研究生: |
梁宜芬 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
影響國中生吸菸行為相關因素之研究:以桃園縣為例 Factors related to smoking behavior among junior high school students in Taoyuan County |
指導教授: | 胡益進 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
健康促進與衛生教育學系 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education |
論文出版年: | 2013 |
畢業學年度: | 102 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 175 |
中文關鍵詞: | 國中生 、菸害知識 、吸菸態度 、拒菸自我效能 、吸菸行為意向 |
英文關鍵詞: | junior high school students, smoking knowledge, smoking attitude, anti-smoking self-efficacy, smoking behavior intention |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:309 下載:53 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究主要目的為瞭解國中生吸菸現況,並探討研究對象背景因素(包含個人因素、家庭因素、學校因素、社會因素等)與菸害知識、吸菸態度、拒菸自我效能與吸菸行為意向之間的關係,及分析其對吸菸行為之預測力。研究母群體為101學年度就讀桃園縣公私立國民中學全體在學生,以班級為抽樣單位,進行分層隨機抽樣,總計抽出24班,採用結構式問卷收集資料,獲得有效問卷共569份,有效回收率為80.25%,經資料處理與分析,結果發現:
一、研究對象菸害知識會因年級、學業成績、親子關係、桃園縣國小互動式拒菸及戒菸教育印象狀況不同而有顯著差異。
二、研究對象吸菸態度會因性別、學業成績、吸菸經驗、家庭結構、親子關係、同儕吸菸狀況、桃園縣國小互動式拒菸及戒菸教育印象與一年內是否曾教導菸害防制相關課程等狀況不同而有顯著差異。
三、研究對象拒菸自我效能會因學業成績、吸菸經驗、家庭結構、親子關係、家人吸菸狀況、一週內家人吸菸天數、一個月零用錢、同儕吸菸狀況、桃園縣國小互動式拒菸及戒菸教育印象與一年內是否曾教導菸害防制相關課程等狀況不同而有顯著差異。
四、吸菸態度與拒菸自我效能可顯著預測吸菸行為意向。
五、研究對象背景因素(包含吸菸經驗、一個月零用錢、桃園縣國小互動式拒菸及戒菸教育印象)、菸害知識、吸菸態度與拒菸自我效能可有效預測吸菸行為意向,其解釋力為47%。
根據上述結果,本研究針對青少年菸害防制教育策略提出建議,做為未來執行菸害防制工作時,相關議題之研究基礎及政策使用之參考,以有效降低青少年吸菸問題。
The main purpose of this study is to understand the current situation of the junior high school students who smoke, to explore their background factors (including personal factors, family factors, school factors and social factors), smoking knowledge, smoking attitudes, anti-smoking self-efficacy and smoking behavior intention relationship, as well as to analyze the prediction of their smoking behavior.
The population was the junior high school students in Taoyuan County who enrolled in 2012. Stratified cluster random sample was used to select the respondents. Using classes as units, 24 classes were sampled. The total valid questionnaires were 569 copies. The response rate was 80.25%.
The main findings were as follows:
1.The researched objects’ smoking knowledge about differed obviously from their grades, academic achievements, parent-child relationship, anti-tobacoo education materials at elementary school in Taoyuan County and their impression on the quit- smoking lessons.
2.The researched objects’ smoking attitudes differed obviously from their gender, academic achievements, smoking experiences, family structures, parent-child relationship, whether their friends smoked, and whether they received anti-smoking lessons in a year.
3.The anti-smoking self-efficacy differed obviously from their academic achievements, smoking experiences, family structures, parent-child relationship, whether their family smoked, how many days a week their family smoked, their monthly allowance, whether their friends smoked, anti-tobacoo education materials at elementary school in Taoyuan County , their impression on the quit-smoking lessons and whether they received anti-smoking lessons in a year.
4.Their smoking attitudes and anti-smoking self-efficacy could predict smoking intention.
5.The researched objects’ background factors (including smoking experiences, monthly allowance, anti-tobacoo education materials at elementary school in Taoyuan County, and their impression on the quit-smoking lessons), smoking knowledge, smoking attitudes and anti-smoking self-efficiency could predict smokng behavior intention, which was rated 47%.
Based on the findings above, this study was to make a suggestion about anti-smoking education strategy for the adolescents and as a reference when enforcing anti-smoking strategy in the future to reduce adolescents’ smoking problem efficiently.
