研究生: |
張在蓓 Chang, Tsai-Pei |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
青少年母親親職適應團體之成效研究-Bowen家庭系統理論之運用 Effect research of junior-high students’female parenting groups based on Bowen Family Systems theory |
指導教授: |
張世華
Chang, Shih-Hua |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
教育心理與輔導學系 Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling |
論文出版年: | 2018 |
畢業學年度: | 106 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 154 |
中文關鍵詞: | 青少年母親 、情緒成熟 、親子分化 、親職團體 、Bowen家庭系統理論 |
英文關鍵詞: | Bowen Family Systems Theory, Differentiation within the mother/child subsystem, Emotional maturity, Parenting group, Mothers with young adolescents |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/THE.NTNU.DEPC.016.2018.F02 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:294 下載:48 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在探討Bowen家庭系統理論運用於青少年母親親職適應團體在降低團體成員親子間焦慮、提升其親子分化程度,與改善其情緒成熟度的立即性與追蹤性效果。本研究採取混合研究中之崁入式準實驗設計,以不等組前後測實驗設計分為實驗組六人與比較組五人,實驗介入為連續八週、每週二小時之運用Bowen家庭系統理論的青少年母親親職適應團體,以評估本研究團體之實驗介入在各依變項的立即性效果,並於研究團體結束後四周對實驗組進行追蹤測,以評估本研究團體實驗介入的追蹤性效果。此外,本研究在團體結束後一週進行焦點團體訪談,以質性研究資料探討研究參與者在參加此團體後,對其個人、親子關係、及家庭系統的幫助與改變情形,作為量化研究結果之佐證與補充。
本研究結果發現:在量化研究部分,經過研究團體之實驗介入後,研究參與者的親子間焦慮下降幅度約50%;其親子分化程度之提升具有立即性效果與追蹤性效果;而其情緒成熟度則不具有立即性效果與追蹤性效果。在質性研究部分,在參與研究團體之後,研究參與者主觀感知的幫助與改變包括:1. 個人內在的幫助與改變:能更多覺察與調整內在期待與教養信念,在情緒性反應部分增進自我控制的能力與方法;2. 母親角色再定位:重新檢視身為青少年母親的自己,思考其角色與功能,並嘗試聚焦在自我成長與情緒照顧;3. 親子互動的幫助與改變:調節親子界限,提供子女獨立嘗試自主的空間,同時增進親子正向的連結;4. 親子衝突的改善:能降低親子衝突,或是親子衝突雖未減少,但能採取情緒穩定的方式進行因應;5. 家庭系統成員互動的改變:部分成員之親子互動、夫妻與子女的三角關係、以及娘家家庭系統成員互動有正面改變發生。最後,本研究依據上述研究結果,提出本研究之限制與未來建議。
This study aimed to examine and explore the effects of a parenting group based on Bowen theory for mothers with young adolescents in Taiwan. An embedded quasi-experimental design of mixed method research was used for the study. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the parenting group on reducing participants’ anxiety toward the parent/adolescent relationship, enhancing differentiation within the mother/child subsystem, as well as increasing participants’ emotion maturity. The secondary purpose of this study was to explore participants’ personal experiences and understandings of the parenting group in the changes among oneself, the mother/adolescent relationship, as well as the family systems. The group model consisted of eight two-hour sessions for a total of sixteen hours for eight successive weeks. Participants were eleven mothers with at least one young adolescent child in Taipei, and they participated in either the experimental group or the comparative group.
For the purpose of the study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect and analyze the data. Quantitative data were collected at the pre-test and post-test scores on the Chinese versions of Differentiation in the Family System Scale (DIFS) and Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (C-DSI) for both of the groups. Participants’ mother’s anxiety toward the mother/adolescent relationship scores were assessed by the group observer in each group session. In addition, participants’ follow-up scores on the DIFS-Chinese version and C-DSI in the experimental group were collected four weeks after the group ended. Qualitative data were collected by a focus-group interview for participants one week after each of the two groups ended.
Results of this study showed that participants’ anxiety toward the mother/adolescent relationship decreased about 50%. Results of the ANCOVA analyses and t tests indicated that there were immediate and follow-up effects on increasing differentiation within the mother/child subsystem for the experimental group. However, no immediate nor follow-up effects on improving participants’ emotion maturity were found. Further, qualitative data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis, and findings revealed that the parenting group provided assistance to participants’ intrapersonal changes as well as the positive changes in their mother/adolescent relationships and family systems.
