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研究生： 謝佳昌
Chia-Chang Hsieh
論文名稱： Biosystematics and Biogeographical Implification for Ypthima multistriata Species Group in Taiwan
Biosystematics and Biogeographical Implification for Ypthima multistriata Species Group in Taiwan
指導教授： 徐堉峰
Hsu, Yu-Feng
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 生命科學系
Department of Life Science
論文出版年： 2004
畢業學年度： 92
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 68
中文關鍵詞： Ypthima multistriata species group 、molecular phylogeny 、Ypthima easkii 、Ypthima akragas 、Ypthima wangi
英文關鍵詞： Ypthima multistriata species group, molecular phylogeny, Ypthima easkii, Ypthima akragas, Ypthima wangi
論文種類： 學術論文
相關次數： 點閱：329  下載：17 
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    • Ypthima multistriata species group is proved to be composed of three species in Taiwan, and they are Y. esakii, Y. multistirata, and Y. akragas. Y. wangi is also considered as the same species in this study. Morphological difference was found between different populations of Y. esakii in various habitats, southern Taiwan, northern Taiwan, northeastern Taiwan, and GuiSan island. In Ypthima multistriata species group, multiple-variable regression shows, except for Y. multistriata in the southern and central Taiwan, the size of the first ocellus responds positively to the increase of temperature. In the second ocellus, the size of it doesn’t show a significant relationship with temperature. However, the difference between these two eyespots increases as temperature goes up. To ensure the difference between the eyespots can be a useable trait in classification of this species group, an F test on the difference between eyespots among every taxon was carried out and showed that the this trait can help in identifying Y. esakii in the southern/central Taiwan. To reassure the taxonomic status of these taxa, COI, COII, and ND5 genes of mitochondria DNA are utilized to examine if any divergence occurs among those undetermined taxa, namely, the Y. esakii populations in southern Taiwan versus those in northern Taiwan, and the population in the northeastern Taiwan versus Y. wangi on GuiSan Islet. Y. formosana, Y. angustipennis, Y. tappana, and Y. norma as the outgroups are designated as the outgroup. 583 bp of COI gene are acquired, and across all taxa 56 sites/ 583 bp (9.6%) are parsimoniously informative. From a heuristic search of unweighted nucleotide data set, one most parsimonious tree was obtained, 65 steps long. As the data set generated high CI value (0.9062), homoplasy is evidently low. All the bootstrap values and Bayesian supportive values are all above 60, mostly above 75, which show that the linking of each node is robust enough. Based on the phylogenetic tree, these taxa were grouped into four main clades. The first clade is composed of different populations of Y. esakii, Y. wangi, and the morphologically similar population in the northeasternTaiwan. The clade consisting of these taxa presents 0% divergence on the 583 bp of the surveyed COI sequence. In sequences of ND5 (500 bp) and COII (409bp), no a single base pair of variation has been found. The other three clades are composed of Y. multistriata, two subspecies of Y. multistirata and Y. akragas. To endorse the result from phylogenetic result, interbreeding is carried out. No reproductive boundary has been found among Y. esakii in southern Taiwan, Y. esakii in northern Taiwan, and NanYa form. It can be concluded they are the same species with different external morphological traits.

    Contents I Contents of tables II Contents of figures III Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Material and Method 8 Results 16 Discussion 28 Reference 34 Tables 38 Figure 46 Appendix 58 Table 1 A list of butterflies in the genus Ypthima with a comparison of diversity between Taiwan area and ainland China area 48 Table 2 Historical review of the systematics of Y. multistriata species group 48 Table 3 Collection data of samples used in this study 49 Table 4 Models for the relationship between the first eyespot and temperature. 50 Table 5 Models for the relationship between the second eyespot and temperature. 51 Table 6 Models for the relationship between the difference between the first and the second eyespots 52 Table 7 The models for temperaure vs. the first ocellus, the second ocellus, and the difference between ocelli. 53 Table 8 Paired t-test to examine if the first ocellus is larger than the second ocellus. 54 Table 9 Multiple comparison (Tukey test) of mean difference between eyespots. 54 Table 10 Interbreeding test for different populations. 55 Table 11 F2 fertility test and a negative control test. 55 Figure 1 Morphological differences and habitats of Ypthima multistriata species group in Taiwan. 56 Figure 2 Pictures of Y. multsitriata and Y. akragas. 57 Figure 3 Pictures of Y. esakii collected in southern/central and northern Taiwan. 58 Figure 4 Pictures of Y. wangi collected in QuaiSan island and NanYa form. 59 Figure 5 Samples sites in Taiwan area 60 Figure 6 Collection sites Y. multistriata niphonica and Y. multistriata ganus. 61 Figure 7 Measurement of diameters of ocellus. 61 Figure 8 Distribution of residuals of the model of relationship between the first ocellus and temperature. 62 Figure 9 Normality quantile plot on residuals for the first ocellus vs. temperature 62 Figure 10 Distribution of residuals of the model of relationship between the second ocellus and temperature. 63 Figure 11 Normality quantile plot on residuals for the second ocellus vs. temperature. 63 Figure 12 Distribution of residuals of the model of relationship between the difference of eyespots and temperature. 64 Figure 13 Normality quantile plot on residuals for the difference of eyespots vs. temperature 64 Figure 14 Quantile plots of differences between the first and the second eyespots among different species. 65 Figure 15 Phylogenetic tree of Y. multistriata species group based on COI sequence. 66 Figure 16 Box plots of scores for each mating pairs. 67

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