中文部分
中華民國學校衛生學會主編(2003)。健康促進學校工作指引。台北:行政院衛生署。
王建楠、吳重達(2006)。青少年之身心發展及行為表現。基層醫學,21(11),326-332。
王郁芳(2004)。台北縣某完全中學國中生拒菸行為及相關因素研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
王文玲、王琪珍、董旭英、彭若瑄(2007)。從Pender健康促進模式探討青少年避二手菸行為之研究。實證護理,3(4),280-288。
王家甄、嚴雅音、林碧莉、彭武德、黃曉靈(2010)。國中生吸菸行為之相關因素探討:以台中縣為例。Taiwan Journal of Oral Medicine Sciences,26(2),135-149。
王毓莉(2005)。政府運用“置入性行銷”從事菸害防制工作之初探性研究。中華傳播學刊,8,115 -159 。
內政部(2012年8月8日)。兒童及少年福利與權益保障法。台北市:內政部。2013年1月20日,取自「全國法規資料庫網站」:http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=D0050001
白瑞聰(2008)。國中生吸菸行為之研究--社會生態學模式之應用(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
台灣健康促進學校(2010)。關於HPS。台北市:國立臺灣師範大學。2013年1月20日,取自「台灣健康促進學校網站」:http://hpshome.giee.ntnu.edu.tw/Default.aspx
行政院衛生署(2008年2月22日)。戒菸教育實施辦法。台北市:行政院衛生署。2013年1月20日,取自「全國法規資料庫網站」: http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=L0070014
行政院衛生署(2009年1月23日)。菸害防制法。台北市:行政院衛生署。2013年 1 月 20日,取自「全國法規資料庫網站」:http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=L0070021.32.34.37
行政院衛生署(2012年3月29日)。100年青少年學生吸菸行為調查結果。台北市:行政院衛生署。2013年1月20日,取自「行政院衛生署網站」:http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_p01.aspx?class_no=25&level_no=1&doc_no=84115
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2010)。國中學生吸菸行為調查。台北市:行政院衛生署。2013年1月20日,取自「國民健康指標互動查詢網站」:http://olap.bhp.doh.gov.tw/index.aspx.
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2013年1月20日)。台灣菸害防制年報2010。台北市:行政院衛生署國民健康局。
行政院衛生署菸品成分資料網(2011年12月20日)。菸品資料查詢。台北市:行政院衛生署。2013年1月20日,取自「行政院衛生署國民健康局網站」:http://tobacco-information.bhp.doh.gov.tw/ch_search_list.aspx
李家銘、馬瑞杉、余德成、陳昇鴻2007)。抽淡菸且認知淡菸較不影響健康者是否吸得更深或吸入肺中。臺灣公共衛生雜誌,26(5),409-418。
李家銘、王惠正、陳昇鴻(2009)。影響淡菸吸菸決策因素之研究。人文暨社會科學期刊,5(1),1-9。
李家銘、葉春淵、黃琮琪(2004)。菸價要調漲多少?菸品健康福利捐課徵對香菸癮享。人文暨社會科學期刊,18(1),1-35。
李家銘、黃美雲、陳孟谷、黃啟瑞、黃琮琪(2009年5月)。菸害防制因素與國中青少年菸品使用:青少年吸菸行為調查實證分析。紀雪雲(主持人),健康照護。健康產業科技與管理研討會,台灣科技大學國際大樓。
李筱惠(2006),臺北縣某國中學生吸菸行為相關因素之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學。台北市。
李宜芸(2010)。隔代教養與父母教養對鄉村青少年早期階段成癮物質使用態度影響之比較(未出版碩士論文)。亞洲大學,台中市。
李蘭、孫亦君、翁慧卿(1998)。台北市國中生物質濫用行為之預測因子。醫學教育,2(4),54-62。
李蘭(2006)。兒童與青少年之健康行為。臺大校友雙月刊,44, 16-20。
李蘭、晏涵文、陳富莉、陸玿玲、吳文琪、江宜珍(2010)。健康行為與健康教育。台北市:巨流圖書股份有限公司。
李景美、苗迺芳、林宜蕙、廖信榮、李淑卿、龍芝寧、顏麗娟、林世華、周怡汝(2005)。閃亮的青春-推動臺北市無菸校園計畫。學校衛生,46,117 -137 。
李蘭、晏涵文、高松景(2005)。營造無菸校園:一個健康促進學校計畫。醫學教育,9(4),37-47。
李玉春、喬芷、楊銘欽(2010)。97至99年菸害防制政策評估計畫。行政院衛生署國民健康局委託研究成果報告(編號;970725-2),未出版。
李美芳、王瑞霞(2006)。南台灣青少年避免二手菸行為的相關因素探討。The Journal of Nursing Research,14(2),103-112。
林彗珊(2008)。同儕關係對國中生抽菸喝酒行為之影響研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學,台南市。
