簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 林庭安
Lin, Ting-Ann
論文名稱: 鐵人三項參與者認真休閒、遊憩專門化、流暢經驗與休閒效益關係之研究
A study on the Relationships Among Serious Leisure, Recreational Specialization, Flow Experience and Leisure Benefits of Triathlon Participants
指導教授: 吳崇旗
Wu, Chung-Chi
口試委員: 吳崇旗
Wu, Chung-Chi
陳美燕
Chen, Mei-Yen
蔡居澤
Tsai, Ju-Tse
王伯宇
Wang, Po-Yu
潘義祥
Pan, Yi-Hsiang
口試日期: 2023/06/26
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 公民教育與活動領導學系
Department of Civic Education and Leadership
論文出版年: 2023
畢業學年度: 111
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 145
中文關鍵詞: 耐力型運動心流極限挑戰休閒行為模式
英文關鍵詞: Endurance Sports, Flow State, Extreme Challenges, Leisure Behavior Patterns
研究方法: 調查研究
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202301718
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:158下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 臺灣每年舉辦超過20場鐵人三項賽事,知名品牌Challenge Taiwan於2023年的賽事更是破8000人次的參與,鐵人三項除了包含三種不同特性的運動且具階段性的挑戰外,參與者同時需要兼具知識、技術、耐力、毅力與體力、投入長時間、高消費的一項休閒運動,因此參與者投入其中的休閒行為模式歷程值得深入探究。本研究目的:以休閒行為中「認真休閒」、「遊憩專門化」、「流暢經驗」和「休閒效益」四個變項探討其關係,並作為驗證鐵人三項參與者的休閒行為模式。方法:以量化研究方式蒐集有效樣本482份,透過結構方程模式(SEM)分析與探討鐵人三項參與者休閒行為理論間的關係與驗證整體模式的適配性。研究結果:認真休閒正向顯著影響遊憩專門化、流暢經驗和休閒效益;遊憩專門化正向顯著影響流暢經驗與休閒效益;流暢經驗負向顯著影響休閒效益;遊憩專門化部分中介認真休閒與休閒效益;整體休閒行為模式經修正後屬適配。結論:首先參與者認真休閒態度越高,遊憩專門化越高並在休閒效益也越高;其次參與者認真休閒態度越高流暢經驗越高而在休閒效益收穫反降,本研究發現鐵人三項運動的訓練強度、練習時間以及追求成績的壓力,使該項運動不同於其他休閒活動,因此在流暢經驗中產生負向影響休閒效益;整體而言鐵人三項運動具有特殊性,使其在流暢經驗與休閒效益間關係驗證相異於過往研究結果。

    Taiwan hosts over 20 triathlon events annually, and the well-known brand Challenge Taiwan saw participation exceeding 8,000 individuals in its 2023 event. The triathlon involves three distinct sports with staged challenges, demanding participants to possess knowledge, skills, endurance, determination, and physical strength. It is a leisure activity that requires long hours and significant investment. Therefore, delving into the leisure behavior patterns of participants in this context is crucial.
    Research Objective: This study aims to explore the relationships among four variables within the context of leisure behavior: "serious leisure," "recreation specialization," "flow experience," and "leisure benefits." These variables serve as a means to validate the leisure behavior model of triathlon participants.
    Methodology: Using a quantitative research approach, 482 valid samples were collected. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze and investigate the relationships among these leisure behavior theory variables for triathlon participants, while also verifying the overall model's fit.
    Research Findings: Serious leisure significantly and positively influences recreation specialization, flow experience, and leisure benefits. Recreation specialization positively impacts flow experience and leisure benefits. Flow experience has a negative impact on leisure benefits. Recreation specialization partially mediates the relationship between serious leisure and leisure benefits. After adjustments, the overall leisure behavior model demonstrated good fit.
    Conclusion: Firstly, participants with a stronger inclination towards serious leisure exhibit higher levels of recreation specialization, resulting in greater leisure benefits. Secondly, higher levels of serious leisure involvement lead to increased flow experience, but a decrease in leisure benefit gains. This study reveals that the intensity of training, practice time, and the pressure to achieve in triathlon set it apart from other leisure activities, resulting in a negative impact of flow experience on leisure benefits. Overall, triathlon possesses unique characteristics that differentiate the relationship between flow experience and leisure benefits from previous research findings.

