingness of scanlon’s contractualism. Ethics, 113(2), 273–302.
Astrand, P. O., & Rodahl, K. (1986). Textbook of work physiology: Physiological bases of exercise. 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Audina, M. & Handayani, R. (2021). How intrinsic motivation, work discipline, and organizational citizenship behavior affect employee performance, enrichment. Journal of Management, 12(1), 1051-1057.
Bachrach, D. G., Wang, H., Bendoly, E., & Zhang, S. (2007). Importance of organizational citizenship behaviour for overall performance evaluation: Comparing the role of task interdependence in china and the USA. Management and Organization Review, 3(2), 255-276.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.
Baldwin, M. W., Keelan, J. P. R., Fehr, B., Enns, V., & Koh-Rangarajoo, E. (1996). Social-cognitive conceptualization of attachment working models: Availability and accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 94–109.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103-118.
Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee citizenship. Academic and Management Journal, 26, 587-595.
Berman, E. M., West, J. P., & Richter, M. N. (2002). Workplace rela-tions: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers). Public Administration Review, 62(2), 217-230.
Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475–482.
Bolino, M. C., & Turnley W. H. (2005). The personal costs of citizenship Behavior: The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work–family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 740–748.
Bolinoa, M. C., Turnley, W. H., & Niehoff, B. P. (2004). The other side of the story: reexamining prevailing assumptions about organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 14(2), 229-246.
Bridge, K. & Baxter, L.A. (1992). Blended relationships: Friends as work associates. Western Journal of Communication, 56(3), 200-225.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258.
Cavanaugh, M. A., Boswell, W. R., Roehling, M. V., & Boudreau, J. W. (2000). An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 65-74.
Chemolli, E., & Gagné, M. (2014). Evidence against the continuum structure underlying motivation measures derived from self-determination theory. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 575–858.
Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J., & O’Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review and critique of theory, research, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Crant, J. M. 2000. Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26, 435- 462.
Dobel, J. P. (2001). Can public leaders have friends? Public Integrity, 3, 145-158.
Fajrina, N. N., Militina, T., & G.N, A. (2020). Employee performance in PT BPD kaltim kaltara samarinda international journal of economics. Business and Accounting Research, 4(1), 55-65.
Farh, J. L., Earley, P. C., & Lin, S. C. (1997). Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 421-444.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gatewood & Field. (1998). Human resource selection (4th Ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Gay, L. R. (1992). Educational research competencies for analysis and application. Macmillan. New York.
Gilboa, S., Shirom, A., Fried, Y., & Cooper, C. (2008). A meta analysis of work demand stressors and job performance: Examining main and moderating effects. Personnel Psychology, 61, 227-271.
Gorsuch, R. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). New Jersey : Prentice-Hall.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. 6th Edition. Upper Saddle River, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hamilton, E. A. (2007). Firm friendship: Examining functions and outcomes of workplace friendship among law firm associates (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Boston College. Boston, MA.
Harvey, S., Blouin, C., & Stout, D. (2006). Proactive personality as a moderator of outcomes for young workers experiencing conflict at work. Personality and individual differences, 40(5), 1063-1074.
Haslam, S. A., Adarves-Yorno, I., Postmes, T., & Jans L. (2013). The Collective Origins of Valued Originality: A Social Identity Approach to Creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1-18.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Hidayat, W. Y. M., Retnowati, N., & Istanti. E. (2017). Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan transaksional, organizational citizenship Behavior(OCB), Reward dan punishment terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Home center indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Branchmarck, 4(3).
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
Huston, T., Levinger. E. d. (1978). Perspectives on interpersonal attraction. New York : Academic. In press.
Jones, E., Chonko, L., Rangarajan, D., & Roberts, J. (2007). The role of overload on job attitudes, turnover intentions, and salesperson performance. Journal of Business Research, 60(7), 663–671.
Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1984). USREL vi: Analysis of linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. Chicago: National Educational Resources.
Jung, H. S., & Jung, H. S. (2001). Establishment of overall workload assessment technique for various tasks and workplaces. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 28(6), 341-353.
Kahn, R. L., & Antonucci, T. C. (1980). Convoys over the life course: Attachment, roles, and social support. Life-span Development and Behavior, 3, 253–286.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Occupational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York : Wiley.
Katz, D. (1964). The Motivational Basis of Organizational Behavior. Behavioral Science, 9, 131-133.
Kohut, H. (2013). The analysis of the self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. University of Chicago Press.
Koys, G. J. (2001). The effects of employee satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover on organizational effectiveness: A Unit-Level, Longitudinal Study. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 101-114.
Kruger, L. J., Bernstein, G., & Botman, H. (1995). The relationship between team friendship and burnout among residential counselors. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(2), 191-201.
Lee, J. H. & Ok, Ch. (2011). Effects of workplace friendship on employee job satisfaction. organizational citizenship behavior, turnover intention, absenteeism, and task performance. Manhattan, USA. Kansas State university.