林子惠(2007)。「走出菸霧」介入模式對國中生吸菸行為改變之成效(未出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學,台南市。
林姵妤(2010)。台灣紙菸市場需求與管理政策之探討(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學,台北市。
林煥德(2009)。臺灣吸菸家庭之稅捐負擔與其家庭特徵研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立政治大學,台北市。
林昌誠、陳政友、黃松元、倪仲美、楊文理(2009)。台北市某國中學生氣喘疾病狀況、家庭環境狀況與參加衛生教育意願之研究,29,95-116。
周建誠、杜家駒(2008)。試論「菸品健康福利捐」的正當性。崇仁學報,2,29-48。
周思源、李玫姿、梁文敏、張麗惠、郭憲華、賴璟賢、朱日橋、郭憲文(2006)。台灣地區在校青少年吸菸、喝酒及嚼食檳榔與藥物使用之盛行率。Mid-Taiwan Journal of Medicine,11(4),177-186。
邱鈺雯(2005)。青少年吸菸及戒菸之探討-- 以高雄市八所國中高中職學校學生為例(未出版碩士論文)。高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
邱皓政(2011)。量化研究與統計分析SPSS(PASW)資料分析範例。台北市:五南。
吳坤陵(2008)。反菸媒體行銷策略及戒菸方法。秀傳季刊,23(3),10-12。
吳瑞卿(2006)。高雄市國民中學學生家長預防子女吸菸措施及相關因素探討(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
吳芳純(2010)。青少年吸菸行為及相關因素之探討-以新營市青少年為例(未出版碩士論文)。嘉南藥理科技大學,台南市。
吳旻修(2010)。花蓮縣國中生吸菸行為之相關因素探討(未出版碩士論文)。慈濟大學,花蓮市。
吳怡瑱(2010)。國小學童的父母教養方式與其正向情緒之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。高雄師範大學,高雄縣。
吳明隆、涂金堂(2010)。SPSS與統計應用分析。台北市:五南。
洪琲箴(2004)。探討「增強自我效能與拒絕技巧訓練」計畫對國中生健康態度之影響-以吸菸為例(未出版碩士論文)。臺中健康暨管理學院,台中市。
徐劭婷、張景然(2010)。應用延伸計畫理論探討青少年吸菸行為之影響因素,輔導與諮商學報,32(1),67-83。
徐于敏(2009)。青少年菸害的健康風險認知與吸菸行為的關聯─台灣地區的實證研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立中央大學,桃園縣。
紀世訓、柯惠玲(2005)。香菸行銷之市場區隔-人口統計變數之分析。正修學報,18,277-289。
教育部(2002年2月6日)。學校衛生法。台北市:教育部。2013年1月20日,取自「全國法規資料庫網站」:http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=H0020050
桃園縣政府教育局(2011)。桃園縣各級學校名冊。桃園:桃園縣政府教育局。
財團法人中華民國消費者文教基金會(2010)。99年菸害防制法執法成效評價計畫。行政院衛生署國民健康局委託研究成果報告(編號:SH980925),未出版。
財團法人醫界聯盟基金會(2013)。菸草控制框架公約(FCTC)。台北市:行政院衛生署。2013年1月20日,取自「臺灣世界衛生組織研究中心網站」:http://vip.endiva.com/who/pub/LIT_1.asp?catid=2057
財政部(2010年9月1日)。菸酒稅法。台北市:財政部。2013年1月20日,取自「全國法規資料庫網站」: http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=G0330010
許麗萍(2005)。衛生教育介入對預防青少年吸菸之成效 -以彰化縣國高中學生為調查對象(未出版碩士論文)。亞洲大學,台中市。
陳富莉(2008)。「互動式拒菸及戒菸教材」研習培訓課程(一)。陳富莉、陳相翰(主持人)。「互動式拒菸及戒菸教材」研習培訓。2008年桃園縣國民小學互動式拒菸及戒菸教材教師研習營,桃園縣政府衛生局。
陳富莉、李蘭(2004)。青少年菸品消費認同與吸菸行為之研究-以台北縣某兩所高職學生為例。臺灣公共衛生雜誌,23(1),59-70。
陳淑真、王淑珍、李淑桂、周明智(2004)。國中學生吸菸行為及其相關因素之探討。中山醫學雜誌,15,119-136。
陳隆彬(2000)。台中縣太平市國中學生拒絕吸菸行為相關因素之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
陳素娥(2011)。家庭教養風格與親子關係對青少年族群吸菸、飲酒、嚼食檳榔行為的影響(未出版碩士論文)。高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
陳炳宏、黃聿清、余陽洲、藍淑芬、柯宥嘉(2010)。校園菸害媒體識讀之教材評估與整合計畫。行政院衛生署國民健康局委託研究成果報告(編號:SH980821-1),未出版。
陳琬菁(2012)。新竹市某國中學生吸菸行為及意向與知覺家長預防吸菸措施之關係研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
陳哲民(2010)。居家室內環境因子對於青少年呼吸道症狀發生之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學,台北市。