    謝誌 i 中文摘要ii 英文摘要iii 目次iv 表次vi 圖次ix 第一章 緒論1 第一節 研究背景與動機1 第二節 研究目的7 第三節 研究問題8 第四節 研究假設9 第五節 研究範圍與限制10 第六節 研究重要性與貢獻12 第七節 名詞釋義17 第二章 文獻探討19 第一節 鐵人三項發展現況21 第二節 認真休閒理論25 第三節 遊憩專門化理論37 第四節 流暢經驗理論44 第五節 休閒效益理論50 第六節 本章總結58 第三章 研究方法59 第一節 研究架構59 第二節 研究對象60 第三節 研究工具61 第四節 研究實施程序68 第五節 資料處理與分析70 第四章 結果與討論85 第一節 鐵人三項參與者現況與特性85 第二節 研究測量模型及量表信效度89 第三節 結構模式驗證98 第四節 綜合討論106 第五章 結論與建議114 第一節 結論114 第二節 研究建議117 參考文獻 121 附錄136 附錄一 預試問卷136 附錄二 正式問卷140 附錄三 研究倫理審查核可證明書144 附錄四 問卷招募文宣145

    Lerwill, S.(2014)。鐵人三項完全指南﹝吳家慶譯﹞。美商麥格羅希爾。
    Mihaly, C.(2019)。心流:高手都在研究的最優體驗心理學﹝張瓊懿譯﹞。行路。
    于志睿、林晏州(2010)。遛狗活動之休閒效益。戶外遊憩研究,23(4),25-49。https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2010.23(4)2
    方文熙、李睿哲(2013)。大學生樂手之認真性休閒與心流經驗關係之探討。運動與遊憩研究,8(2),142-160。https://doi.org/10.29423/JSRR.201312_8(2).0008
    王志宏、張繼文(2013)。認真性休閒與遊憩專門化之關係:社會資本之中介效果。戶外遊憩研究,26(1),105-134。https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2013.26(1)4
    台灣鐵人三項(2016年8月1日)。原來一般鐵人三項只能稱為三項運動 真正的鐵人三項是…。風傳媒(2016)。https://www.storm.mg/stylish/148994
    江明宗(2012)。敘說鐵人三項參賽者之參與經驗﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立臺北教育大學。
    余宗龍 (2018)。運動休閒行為理論模式之進化-目標導向行為模式觀點。企業管理學報,(119),41-58。
    吳明隆(2009)。結構方程模式:方法與實務運用。麗文。
    吳水丕、林佳慧(2021)。大雪山國家公園休閒活動設計之休閒效益研究。工作與休閒學刊,6(1),23-35。https://doi.org/10.6848/JWL.202108_6(1).0003
    吳明隆、涂金堂(2008)。SPSS與統計應用分析。五南。
    吳崇旗、林庭安(2023)。業餘超級鐵人參與動機、投入歷程與感受之研究。臺灣體育學術研究,73,137-162。https://doi.org/10.6590/TJSSR.202212_(73).08
    吳崇旗、王偉琴(2014)。戶外遊憩管理﹝第2版﹞。華都文化。
    吳崇旗、王偉琴、林庭安(2023)。完賽就是勝利!休閒型鐵人之參賽歷程體驗。戶外遊憩研究,36(1),1-32。https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.202303_36(1).0001
    吳崇旗、吳昀昌、王伯宇(2015)。臺灣百岳登山者遊憩專門化與環境態度之關係研究。人文社會科學研究,9(1),66-88。https://doi.org/10.6284/NPUSTHSSR.2015.9(1)4
    吳崇旗、巫昌陽、王偉琴(2012)。高屏地區郊山登山健行者遊憩專門化對其環境行為之影響。休閒事業研究,10(1),59-71。https://doi.org/10.6746/LIR.201203_10(1).0005
    李玉峯(2017)。鐵人三項賽會經濟效益評估。大專體育學刊,19(2),111-121。 https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.1902.001
    李茂能(2006)。結構方程模式軟體 Amos 之簡介及其在測驗編製上之應用─Graphics & Basic。心理。
    李振任(2001)。國小學童鄉土知識與鄉土認同感之研究–以萬丹鄉為例﹝未出版碩士論文﹞。國立屏東大學。
    李德仁(2009)。認真休閒者之潛水休閒利益。北體學報,(18),99-110。https://doi.org/ 10.6167/TPEC/2009.18.8
    李桂英、劉彥輝、徐茂洲(2021)。路跑活動參與者在涉入程度、流暢體驗與休閒效益之研究。屏東大學體育,(7),35-52。
    李森源、蔡鋒樺、李昭憲(2012)。潛水活動者休閒效益之探討-以墾丁地區相關潛點為例。中原體育學報,(1),34-46。https://doi.org/10.6646/CYPEJ.2012.1.34
    周秀華(2002)。深度休閒者學習經驗之研究﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立高雄師範大學。
    林明德(2010)。建構自行車參與者認真性休閒與休閒效益之關係:休閒態度、流暢體驗所扮演的角色﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立澎湖科技大學。
    林保源(2008)。校園鐵人三項運動之推廣策略分析。學校體育,(106),22-27。https://doi.org/10.29937/PES.200806.0005
    林惠玲、陳正倉(2009)。應用統計學。雙葉書廊。
    林澤浩(2020)。臺灣鐵人三項產業分析﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立臺灣大學。
    林欣慧(2002)。解說成效對休閒效益體驗之影響研究-以登山健行為例﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立臺灣師範大學。