The implications of these findings for the parenting group using Bowen theory as well as the limitations of this study and suggestions for the future study are discussed.
一、中文部分
王大維(1996):家庭系統分化與大學生的心理社會發展之關係研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
田美惠(2010):薩提爾模式親職團體對國中單親家長的輔導效果研究。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商研究所碩士論文。
行政院(2011):100年台灣婦女生活狀況調查報告。取自行政院主計處網站:http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/Survey/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3/100%E5%B9%B4%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%8B%80%E6%B3%81%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A.pdf,2016年3月15日。
呂玉瑕(1984):婦女就業與家庭角色、權力結構之關係。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,56,111-143。
李孟真(2000):「理情U型自尊模式」親職團體方案對國中家長教養態度親子關係及其子女自尊之影響研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
余德慧(1988):「中國人的心理」叢書編序:中國人心底的故事。載於張老師月刊編輯部(主編),中國人的父母經-黏結與親情(1-12)。台北市:張老師。
宋曜廷、潘佩妤(2010):混合研究在教育研究的應用。教育科學研究期刊,55(4),97-130。
吳明燁(1998):母親就業對於夫母角色分工的影響—以育有青少年子女的家庭為例。中國文化大學社會文化學報,6,113-141。
吳麗娟(1997):青少年心理發展與適應之整合性研究-父母自我分化、教養態度對青少年子女自我分化、因應策略及適應影響之研究暨親職教育課程效果之實驗研究(I)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。(編號︰NSC86-2413-H003-011-G10。)
吳麗娟(1998):父母自我分化、教養態度對青少年子女自我分化, 因應策略及適應影響之研究。教育心理學報,30(1),91-132。
吳麗娟(1999):「共依附」父母的親職教育:放下孩子、釋放自己。諮商與輔導,157,17-23。
邱珍婉(2006):女性主義治療—理論與實務運用。台北市:五南。
邱獻輝(1999):青少年家長親子溝通諮詢團體之效果研究。臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系學位論文。
邱獻輝、鄔佩麗(2004):親子溝通諮詢團體方案之效果研究。教育心理學報,36(1),35-57。
胡幼慧(1995):三代同堂—迷思與陷阱。台北市:巨流。
胡幼慧(1991):性別、社會角色與憂鬱症狀。婦女與兩性學刊,2,1-18。
伊慶春、簡文吟(2002):台灣的家庭與變遷。王振寰(主編),台灣社會(275-310)。台北:巨流。
周玉真(2007):焦點解決親職團體之團體效果與療效因素分析。教育心理學報,29(1),1-21。
林世莉(2003):運用焦點解決法於國小學童家長親職教育方案效果之研究。中國文化大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
林家興(2003):團體輔導在親職教育上的應用-系列研究結果之分享。載於中國輔導學會(主編),2003年年會暨諮商心理與輔導專業國際學術研討會手冊(4-19)。國立臺灣師範大學綜合大樓及教育學院大樓。
林家興(2007):親職教育的原理與實務(第二版)。台北市:心理。
林家興(2010):哪些因素最能預測親職教育團體的效果?教育心理學報,41(4),847-858。
林家興、曾端真、李淑娟(2007):家庭與親職。台北縣:國立空中大學。
林靜雯、陳蘇陳英(2010):「自我區分量表」中文版 (C-DSI)之效度測量研究報告。香港:香港國際社會服務社。
高淑清(2008):質性研究的十八堂課-首航出探之旅。高雄:麗文文化。
許月雲(1990):反映式溝通親職教育方案之效果研究。國立臺灣師範大學家政研究所碩士論文。
張子正(1998):統整式親職訓練團體方案效果之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。
張愛華(1986):父母效能系統訓練對母親教養態度與教養行為之影響。文化大學兒童與福利研究所碩士論文。
張寶珠(1993):從家族治療理論看子女管教問題。諮商與輔導,92,9-14。