郭柏秀(2002)。青少年吸菸與喝酒之雙胞胎追蹤研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學,台北市。
郭乃菀(2006)。家庭結構與人格因素對國中生吸菸、飲酒、嚼食檳榔之影響(未出版碩士論文)。高雄醫學大學,高雄市。
郭淑芬(2009)。高雄縣某國中學生對菸害防制法新制之認知、態度、遵行意向與遵行行為之調查研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
郭亮君(2010)。吸菸父母在學齡期子女面前吸菸相關因素之探討(未出版碩士論文)。臺北醫學大學,台北市。
郭慧琳(2008)。健康傳播。台北:華杏。
彭若瑄、王琪珍、董旭英、王文玲(2007)。以問題行為理論探討高中職學生吸菸行為之相關因素。實證護理,3(3),236-245。
黃璉華、左如梅、尹祚芊、楊瑞珍、黃子庭(1996)。國民中學學生吸菸知識、態度與行為之探討。護理雜誌,43(2),35-46。
黃紋琪(2010)。吸菸國中生嘗試戒菸行為及其影響因素之探討(未出版碩士論文)。亞洲大學,台中縣。
黃韻宇(2010)。行為示範及情感依附對七年級學生吸菸行為的影響(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學,台北市。
黃聿清(2010)。99年健康訊息媒體宣導成效監測與評估計畫。行政院衛生署國民健康局委託研究成果報告(編號:CCY99005),未出版。
曾素琴(2011)。國中生吸菸行為相關因素之研究-以桃園縣某國中為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
曾琬婷(2010)。青少年成癮物質使用態度、社會影響、拒絕自我效能與成癮物質使用意圖及行為之關係研究-以桃園縣國中學生為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
董氏基金會(2009)。提高菸稅,以價制量。台北市:。2013年1月20日,取自「華文戒菸網站」:http://www.e-quit.org/CustomPage/HtmlEditorPage.aspx?MId=105&ML=2
董氏基金會(2013年1月10日)。臺灣相關的菸害防制發展。台北市:董氏基金會。2013年1月20日,取自「華文戒菸網站」:http://www.e-quit.org/CustomPage/HtmlEditorPage.aspx?MId=236&ML=2
張玉青、葉國樑(2006)。台北市某國中學生吸菸行為意向與其相關因素之研究。學校衛生,48,63-81。
葉淑杏、曾弘富、 楊淑帆、黃怡棻、趙雅琪、蔡宜珊、李淑宜(2005)。高雄市青少年吸菸行為及其相關因素之探討。福爾摩莎醫務管理雜誌,1(1),76-86。
葉春淵、邱城英、李家銘、黃紋儀、洪榮耀(2009)。香菸課稅效果之研究-門檻迴歸模型之運用。台灣衛誌,28(4),289-299。
蔡文正、龔佩珍、胡曉雲、何清松、林登圳、謝佳玲、鄧亞莉、陳照惠、吳瑞芬、江靜穎、楊宗儒(2005)。菸害防制教育活動對青少年菸害防制知識與態度之影響。Mid-Taiwan Journal of Medicine,10(4),171-180。
臺灣菸酒股份有限公司(2007年11月27日)。歷史沿革。台北市:臺灣菸酒股份有限公司。2013年1月20日,取自「臺灣菸酒股份有限公司網站」:http://www.ttl.com.tw/home/home.aspx
鄭怡均(2010)。男性凝視下的女性吸菸者(未出版碩士論文)。元智大學,桃園縣。
劉育能(2004)。菸害預防衛生教育介入之成效評估(未出版碩士論文)。亞洲大學,台中市。
賴明嫈(2007)。國中學生吸菸行為之相關因素探討以桃園縣新明國中為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
賴香如、吳德敏、邱詩揚、李碧霞、趙國欣、鍾宜君、李欣憶、劉姿鈺(2004)。家長預防措施與子女菸害知識、反菸態度和吸菸行為研究。衛生教育學報,22,41-62。
廖敏倫(2005)。青少年性格特質與憂鬱症狀之相關- 吸菸與攻擊行為之角色(未出版碩士論文)。台北醫學大學,台北市。
廖沛伶(2009)。基隆市國中二年級學生開始吸菸行為與學校環境因素之相關(未出版碩士論文)。中山醫學大學,台中市。
廖信榮(2006)。台北市國中學生菸害預防教育介入成效研究(未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
鍾宜君、賴香如、吳德敏、李碧霞、祝年豐、劉姿鈺、李欣憶(2005)。家長預防子女吸菸措施及相關因子研究~ 以宜蘭縣四所國中為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
趙中平(2008)社經地位、教養方式與青少年道德發展之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學,台南市。
顏正芳、張明永(2003)。青少年物質使用和精神疾病的關聯性。安泰醫護雜誌,9(4),127-133。
羅暐翔(2009)。國中學生發展性資產與吸菸意向及吸菸行為之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
英文部分
Adriana, G., Russell, A.P., Christine, M. B., Kristine M. M., & Edythe D. L. (2011). Neural correlates of response inhibition and cigarette smoking in late adolescence. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1038, 970-978.