    林文苑、吳武忠(2004)。社區認真休閒團體促成社區意識之形成模式。觀光研究學報,10(1),115-131。https://doi.org/10.6267/JTLS.2004.10(1)7。
    林志鈞、湯和展(2015)。路跑運動參與者參與動機、遊憩專業化與流暢體驗之研究。興國學報,(16),1-20。
    林永森、黃文雄、連啟伶、陳韡方(2015)。認真性休閒研究之回顧與前瞻。休閒事業研究,13(1),1-16。https://doi.org/10.6746/LIR.201503_13(1).0001
    林欣慈、蔡明昌(2015)。自我實現、心流體驗與幸福感之研究:以參與鐵人三項中老年族群為例。運動休閒管理學報,12(2),15-28。https://doi.org/10.6214/JSRM.1202.002
    林永森、張少熙、黃文雄、白如玲(2020)。登山客熱情特質與流暢體驗遊憩心理模式之研究-兼論知覺風險之調節效果。戶外遊憩研究,33(1),35-65。https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.202003_33(1).0002
    邱皓政(2008)。結構方程模式的檢定力分析與樣本數決定。αβγ量化研究學刊,2(1),139-173。
    柳立偉、李素箱、黃虹毓(2015)。健身運動參與者運動行為調節、流暢體驗與行為意圖之研究。運動與遊憩研究,9(3),44-59。https://doi.org/10.29423/JSRR.201503_9(3).0004
    洪聖德(2021)。平潭島自行車騎行者參與動機與認真休閒對休閒效益影響之研究。運動與觀光研究,10(2),38-47。https://doi.org/10.6198/Sports.202112_10(2).0004
    洪聖德(2021)。平潭島自行車騎行者參與動機與認真休閒對休閒效益影響之研究。運動與觀光研究,10(2),38-47。https://doi.org/10.6198/Sports.202112_10(2).0004
    洪慧純、黃美珍(2011)。高雄市國中生桌球課程涉入程度與休閒效益認知之研究。運動與健康研究,1(1),69-97。https://doi.org/10.29505/JEHR.201110.0005
    倪瑛蓮、陳美燕、施致平(2014)。中介效果分析在體育運動研究的應用現況探討。中華體育季刊,28(4),305-314。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.2804.201412.1006
    夏淑蓉、謝智謀(2002)。這個世界需要認真休閒。大專體育,(62),163-167。https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2002.62.28
    徐茂洲(2010)。大學生運動觀光阻礙量表構念效度驗證之研究。運動休閒管理學報,7(1),174-186。https://doi.org/10.6214/JSRM.201006_7(1).0010
    徐茂洲、顏漢平(2013)。高中生觀賞NBA林書豪球賽者之行為模式之研究。International Journal of Lisrel,6(1),24-56。
    張文馨、陳思羽、季力康(2012)。運動熱情與主觀幸福感的關係:正向情緒的中介效果。體育學報,45(4),301-309。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.4504.201212.0804
    張良漢(2008)。建構登山健行者休閒利益與休閒滿意之關係:休閒內在動機、休閒體驗所扮演的角色。大專體育學刊,10(3),27-40。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.200809_10(3).0002
    張俊一、王慈敏(2017)。認真休閒者特質、社會支持網絡與休閒效益之研究。屏東大學體育,(3)89-104。
    張偉豪(2011)。SEM 論文寫作不求人。鼎茂圖書。
    張國彬、倪子翔(2015)。初鐵選手比賽困境的意義詮釋。台北海洋技術學院學報,7(1)102-110。
    張國彬、馬軍榮、吳東昇(2015)。鐵人三項完賽之技術實踐經驗論敘。中華體育季刊,29(4),287-294。https://doi.org/10.3966/102473002015122904005
    曹勝雄、顏昌華、林瑩萱(2021)。探索認真性休閒者之雕琢行為。戶外遊憩研究,34(3),83-108。https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.202109_34(3).0004
    梁英文、曹勝雄(2007)。認真性休閒與場所依戀之關係:遊憩專門化扮演的角色。戶外遊憩研究,20(3),1-24。https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2007.20(3)1
    梁峰豪(2009)。登山者遊憩專門化、環境態度與場所依戀關係之研究-以向陽山-三叉山-嘉明湖國家步道為例﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立澎湖科技大學。
    畢璐鑾、王煜鈞、郭芳坤(2021)。健走旅遊參與者認真休閒對再遊意願之影響─以幸福感為中介效果。臺灣體育運動管理學報,21(2),283-307。https://doi.org/10.6547/tassm.202112_21(2).0007
    畢璐鑾、黃純湘、陳麗華、郭正德(2017)。健走旅遊參與者之休閒涉入、休閒效益對再遊意願之影響。臺灣體育運動管理學報,17(1),1-22。https://doi.org/10.6547/tassm.2017.0001
    許建民、丁志堅、徐嬿琇(2018)。自行車認真休閒者遊憩專門化進展歷程研究。臺灣體育運動管理學報,18(1),53-87。https://doi.org/10.6547/tassm.201806_18(1).0003
    許益彰(2016)。活動熱情、遊憩專門化與心流體驗關係之研究:以山溪釣者為例。﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。屏東科技大學。
    連央毅、陳美燕(2015)。馬拉松運動參與動機、休閒效益與滿意度之研究。休閒研究,6(1),48-69。
