研究生: |
劉彥珈 Liu, Yen-Chia |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
華語及英語二語教材架構與練習比較研究—以《American Headway》及《中文聽說讀寫》為例 A Comparative Study on Structures and Exercises in CSL and ESL textbooks: Using Integrated Chinese and American Headway as a Reference |
指導教授: | 曾金金 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2020 |
畢業學年度: | 108 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 170 |
中文關鍵詞: | 華語教材 、二語教材 、練習 、教材架構 、話題 |
英文關鍵詞: | CSL textbooks, Exercises, Structures, Exercise types, The titles of the units |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202001127 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:138 下載:5 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
一部教材的練習對課堂教學品質有直接的影響。語言教材練習的作用在於檢測學習者的輸入、輸出,以及學習者是否有效習得,其重要性不言而喻。綜觀諸多華語教材相關文獻,都提到華語教材練習有許多待改進之處,例如:練習拘泥於語法操練,機械性練習較多,交際性的練習相對少,練習不足等問題。此外,教材整體編輯架構會影響練習的分布及類型,因此在探討教材練習時,不能將教材架構排除在外。故教材架構以及教材練習為本研究兩大分析方向。
本文主要採取內容分析法,先從文獻歸納出教材架構與練習的分析依據—教材編寫原則及教材練習評估面向,再剖析中級華語及英語二語教材的架構與練習。首先,從全冊、各課及教材內容等三方面切入分析架構,再對教材練習的種類、控制程度、聽說讀寫比例、主題相關性及活動參與形式等進行分析。最後,總結這兩部二語教材的練習及架構差異程度。
研究發現華語教材的架構是主體部分與練習部分的二分法,而英語教材的架構則是無主體部分,練習分散於該課各區塊。華語教材練習圍繞該課的課文發展,各課單元名稱、順序固定,但練習之間關聯不緊密,內容則以語法結構為主。而英語教材則是以話題為主發展出多篇課文及練習,雖各課單元名稱、順序不固定,但練習間關聯緊密,符合該課主題。內容方面,華語教材話題侷限校園生活,版面整齊有系統,但略嫌單調;而英語教材則話題多樣,易引起討論,雖每課版面設計不一,看似不整齊,但版面活潑吸引人。華語教材為「單一技能」的練習,一個單元只練習一樣技能,如:「聽」;英語教材為「合併技能」的練習,如:將「聽」、「說」結合在同一單元一起練習。參與形式方面,華語教材偏向一個單元一種參與形式;英語教材則是一個單元融合不同參與形式,如:將「個人練習」與「配對練習」融合在一個練習單元中。英語教材的練習題及練習種類均比華語教材量多及豐富,兩部皆是以教師為中心的教材。最後筆者再就研究發現提出華語教材練習的編寫建議並在文末設計了一些範例。
The quality of textbooks has a significant impact on the quality of teaching. Exercises in textbooks give L2 learners opportunities to be exposed to comprehensible input and to produce output. Exercises can also be used to check effective learner language acquisition. Recent research shows that exercises in CSL textbooks tend to focus on grammar, mainly mechanical drills, while there are relatively fewer communicative drills. Furthermore, studies also show that exercises in CSL textbooks are often inadequate, irrelevant to the topic, etc. The structure of the whole textbook has great influence on the exercise types and the layout of the exercises. Therefore, the structures are taken into consideration while analyzing exercises. This research includes the structure and the exercises of the textbooks.
The research methodology used in this study is content analysis. Firstly, the study reviews literature on second language acquisition and language teaching materials, analyzing the structure, contents and practical exercises in an attempt to find key principles of structure and exercise design in textbooks to base further comparative analysis of CSL and ESL on. Secondly, the analysis compares the structure as a whole, the contents, the titles of the units and practical exercises in the textbooks. In comparing the exercises, a review is made of the level of control, four skills’ percentage, the relationship between exercises and text, types of participation, and the layout. Finally, this study sums up the key differences, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of both textbooks with the aim of providing recommendations for the future design of exercises in Mandarin teaching materials.
The study found that the structure of CSL textbooks can be divided into two parts: (1) a main text part and (2) accompanying exercises; while the structure of ESL textbooks is not dichotomous. CSL textbook exercises are based on the main text parts. The titles and the order of the units are fixed in each lesson. However, the connections between exercises in CSL textbooks are weak and the content is usually form-focused. ESL textbook exercises are topic-based. One lesson topic can develop numerous texts and exercises. The titles and the order of the units are different in each lesson, but the connections between exercises are strong and in accordance with the lesson topic. The topics of CSL textbooks are confined to campus life. On the other hand, ESL textbooks cover a variety of topics, which can trigger conversation easily. CSL textbook page layouts are uniform and clear, though can appear lacklustre. ESL textbook page layouts are different in each lesson and the designs are lively and appealing. As far as language skills are concerned, CSL textbooks primarily focus on one skill in an exercise while ESL textbooks tend to combine two or more skills in an exercise. The number of exercises and exercise types in ESL textbooks are higher than those in CSL textbooks. Both CSL and ESL textbooks are teacher-centered teaching materials. Based on the research findings, the researcher designs a few exercises at the end of the study.