Austin, S. B., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2001). Dieting and smoking initiation in early adolescent girls and boys: a prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 91(3), 446-450.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bassani, C. (2007). Five Dimensions of Social Capital Theory as they Pertain to Youth Studies. Journal of Youth Studies, 10(1), 17-34.
Botello-Harbaum, M. T., Haynie, D. L., Iannotti, R. J., Wang, J., Gase, L., & Simons-Morton, B.(2009). Tobacco control policy and adolescent cigarette smoking status in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11(7), 875-885.
Bricker, J. B., Peterson, A. V. J., Leroux, B. G., Andersen, M. R., Rajan, K.B., & Sarason, I. G. (2006). Prospective prediction of children’s smoking transitions: role of parents’ and older siblings’ smoking. Addiction, 101(1), 128–136.
Bricker, J. B., Rajan, K. B., Andersen, M. R., & Peterson, A. V. J. (2005). Does parental smoking cessation encourage their young adult children to quit smoking? A prospective study. Addiction, 100(3), 379–386.
Brook, D. W., Brook, J. S., Zhang, C., Whiteman, M., Cohen, P., & Finch, S. J. (2008). Developmental Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking from Adolescence to the Early Thirties: Personality and Behavioral Risk Factors. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10(8), 1283-1291.
Can, G., Topbas, M., Oztuna, F., Ozgun, S., Can, E., & Yavuzyilmaz, A. (2009). Factors contributing to regular smokingin adolescents in Turkey. Journal of School Health, 79(3), 93-97.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001). Women and Smoking. Retrieved January 10, 2013, from the Word Wide Web : http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2001/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008). Global Youth Tobacco Surveillance, 2000—2007. Retrieved January, 20, 2013. from the World Wide Web: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5701a1.htm
Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., Rose, J., Sherman, S. J., Davis, M. J., & Gonzalez, J. L. (2005). Parenting style and smoking-specific parenting practices as predictors of adolescent smoking onset. Journal Pediatric Psychology, 30(4), 333–344.
Chaloupka, F. J., & Wechsler, H. (1997). Price, tobacco control policies and smoking among young adults. Journal of Health Economics, 16(3), 359-373.
Cleveland, M. J., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Pomery, E. A., & Brody, G. H. (2005). The impact of parenting on risk cognitions and risk behavio:A study of mediation and moderation in a panel of African American adolescents. Child Develoment, 76(4), 900-916.
Comhair, S. A. A., Gaston, B. M., Ricci, K. S., Hammel, J., Dweik, R. A. Gerald Teague, W. …Erzurum, S. C. (2011). Detrimental Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Relation to Asthma Severity. PLoS ONE, 6(5), doi:10.1371 /journal.pone.0018574
Croghan, I. T.; Bronars, C.; Patten, C. A.; Schroeder, D. R.; Nirelli, L. M.; Thomas, J. L.…Hurt, R. D. (2006). Is Smoking Related to Body Image Satisfaction, Stress, and Self-esteem in Young Adults ? American Journal of Health Behavior, 30(3), 322-333.
Das,S., Ghosh, M., Sarkar, M., Joardar, S., Chatterjee, R., & Chatterjee, S.(2011). Adolescents Speak: Why do we Smoke? Journal Tropical Pediatics, 57, 476-480.
DiFranza, J. R. (2008). Hooked from the first cigarette. Scientific American, 298(5), 82-87.
DiFranza, J. R., Savageau, J. A., Fletcher, K., Ockene, J. K., Rigotti, N. A., McNeill, A. D., … Wood, C. (2004). Recollections and repercussions of the first inhaled cigarette. Addictive Behaviors, 29(2), 261–272.
Engels, R. C., Hale, W. W., Noom, M., & De Vries, H. (2005). Self-efficacy and emotional adjustment as precursors of smoking in early adolescence. Substance Use & Misuse, 40(12), 1883-1893.
Eric, S., Heather, S. (2003). Prospective relations of body image, eating, and affective disturbances to smoking onset in adolescent girls: How Virginia slims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 129-135.
Fidler, J. A., West, R., Jaarsveld C. H., Jarvis, M. J., & Wardle, J. (2008). Smoking status of step-parents as a risk factor for smoking in adolescence. Addiction, 103(3), 496–501.
Florescu, A., Ferrence, R., Einarson, T., Selby, P., Soldin, O., & Koren, G. (2009). Gideon. Methods for Quantification of Exposure to Cigarette Smoking and Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Focus on Developmental Toxicology. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 31(1), 14-30.