    郭秉寬、李福恩(2015)。2014年鐵人三項國際邀請賽參與動機、涉入程度與休閒效益之研究。運動與觀光研究,4(1),11-28。https://doi.org/10.6198/Sports.2015.4(1).11-28
    郭哲君、鄭志富(2013)。題項包裹法於結構方程模式分析中的應用:臺灣體育與運動學術研究之分析與探討。體育學報,46(4),429-441。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.4604.201312.1310
    陳玉梅、李春欣、許吉越、乃慧芳(2016)。衝浪參與者休閒涉入、遊憩專門化與心流體驗之關係研究。休閒事業研究,14(1),62-77。https://doi.org/10.6746/LIR.201603_14(1).0004
    陳恬君(2011)。認真性休閒、遊憩專門化、休閒效益與幸福感之關係﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立臺中教育大學。
    陳春安(2011)。路跑運動參與者流暢體驗與休閒效益之關係研究。輔仁大學體育學刊,(10),230-244。 https://doi.org/10.29697/JPE.201105.0015
    陳春安(2017)。單車騎士深度休閒、遊憩專門化及休閒效益之關係研究。南台人文社會學報,(17),1-25。
    陳春安、方佩欣、李政達、杜珈霖(2020)。馬拉松跑者深度休閒與遊憩專門化之關係。休閒運動期刊,(19),9-19。
    陳寬裕、歐典灝、歐人豪(2009)。認真休閒特質與幸福感之研究:兼論配偶支持的干擾效果。觀光休閒學報,15(2),113-140。https://doi.org/10.6267/JTLS.2009.15(2)2
    陳慧玲、林安庭(2011)。登山運動參與者涉入程度、流暢體驗與幸福感之相關研究。臺灣體育運動管理學報,11(1),25-50。https://doi.org/10.6547/tassm.2011.0002
    陳慧玲、廖佳慧(2011)。認真休閒、遊憩專門化與流暢體驗之關係探討-以自行車活動騎乘者為例。休閒運動健康評論,3(1),28-43。https://doi.org/10.29503/RLSH.201112.0003
    陳儒賢、洪玉珊(2019)。音樂活動參與者休閒涉入與心流體驗關係之探討:兼論休閒效益之中介效果。旅遊管理研究,10(1),1-23。https://doi.org/10.6934/TMR.201912_10(1).0001
    彭俊銘(2009)。鐵人三項運動賽事服務品質、行銷策略對選手滿意度及忠誠度影響之研究-線性結構方程模式之驗證﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。臺北市立大學。
    童秋霞、路暢平(2013)。泡茶師深度休閒與遊憩專門化之關係。休閒與遊憩研究,5(1),63-82。https://doi.org/10.6157/2013.5(1).3
    黃心佳(2008)。深度休閒者涉入歷程之分析。大專體育學刊,10(1),25-34。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.200803_10(1).0002
    黃芳銘(2004)。結構方程模式在教育資料應用之研究。五南。
    黃睿宏、林伯修(2017)。以認真休閒觀點探討御宅族的消費行為與文化認同。身體文化學報,(25),97-123。https://doi.org/10.6782/BCJ.201712_(25).0004
    楊雅燕、馬上閔、鄭峰茂(2022)。野宿露營者休閒行為模式之建構。觀光旅遊研究學刊,17(2),21-47。
    楊濟銘(2007)。鐵人三項運動介紹與經驗分享。國北教大體育,(2),255-258。https://doi.org/10.6659/NTUEPE.2007.2.255
    楊濟銘、李加耀(2012)。鐵人三項選手身體感之研究。國北教大體育,(6),100-110。https://doi.org/10.6659/NTUEPE.2012.6.100
    溫恰英(1997)。鐵人三項運動常見的運動傷害及其因應之道。中華體育季刊,10(4),51-63。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.1004.199703.1507
    零極限三鐵(2018年3月1日)。2018年鐵人三項賽事。Zerotri。https://zerotri.pixnet.net/blog/post/215721998
    劉昶宗、黃明義(2002)。臺灣地區鐵人三項參賽者參與動機之調查研究。大專體育學術專刊,9(1),182-192。https://doi.org/10.6695/AUES.200205_91.0019
    劉昶宗、劉耀益(1999)。“鐵人三項”分項成績相關初探。大專體育,(41),106-110。https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.1999.41.20
    劉庭宇、蔡明昌(2011)。從休閒次文化中發現自我認同―以認真休閒初探。大專體育,(117),1-7。 https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2011.117.01
    劉馥瑤、都增豔(2022)。森林遊憩者認真性休閒、遊憩專門化對休閒效益的影響。觀光旅遊研究學刊,17(2),49-69。
    歐雙磐、侯錦雄(2007)。登山者遊憩專門化與登山類型偏好。戶外遊憩研究,20(4),51-74。https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2007.20(4)3
    蔣昇杰、張瑞泰(2013)。鐵人三項運動的特性。高師大體育,(11),62-80。https://doi.org/10.6305/PENKNU.2013.11.5
    謝宗霖(2012)。台南市自行車騎士從事休閒活動參與動機與休閒效益之研究。運動健康 休閒學報,(3),141-156。https://doi.org/10.29961/JSHL.201204.0014