畢恆達(2010): 教授為什麼沒告訴我。台北市:學富。
莊慧美、卓紋君(2006):大學生分離-個體化團體諮商之影響分析。中華輔導學報,19,73-108。
許淨惠(2011):多元整合模式親職團體輔導方案對國小中低年級兒童行為與家長之影響。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文。
陳玲菲(2007):現實治療親職團體對國小父母教養態度與親子溝通輔導效果之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
陳貞夙(2011):理情行為親職團體諮商運用於非行少年家長之效果研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系所博士論文。
陳雅琴(2003):「溝通分析親職團體」對國小母親親子溝通及管教方式之成效。國立屏東師範學院心理輔導教育研究所碩士論文。
陳蘇陳英(2015):Bowen理論在親職教育的運用。「Bowen家庭系統理論與多元領域對話國際研討會」發表之主題演講。台北市實踐大學國際會議廳。
曾端真(1989):家庭系統觀點在親子關係上的應用。諮商與輔導,48,33-36。
曾端真(1995):親職教育模式與方案。台北市:天馬。
黃瑛琪(1997):由家庭系統分化的觀點探討家有青少年子女的親子關係。學生輔導,53,102-109。
黃聖桂(2001):對青少年子女親子管教的文獻回顧:性別敏感的觀點。中華心理衛生學刊,14(1),89-111。
賈紅鶯(1991):父母自我分化、子女自我分化與子女適應水準之相關研究:Bowen家庭系統理論之驗證。台北市:國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
劉育姍(2006):理情親職團體諮商對非理性信念國中生家長親子關係之效果研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
劉姿吟(1992):父母效能系統訓練方案之效果研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
劉惠琴(2000):母女關係的社會建構。應用心理研究,6,97-130。
劉瓊珊、張世華(2017)。Bowen自我分化諮商團體於共依附特質傾向青少年之成效與療效因素初探。中華輔導與諮商學報,50,89-121。
鄭玉英(1984):操作性制約論導向親職訓練方案之效果研究。國立臺灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
歐陽儀(1998):由教養方式代間傳遞過程談未來親職教育的發展方向。輔導季刊,34(4),42-53。
歐陽儀、吳麗娟(1998):教養方式與依附關係代間傳遞模式之研究。教育心理學報,30(2),33-58。
潘淑滿(2005):台灣母職圖像。女學學誌:婦女與性別研究,20,41-91。
蔡春美、翁麗芳、洪福財(2001):親子關係與親職教育。台北市:心理。
蔡素琴(2010):家有青少年子女的母親於親子衝突歷程中母職經驗之敘事研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所博士論文。
簡文英(2002):薩提爾模式親職成長團體對國中生家長輔導效果之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
簡文英、卓紋君(2003):國內親職教育團體研究的回顧與分析。諮商與輔導,211,2-10。
顏碧慧(1994):家庭系統取向訓練方案對單親母親親職效能影響之研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
魏清蓮(1987):整合式親職訓練方案之效果研究。國立臺灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
羅國英(1998):青少年前期的同儕關係:與親子關係的延續、競爭、或彌補?東吳大學社會工作學報,4,35-78。
羅國英(2000):母親教養期望與親職壓力及青少年親子關係知覺的關聯—兼談學業成就於其中的角色。私立東吳社會工作學報,6,35-72。
王慧玲、連雅慧譯(2002):家族治療的理論與方法。台北市:洪葉。Nichols, M. P. & Schwartz, R. C. (1998). Family therapy. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
江文賢等人譯(2013):Bowen家庭系統理論之八大概念:一種思考個人與團體的新方式。台北市:秀威資訊科技。Gilbert, R. (2006). The eight concepts of Bowen theory. Falls Church, VA: Leading System Press.
江文賢、林芝華、許恩婷、林廉峻譯(2014):人生與領導的基石概念。台北市:台灣婚姻與家庭輔導學會。Gilbert, R. (2008). The Cornerstone Concept: In Leadership, in Life. Falls Church, VA: Leading Systems Press.