Flensborg-Madsen, T., von Scholten, M. B., Flachs, E. M., Mortensen, E. L., Prescott, E., & Tolstrup, J. S. (2011). Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for depression. A 26-year population-based follow-up study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(2), 143–149.
French, S. A., Perry, C. L., Leon, G. R., & Fulkerson, J. A. (1994). Weight concerns, dieting behavior, and smoking initiation among adolescents: a prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 84(11), 1818-1820.
Fritz, D. J., Wider, L. C., Hardin, S. B., Horrocks, M. (2008). Program Strategies for Adolescent Smoking Cessation. Journal of School Nursing, 24(1), 21-27 .
Gilman, S. E., Rende, R., Boergers, J., Abrams, D. B., Buka, S. L., Clark, M. A., …Padyab, M. (2008). Smoking practices and risk awareness in parents regarding passive smoke exposure of their preschool children: A cross-sectional study in Tehran. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 62(6), 228-235.
Gilman S. E., Rende R., Boergers J., Abrams D. B., Buka S. L., Clark M. A., Colby S. M., Hitsman B., Kazura A. N., Lipsitt L. P., et al.(2009). Parental smoking and adolescent smoking initiation: an intergenerational perspective on tobacco control, Pediatrics, 123(2), 274-281.
Hauri, D. D., Lieb, C. M., Rajkumar, S., Kooijman, C.,Sommer, H. L., Röösli, M. (2010). Direct health costs of environmental tobacco smoke exposure and indirect health benefits due to smoking ban introduction. European Journal of Public Health, 21(3), 316-322.
Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Abbott, R. D., & Guo, J. (2005). Family influences on the risk of daily smoking initiation. Journal Adolescent Health, 37(3), 202–210.
Hu, S. S., Pallonen, U. E., & Meshack, A. F. (2010). The Impact of Immigration Status on Tobacco Use among Chinese-American Adults in Texas. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 12(2), 206.
Hu, T. W., Lin, Z., & Keeler, T. E. (2009). Teenage smoking, attempts to quit, and school performance. American Journal of Public Health, 88(6), 940-943.
Jacobsen, L. K., Slotkin, T. A., Mencl, W. E., Frost, S. J. & Pugh, K. R. (2007). Gender-Specific Effects of Prenatal and Adolescent Exposure to Tobacco Smoke on Auditory and Visual Attention. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 2453–2464.
Karp, I., O'Loughlin, J., Paradis, G., Hanley, J., & Difranza, J. (2005). Smoking trajectories of adolescent novice smokers in a longitudinal study of tobacco use. Annals of Epidemiology, 15(6), 445-452.
Kiyohara, K., Itani, Y., Kawamura, T., Matsumoto, Y., & Takahashiu, Y. (2010). Changes in the SF-8 scores among healthy non-smoking school teachers after the enforcement of a smoke-free school policy: a comparison by passive smoke status. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8(44), doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-44
Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Allegrante, J. P., & Helgason, A. R. (2009). Parental divorce and adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use: assessing the importance of family conflict. Acta Paediatrica, 98(3), 537–542.
Krejcie, R.V., Morgan, D. W.(1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activites. Educational and Psychological and Measurement, 30,607-610.
Kyrlesi, A., Soteriades, E. S., Warren, C. W., Kremastinou, J., Papastergiou, Jones N. R., Hadjichristodoulou, C. (2007). Tobacco use among students aged 13–15 years in Greece: the GYTS project. BMC Public Health, 7(3), 1-6.
Lazuras, L., Rodafinos, A., & Eiser, J. R. (2011). Adolescents' Support f or Smoke-Free Public Settings: The Roles of Social Norms and Beliefs About Exposure to Secondhand Smoke. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(1), 70-75.
Lam, T. H., Abdullah, A. S. M., Ho, L. M., Yip, A. W. C., Fan, S. (2006). Smoking and sexual dysfunction in Chinese males: findings from men's health survey. International Journal of Impotence Research, 18, 364–369.
Lee, J. M., Hwang, T. C., Ye, C. Y., Chen, S. H. (2006). The effect of cigarette price increase on the cigarette consumption in Taiwan: evidence from the National Health Interview Surveys on cigarette consumption. BMC Public Health, 4(61). Retrieved January 20, 2013, from the Word Wide Web: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/4/61
Lopez, E. N., Drobes, D. J., Thompson, J. K.,Brandon, T. H. (2008) .Effects of a body image challenge on smoking motivation among college females. Health Psychology, 27(3), 243-251.