AbdelWahab, M. M. (2013). Developing an English Language Textbook Evaluative Checklist. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 3(1), 55-70
Bialystok, E. (1978) . A Theoretical Modal of Second Language Learning. Language Learning, 1, 69-83.
Brown, H. D. (2007). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. NY: Pearson Education.
Brown, H. D. (2006). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, 5th ed. NY: Pearson Education.
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical base of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1-47.
Crookes, G. and Chaudron, C. (1991). Guidelines for classroom language teaching. In Celce-Murcia, Marianne(Ed.). 1991. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Second Edition. New York: Newbury House. p.52-54.
de Bot, K. (1996). The Psycholinguistics of the Output Hypothesis. Language learning, 46, 529-555
DeKeyser, R. (2007). Practice in a Second Language: Perspectives from Applied Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology (Cambridge Applied Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, R. (1999). The study of second language acquisition. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press.
Hussain, K. (1994). Translation in the ESL classroom: Emerging trends. International Journal of Translation, 1, 115-130.
Larsen-Freeman D. (2011). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. NY: Oxford University Press.
Paulston, C. B. and Bruder, M. N.(1976). Teaching English as a Second Language: Techniques and Procedures. Cambridge, MA: Winthtop.
Rivers, W. M. (1968/81). Teaching foreign language skills, (2nd ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Siegel, A.(2014). What should we talk about? The authenticity of textbook topics. ELT Journal,68(4), 363–375.
Soars, Liz & Soars, John. (2010). American Headway 3 Teacher’s Book. NY: Oxford.
Stern, H. H. (1992). Issues and options in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Swain, M. (1995). Three functions of output in second language learning. In G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer (Eds), Principle and practice in applied linguistics: Studies in Honour of H. G. Widdowson (pp. 125–144). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Swain, M. (2005). The Output Hypotheisis: Theory and research. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Hankdbook of research in Second Language Teaching and Learining, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Thompson, C. (2009). Practice makes perfect? A review of second language teaching methods. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335961274_Practice_makes_perfect_A_review_of_second_language_teaching_methods
Umemoto, M. (2005). Written Discourse Analysis: An Evaluation of American Headway 3. (Master’s Thesis, University of Birmingham). Retrieved from https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-artslaw/cels/essays/writtendiscourse/Umemoto5.pdf