江文賢、田育慈譯(2016):解決關係焦慮:Bowen家庭系統理論的理想關係藍圖。台北市:張老師。Gilbert, R. (1992). Extraordinary relationships: A new way of thinking about human interactions. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
林正昌主譯(2015):研究設計:質性、量化及混合方法取向。台北市:學富。Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
張欣戊、林淑玲、李明芝譯(2010):發展心理學。台北市:新加坡商聖智學習。 Shaffer, D. R., & Katherine, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
張慧芝譯(2001):人類發展-兒童心理學。台北市:美商麥格羅希爾。Papalia, D. E., Olds, S. W. & Feldman, R. D. (2001). Human Development. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
劉安真、黃慧涵、梁淑娟、顏妃伶譯(1995):團體諮商:策略與技巧。台北:五南。Jacobs, E. E., Harvill, R. L., & Masson, R. L. (1994). Group Counseling: Strategies & Skills. Pacific Grove, CA: Brook/Cole.
劉淑慧、田秀蘭、陳淑琦、張勻銘、黃莉惟、廖書糸堇、陳慧甄等譯(2009):諮商研究法。台北市:新加坡商聖智學習。Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2008). Research design in counseling. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
劉瓊瑛(2011):家族治療。台北市:洪葉文化。Nichols, M. P. (2010). Family therapy: Concepts and methods. Boston, MA: Pearson.
二、英文部分
Abidin, R. R., & Carter, B. D. (1980). Workshops and parent groups. In R. R. Abidin (Ed.), Parent education and intervention handbook (pp. 107-129). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Anderson, S. A., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1992). The differentiation in the family system scale (DIFS). American Journal of Family Therapy, 20(1), 77-89.
Allison, M., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1988). Differentiation and individuation as mediators of identity and intimacy in adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 3, 1-16.
Barber, J. G. (1992). Evaluating parent education groups: Effects on sense of competence and social isolation. Research on Social Work Practice, 2(1), 28-38.
Bartle-Haring, S., Brucker, P., & Hock, E. (2002). The impact of parental separation anxiety on identity development in late adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17(5), 439-450.
Blos, P. (1979). Adolescent passage. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
Bowen, M. (1976). Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. In Guerin, P. J. (ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice. (pp. 42-90). New York, NY: Gardner Press.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Brown, J. (1999). Bowen family systems theory and practice: Illustration and critique. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 20(2), 94-103.
Carter, B. & McGoldrick, M. (2005a). Overview: The expanded family life cycle: Individual, family, and social perspectives. In B. Carter & M. McGoldrick (Eds.), The expanded family life cycle: individual, family, and social perspectives. (pp.1-26.). New York, NY: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
Carter, B. & McGoldrick, M. (2005b). Coaching at various stages of the life cycle. In B. Carter & M. McGoldrick (Eds.), The expanded family life cycle: individual, family, and social perspectives. (pp. 436-454). New York, NY: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
Chang, S. H. (2016). Testing a model of codependency for college students in Taiwan based on Bowen’s concept of differentiation. International Journal of Psychology, 53(2), 107-116.
Chethik, M. (1989). Techniques of child therapy: Psychodynamic strategies. New York, NY: Guilford.
Cowdery, R. S., & Knudson-Martin, C. (2005). The construction of motherhood: Tasks, relational connection, and gender equality. Family Relations, 54, 335-345.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
Dembo, M. H., Sweitzer, M., & Lauritzen, P. (1985). An evaluation of group parent education: Behavioral, PET, and Adlerian programs. Review of Educational Research, 55(2), 155-200.
Drake, J. R., Murdock, N. L., Marszalek, J. M., & Barber, C. E. (2015). Differentiation of Self Inventory—Short form: Development and preliminary validation. Contemporary Family Therapy, 37(2), 101-112.
Elieson, M. V., & Rubin, L. J. (2001). Differentiation of self and major depressive disorders: A test of Bowen theory among clinical, traditional, and Internet groups. Family Therapy, 28(3), 125.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York, NY: Norton.
Farley, J. E. (1979). Family separation‐individuation tolerance‐a developmental conceptualization of the nuclear family. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 5(1), 61-67.
Friedman, E. H. (1991). Bowen theory and therapy. In A. S. Gurman & D. P. Kniskern (Eds), Handbook of family therapy (vol. 2, pp. 134-170). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
Getz, H., & Gunn, W. B. (1988). Parent education from a family-systems perspective. The School Counselor, 35(5), 331-336.
Gilbert, R. M. (1999). Connecting with our children: Guiding principles for parents in a troubled world. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Greif, G. L. (1994). Using family therapy ideas with parenting groups in schools. Journal of Family therapy, 16(2), 199-207.