Mahabee-Gittens, E. M., Xiao, Y., Gordon, J. S., & Khoury, J. C. (2012).Continued Importance of Family Factors in Youth Smoking Behavior. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Retrieved January, 20, 2013. from the World Wide : http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/27/ntr.nts078.abstract
Mak, K. K., Ho, S. Y., Day, J. R. (2012). Smoking of Parents and Best Friend—Independent and Combined Effects on Adolescent Smoking and Intention to Initiate and Quit Smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Advance online publication. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts008
Markham, W. A., Lopez, M. L ., Aveyard, P., Herrero, P. , Bridle, C. , Comas, A., Charlton, A., & Thomas, H. (2009). Mediated, moderated and direct effects of country of residence, age, and gender on the cognitive and social determinants of adolescent smoking in Spain and the UK: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 9. Retrieved January, 20, 2013. from the World Wide :http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-9-173.pdf
McGee, R., Williams, S., Reeder, A. (2006). Parental tobacco smoking behaviour and their children’s smoking and cessation in adulthood. Addiction, 101(8), 1193–1201.
McKee, S. A., Nhean, S., Hinson, R. E. & Mase, T. (2006). Smoking for weight control: Effect of priming for body image in female restrained eaters. Addictive Behaviors, 31(2), 2319-2323.
Michell, L., & Amos, A. (1997). Girls, pecking order and smoking. Social Science & Medicine, 44(12), 1861-1869.
Morgenstern, M., Poelen, E. A. P., Scholte, R., Karlsdottir, S., Jonsson, H. S.,Federica M, Hanewinkel, R. (2011). Smoking in movies and adolescent smoking: cross-cultural study in six European countries, Thorax, 66(10), 875-883.
Nier, T., Kulis, S., Keith, V. M., & Hurdle, D. (2005). Body Image, Acculturation, and Substance Abuse Among Boys and Girls in the Southwest. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31(4), 617-639.
O'Loughlin, J., Karp, I., Koulis, T., Paradis, G., & DiFranza, J. (2009). Determinants of First Puff and Daily Cigarette Smoking in Adolescents. American Journal Epidemiol, 170(5), 585-597.
Oman, R. F., Vesely, S. K., Tolma, E., Aspy, C. B., Rodine, S., & Marshall, L. (2007). Does Family Structure Matter in the Relationships Between Youth Assets and Youth Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Use? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(4), 743–766.
Otten, R., Engels, R. C., van de Ven, M. O., & Bricker, J. B. (2007). Parental smoking and adolescent smoking stages: the role of parents’ current and former smoking, and family structure. Journal Behavioral Medicine., 30(2), 143–154.
Otten, R., van Lier, P. A., & Engels, R. C. (2011). Disentangling two underlying processes in the initial phase of substance use: Onset and frequency of use in adolescent smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 36(3), 237–240.
Otten, R., Wanner, B., Vitaro, F., Ruter, C. M., & Engels, E. (2008). Own and Friends' Smoking Attitudes and Social Preference as Early Predictors of Adolescent Smoking. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(4), 808-819.
Patten, C. A., Enoch, C., Renner, C. C., Offord, K. P. , Nevak, C. , Kelley, S. F., Kaur, J. S. (2009). Focus Groups of Alaska Native Adolescent Tobacco Users: Preferences for Tobacco Cessation Interventions and Barriers to Participation. Health Education & Behavior, 36(4), 711-723.
Peterson, A. V. Jr., Leroux, B. G., Bricker, J., Kealey ,K. A., Marek, P. M., Sarason, I. G., & Andersen, M. R. (2006). Nine-year prediction of adolescent smoking by number of smoking parents. Addiction Behavior, 31(5), 788–801.
Piontek, D., Buehler, A., Rudolph, U., Metz, K., Kroeger, C., Gradl, S., Floeter, S. , & Donath, C. (2008). Social contexts in adolescent smoking: Does school policy matter? Health Education Research, 23(6), 1029-1038.
Pinilla, J., González, B., Barber, P., & Santana, Y. (2002). Smoking in young adolescents: an approach with multilevel discrete choice models, Journal Epidemiology Community Health, 56, 227-232.
Poland, B., Frohlich, K., Haines, R. J., Mykhalovskiy, E., Rock, M., & Sparks, R. (2006). The social context of smoking: the next frontier in tobacco control? Tobacco Control, 15(1), 59–63.
Rasmussen, M., Damsgaard, M. T., Holstein, B, E. Poulsen, L. H., Due, P. (2005). School connectedness and daily smoking among boys and girls: the influence of parental smoking norms. European Journal of Public Health, 15(6), 607-612.
Rudatsikira, E., Muula, A. S., Siziya, S. (2009). Current cigarette smoking among in-school American youth: results from the 2004 National Youth Tobacco Survey, Iternational Journal for Equity in Health, 8(10), Retrieved January, 20, 2013. from the World Wide Web: http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/8/1/10
Sabiston, C. M., Lovato, C. Y., Ahmed, R., Pullman, A. W., Hadd, V., Campbell, H. S., Nykiforuk, C., & Brown, K. S. (2009). School Smoking Policy Characteristics and Individual Perceptions of the School Tobacco Context: Are They Linked to Students’ Smoking Status? Journal Youth Adolescence, 38, 1374–1387.