VanPatten, B. (Ed.). (2004). Second language acquisition research.Processing instruction: Theory, research, and commentary. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Willis, J. (1996). A flexible framework for task-based learning. In: Willis, J. and Willis, D., eds. (1996) Challenge and Change in Language Teaching. (Oxford: Macmillan Education)
Willis, J. (1996). A framework for task-based learning. London: Longman.
方麗娜(2003)。交際法在對外華語文教學上的運用研究—以初級綜合課為討論範疇,高雄師大學報,15,309-329。
王瑞峰(2007)。小組活動的任務形式和設計方式及其在對外漢語教學中的應用,語言教學與研究,1,82-88。
世界漢語教學編輯部(1998)。語言教育問題座談會紀要,世界漢語教學,43,3-10。
田艷、陳磊(2014)對漢語教材結構體系中練習設置的分析與思考,語言教學語研究,3,28-35。
朱我芯(2013)。跨國合作之華語遠距協同教學模式研究—美國高中華語課程之設計與實施--子計畫一:結合線上自學與視訊會談之混合式華語教學法、學習活動與測驗研究(2/2)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫期末報告(編號: NSC 101-2631-S-003-007-)。
朱素弟(2009)對外漢語教材編寫要注意的幾個問題,教材研究,30,32-33。
何福田、林慶隆、賴明德(2013)。臺灣華語文教育發展之研究。臺北市:國家教育研究院研究報告。
吳勇毅(2012)。對外漢語教學法。北京:商務印書館。
呂必松(1993)。對外漢語教學研究。北京:北京語言學院出版社。
呂必松(1993)對外漢語教學概論(講義)(續五),世界漢語教學,3,206-219。
李泉(2004)。第二語言教材編寫的基本程式。海外華文教育,31,60-65。
李泉(2006)。對外漢語教材研究。北京:商務印書館。
李紹林(2003)。對外漢語教材編寫的思考。雲南師範大學學報,3,34-39。(第1卷)。
李揚(1993)。中高級對外漢語教學論。北京:北京大學出版社。
束定芳(2012)。大學英語教學大賽與教師發展。外語界,3,34-41。
束定芳、庄智象(1996)。現代外語教學:理論、實踐與方法。上海:上海外語教育出版社。
肖菲(2002)。論華文教材練習編寫的原則,零陵學院學報,3,(第23卷),157-159。
周小兵、趙新(1999)中級漢語精讀教材的現狀與新型教材的編寫,漢語學習,4,54-56。
周健、唐玲(2004)。對漢語教材練習設計的考察與思考。語言教學與研究,4,67-75。
周雪林(1996)淺談外語教材評估標準,外語界,2。
的交會點,科學教育月刊,340,2-10。
施玉惠、楊懿麗、梁彩玲(譯)(2003)。原則導向教學法:教學互動的終極指南(原作者:H. Douglas Brown)。台北:台灣培生教育。
胡明揚(2007)。語言知識和語言能力 。語言文字應用,3,5-9。
徐家禎(2000)基礎語言課中語言教學與文化教學結合的問題,世界漢語教學,3,75-82。
張旺熹(1998)。語言教育問題座談會紀妥,世界漢語教學,1,3-10。
張金蘭(2009)。實用華語文教材教法。台北:文光圖書有限公司。
陳郡、萬瑩(2002)。華文教材編寫的四原則。海外華文教育,2,64-69。
黃瓊儀(2006)任務導向教學法與傳統式教學法之比較研究-以初級華語教學為例。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所,臺北市。
楊惠元(1997)。論《速成漢語初級教程》的練習設計。語言教學與研究,3,30-37。
楊慧(2010)。從TESL教材反觀對美漢語教材編寫策略,第十屆國際漢語教學研討會論文選,222-228。
溫曉紅(2007)。教學輸入與學習者的語言輸出。世界漢語教學,81,108-119。
溫曉紅(2011)。語言習得與漢語課任務的設計,國際漢語,1,20-28。
溫曉紅(2013)。語言的輸入、輸出與課堂的互動設計,漢語學習,2,86-94。
廖曉青(2004)。英語教學法。台北:五南。
趙金銘(1998)。對外漢語教材評估。語言教學與研究,3,4-19。
趙金銘(2005)。對外漢語教學概論。北京:商務印書館。
趙金銘(2010)。對外漢語教學法回視與再認識。世界漢語教學,2,243-254。
趙賢洲(1988)。建國以來對外漢語教材研究報告。載於世界漢語教學學會(主編),第二屆國際漢語教學討論會論文選,590-603。北京:北京語言學院出版社。
劉月華(2002)。關於中文教材課文的一些思考,國際教學和與討論會論文選,16-24。
劉若云、郝偉(2010)。三套初級漢語綜合課教材練習方式考察,吉林省教育學院學報,11,201-203。
劉珣(1994)。新一代對外漢語教材的展望。世界漢語教學,1,58-67。
劉珣(2000)。對外漢語教育學引論。北京:北京語言文化大學出版社。
劉頌浩(2009)。對外漢語教學中練習的目的、方法和編寫原則。世界漢語教學,1,111-120。
劉潤清、吳一安、俞涓(1990)。高校英語本科教育抽樣調查報告四,外語教學與研究,4,54-60。
蔡勇強(2010)。華語文教材之練習設計的多維考量。華語文教學研究,7(3),75-91。
鄭瑞洲、洪振方、黃台珠(2011)。情境興趣-制式與非正式課程科學學習
衡仁權(2004)。國外外語課堂教學中教師目標語和母語的使用研究述評,外語界,6,64-48。
韓萱(2009)。全球視閾下的對外漢語教材評述,雲南師範大學學報,4,(第7卷),1-8。
蘇新春,唐師瑤等(2011)。話題分析模塊及七套海外漢語教材的話題分析,江西科技師範學院學報,6,58-65。
網路資料
陳立芬(2009)。華語文教材簡介與編輯概況ppt簡報。國立臺灣師範大學,未出版。取自http://www.ncyu.edu.tw/files/list/chinese/%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81%E8%88%87%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B2008.pdf
American Headway: https://elt.oup.com/feature/global/proven_success/?cc=tw&selLanguage=zh
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures Chinese Program Intermediate Chinese II (Chinese 202) Spring 2014. 取自https://uwm.edu/chinese/wp-content/uploads/sites/160/2014/09/chinese202-syllabus.pdf