Li, C. (2017). Does friendship make employees better citizens? (Master thesis, The John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Canada).
Mao, H. Y. (2006). The relationship between organizational level and workplace friendship. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(10), 1819-1833.
Markiewicz, D., Devine, I., & Kausilas, D. (2000). Friendship of women and men at work job satisfaction and resource implication. Journal of Management Psychology, 15(2), 161.
Maslach, C., Goldberg, J. (1998). Prevention of burnout : New perspectives. Plied and Preventive Psychology, 7(1), 63-74.
Morrison, R. & Nolan. T. (2007). Too much of a good thing difficulties with the workplace friendship. University of Auckland Business Review, 9(2), 32-41.
Morrison, R. (2004). Informal relationships in the workplace: Associations with job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intentions. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33, 114-128.
Nemeth, C. J., & Staw, B. M. (1989). The tradeoffs of social control and innovation in groups and organizations. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 175-210.
Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychology Measurement, 60(4), 628-643.
O'Reilly, C. A., & Chatman, J. A. (1996). Culture as social control: Corporations, cults, and commitment. In B. M., Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews, 18, 157–200.
Organ, D. W. & Ryan, K. (1995). A Meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775-802.
Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior. Organizational Behavior, 12, 43-72.
Ozlem, B., Emrah, O. (2016). Effects of workplace friendship on individual outcomes. Bartin University İ.İ.B.F. Magazine, 7(13), 326-338.
Parker, S. K., & Sprigg, C. A. (1999). Minimizing strain and maximizing learning: The role of job demands, job control, and proactive personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 925–939.
Parkes, K. R. (1994). Personality and coping as moderators of work stress processes: Models, methods and measures. Work & Stress, 8(2), 110-129.
Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on organizational performance: A review and suggestion for future research. Human performance, 10(2), 133-151.
Podsakoff, P. M., Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 262–270.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
Podsakoff, P. M., Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-Reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544.
Raykov, T. (2011). Evaluation of convergent and discriminant validity with multitrait-multimethod correlations. The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology, 64(1), 38-52.
Reid, G. B., & Nygren, T, E. (1988). The Subjective Workload ssessment Technique: A Scaling Procedure for Measuring Mental Workload. Advances in Psychology, 52, 185-218.
Schreiber, J. B., Stage, F. K., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E. A. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–337.
Selye, H. (1982). History and present status of the stress concept. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects: 7-17. New York: Free Press.
Sias, P. M., & Cahill, D. J. (1998). From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in the workplace. Western Journal of Communication, 62(3), 273-299.
Sias, P. M., Smith, G., & Avdeyeva, T. (2003). Sex and sex-composition differences and similarities in peer workplace friendship development. Communication Studies, 54(3), 322-340.
Sias. P. M., Heath. R. G., Perry. T., Silva. D. & Fix. B. (2004). Narratives of workplace friendship deterioration. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, 21, 321-340.
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653–663.
Song, S. H. (2007). Workplace friendship and employees productivity: LMX Theory and the case of the Seoul City Government. International Review of Public Administration, 11(1), 47-58.
Štěpánek, M. (2015). Positive and negative effects of friendship at the workplace. Vaasa University Of Applied Sciences, International Business.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In J. T. Jost & J. Sidanius (Eds.). Key readings in social psychology. Political psychology: Keyreadings: 276–293. New York: Psychology Press.
Torkzadeh, G., Koufteros, X., & Pflughoeft, K. (2003). Confirmatory analysis of computer self-efficacy. Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal, 10(2), 263-275.
Tzeng, H. (2002). The influence of nurses’ working motivation and job satisfaction on intention to quit: An Empirical Investigation in Taiwan. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 39, 867-878.
Walz, S. M., & Niehoff, B. P. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: their relationship to organizational effectiveness. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 24(3), 301-319.
Weick, K. E. (1984). Small wins: Redefining the scale of social problems. American Psychologist, 39(1), 40–49.
Weiner, B., Graham, S., & Chandler, C. (1982). Pity, Anger, and Guilt: An attributional analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(2), 226-232.
Williams, J. R., Miller, C. E., Steelman, L. A., & Levy, P. E. (1999). Increasing feedback seeking in public contexts: It takes two (or more) to tango. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 969–976.
Williams, L. J., Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and In-Role Behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617.
Winstead, B. A., Derlega, V. J., Montgomery, M. J., & Pilkington, C. (1995). The quality of friendships at work and job satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(2), 199-215.
XIE, J., & YAN, M. (2016). Active coping or avoidance? The effect of proactive personality on the relationship between workplace ostracism and organizational citizenship behavior. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 48(10), 1314-1325.
Zhuang, W. L., Chen, K. Y., Chang, C. L., Guan, X., & Huan, T. C. (2020). Effect of hotel employees’ workplace friendship on workplace deviance behaviour: moderating role of organisational identification. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102531.