Shin, S.R. (2011). The Effect of a Smoking Prevention Program Using a Video on Adolescent's Intention, Assertiveness and Attitude toward Smoking. International Nursing Research Congress, Retrieved Janurary, 20,2013. from the World Wide Web: http://www.nursinglibrary.org/vhl/handle/10755/153692?mode=full
Shakib, S., Zheng, H., Johnson, C. A., Chen, X., Sun, P., Palmer, P. H…., Unger, J. B. (2005). Family characteristics and smoking among urban and rural adolescents living in China. Prev Medcine, 40(1), 83–91.
Singh, G. K., Siahpush, M., & Kogan, M. D. (2010). Disparities in Children's Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the United States. Pediatrics, 126(4), Retrieved January, 20, 2013. from the World Wide Web: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/126/1/4.full.pdf+html
Smith, B. N., Bean, M. K., Mitchell,K. S., Speizer, I. S., & Fries, E. A. (2007). Psychosocial factors associated with non-smoking adolescents' intentions to smoke. Health Education Research, 22(2). 238-247.
Sterling, K. L., Diamond, P. M., Mullen, P. D., Pallonen, U., Ford, K. H., McAlister A. L. (2007). Smoking-relatedself-efficacy, beliefs, and intention: Assessing factorial validity and structural relationships in 9th–12th grade current smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 32(9),1863–1876.
Summerlin-Long, S. K., Goldstein, A. O., Davis, J., & Shah, V. (2009). Promoting Tobacco-Free School Policies Through a Statewide Media Campaign. Journal of School Health, 79(4), 184–192.
Thrasher, J. F., Jackson, C., Arillo-Santillan, E., & Sargent, J. D. (2008). Exposure to smoking imagery in popular films and adolescent smoking in Mexico. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, 92-102.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking- Attributable Disease A Report of the Surgeon General-2010. Retrieved January, 20, 2013. from the World Wide Web: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/tobaccosmoke/factsheet.html
U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2012). Preventing Tobacco Use AmongYouth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Retrieved Janurary, 20, 2013. from the World Wide Web: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/preventing-youth-tobacco-use/full-report.pdf
Voorhees, C. C., Ye, C., Carter-Pokras, O., MacPherson, L., Kanamori, M., Zhang, G., Chen, L., & Fiedler, R. (2011). Peers, tobacco advertising, and secondhand smoke exposure influences smoking initiation in diverse adolescents. American Journal of Health Promotion, 25(3), 1-11.
Volk, H. E., Scherrer, J. F., Bucholz, K. K., Todorov, A., Heath, A. C., Jacob, T., & True, W. R. (2007). Evidence for specificity of transmission of alcohol and nicotine dependence in an offspring of twins design. Drug Alcohol Depend, 87(2–3), 225–232.
Wallace, J. M. Jr., Vaughn, M. G., Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., & Jacobsen, L. K., Slotkin, T. A., Mencl, W. E., Frost, S. J. & Pugh, K. R. (2007). Gender-Specific Effects of Prenatal and Adolescent Exposure to Tobacco Smoke on Auditory and Visual Attention. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 2453–2464.
Waa, A., Edwards, R., Newcombe, R., Zhang, J., Weerasekera, D., Peace, J., & McDuff , I. (2012).Parental behaviours, but not parental smoking, influence current smoking and smoking susceptibility among 14 and 15 year-old children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 35(6), 530–536.
Warren, C. W., Jones, N. R., Peruga, A., Chauvin, J., Baptiste, J. P., Silva,V. C., Awa, F.,…Asma, S. (2008). Global Youth Tobacco Surveillance, 2000-2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57, 1-21.
Walque, D. (2007). Does education affect smoking behaviors?: Evidence using the Vietnam draft as an instrument for college education. Journal of Health Economics, 26(5), 877–895.
White J. (2012). The contribution of parent–child interactions to smoking experimentation in adolescence: implications for prevention. Health Educ. Res, 27 (1), 46-56.
World Health Organization (2011). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic: warning about the dangers of tobacco. Retrieved Janurary, 20, 2013. from the World Wide Web: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf
World Health Organization(2012, December 27). Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI)〔Announcement〕. Retrieved January, 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web: http://www.who.int/tobacco/en/
World Health Organization (2013). Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) . Retrieved January, 20, 2013. from the World Wide Web: http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/survey/gyts/country_reports/en/index.html
Wu, J. & Liu, D. (2007). The Effects of Trust and Enjoyment on Intention to Play Online Games. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 8(2), 128-140.