Greif, G. L., & Drechsler, M. (1993). Common issues for parents in a methadone maintenance group. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 10(4), 339-343.
Grotevant, H. D., & Cooper, C. R. (1986). Individuation in family relationships. Human Development, 29(2), 82-100.
Ham, A. (2011). Parenting the parents: The school-based, brief, insight-oriented parent support group. Group, 35(2), 93-104.
Helsen, M., Vollebergh, W., & Meeus, W. (2000). Social support from parents and friends and emotional problems in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(3), 319-335.
Hoffman, J. A. (1984). Psychological separation of late adolescents from their parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 170-178.
Hooper, L. M., & DePuy, V. (2010). Mediating and moderating effects of differentiation of self on depression symptomatology in a rural community sample. The Family Journal, 18(4), 358-368.
Hovell, M. F., Blumberg, E. J., Liles, S., Powell, L., Morrison, T. C., Duran, G., Sipan, C. L., Burkham, S., & Kelly, N. (2001). Training AIDS and anger prevention social skills in at-risk adolescents. Journal of Counseling and Development, 79(3), 347.
Innes, M. (1995). Parent-teen connection: Towards a family systems approach to group therapy with young “At-risk” adolescents and their parents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy, 5(4), 215-228.
Kerr, M. E. (1988). Chronic anxiety and defining a self. The Atlantic Monthly, 9, 35-58.
Kerr, M. E. (1992). Physical illness and family emotional system: Psoriasis as a model. Behavioral Medicine, 18, 101-113.
Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. New York, NY: Norton & Company.
Klever, P. (2008). Triangles in marriage. In P. Titleman (Ed.), Triangles Bowen family system perspectives. (pp. 240-264). Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.
Law, J., Plunkett, C., Taylor, J., & Gunning, M. (2009). Developing policy in the provision of parenting programmes: Integrating a review of reviews with the perspectives of both parents and professionals. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(3), 302-312.
Lundahl, B., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2006). A meta-analysis of parent training: Moderators and follow-up effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 86-104.
Lu, H. S. (2004). Transcribing feminism: Taiwanese women’s experiences. In C. Farris, A. Lee, & M. Rubinstein (Eds.), Women in the new Taiwan: Gender roles and gender consciousness in a changing society (pp. 223-243). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
MacPhee, D., Fritz, J., & Miller-Heyl, J. (1996). Ethnic variations in personal social networks and parenting. Child Development, 67, 3278-3295.
McGoldrick, M., & Carter, B. (2001). Advances in coaching: Family therapy with one person. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 27(3), 281-300.
Medway, F. J. (1989). Measuring the effectiveness of parent education. In M. J. Fine (Ed. ), The second handbook on parent education (pp. 237-256). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Preto, N. G. (1995). Transformation of the family system during adolesccence. In B. Carter & M. McGoldrick (Eds.), The expanded family life cycle. (pp. 274-286). New York, NY: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
Rauseo, E. L. (2008). Child focus: Triangles that come and stay. In P. Titleman (Ed.), Triangles Bowen family system perspectives. (pp. 265-290). Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.
Rothman, B. K. (2000). Recreating motherhood. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Sabatelli, R. M., & Anderson, S. A. (1991). Family system dynamics, peer relationships, and adolescents' psychological adjustment. Family Relations, 363-369.
Sabatelli, R. M., & Mazor, A. (1985). Differentiation, individuation, and identity formation: The integration of family system and individual developmental perspectives. Adolescence, 20(79), 619-633.
Skowron, E. A. (2000). The role of differentiation of self in marital adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(2), 229.
Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The Differentiation of Self Inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 235.
Skowron, E. A., Wester, S. R., & Azen, R. (2004). Differentiation of self mediates college stress and adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD, 82(1), 69.
Teyber, E. (1983). Effects of the parental coalition on adolescent emancipation from the family. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(3), 305-310.
Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1992). Intergenerational transmission of parenting: A review of studies in nonclinical populations. Developmental Review, 12(1), 76-99.
Wei, M., Vogel, D. L., Ku, T. Y., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, affect regulation, negative mood, and interpersonal problems: The mediating roles of emotional reactivity and emotional cutoff. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), 14.