    謝昇諺(2011)。鐵人三項參賽者參與動機、涉入程度與休閒效益之研究﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。臺北市立教育大學。
    鍾佳沁(2002)。全球化下搖頭次文化再現之研究--台北的搖頭空間﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞。國立臺灣大學。
    鍾政偉、商家瑜、王盛文、蔡宜婷(2015)。認真性休閒、遊憩專門化、心流體驗與幸福感關係之研究。運動休閒管理學報,12(1),1-20。https://doi.org/10.6214/JSRM.1201.001
    蘇維杉(2007)。運動產業概論。揚智。
    聶喬齡(2000)。流暢狀態量表之信度與效度初步分析。國立體育學院論叢,11(1),247-260。

    二、 外文部分
    Andreasson, J., Johansson, T., & Danielsson, T. (2018). Becoming an ironman triathlete. Extreme exercise, gender equality and the family puzzle. Sport in Society, 21(9), 1351-1363. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1388787
    Atkinson, M. (2008). Triathlon, suffering and exciting significance. Leisure studies, 27(2), 165-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360801902216
    Ajzen, I., B. L. Driver (Eds), P. J. Brown (Eds), G. L. Peterson (Eds) (1991). Benefits of Leisure Stage College, PA: Venture Publishing.
    Avolio, B., Yammarino, F.J., & Bass, B.M.(1991).Identifying common methods variance with data collected from a single source: An unresolved sticky issue. Journal of Management, 17(3) ,571-587. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700303
    Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 205-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004
    Baird, M. (2021, July 10). How much does it cost to enter and race an ironman? https://www.220triathlon.com/training/long-distance/how-much-does-it-cost-to-enter-and-race-an-ironman/
    Bammel, G., Burrus-Bammel, L. L. (1992). Leisure and human behavior. Iowa: Wm. c. Brown Company.
    Bryan, H. (1977). Leisure value system and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(3), 174-187.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1977.11970328
    Bryan, H. (2000). Recreation specialization revisited. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 18–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949879
    Backlund, E. A., & Kuentzel, W. F. (2013). Beyond progression in specialization research: Leisure capital and participation change. Leisure Sciences, 35(3), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.780543%EF%BC%BF
    Bernier, M., Thienot, E., Cordon, R., Fournier, J. F., Bluett, E. J., Homan, K. J., ... & Levin, M. E. (2008). Achtsamkeit im leistungs-sport. Clinical Psychology, 79(5), 618-628.
    Bammel, G., & Burrus-Bammel, L. (1982). Leisure and human behavior. Dubuge, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Company Publisher.
    Bright, A. D. (2000). The role of social marketing in leisure and recreation management. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 12-17.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949878
    Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.
    Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 205-229.
    Coffman, D. L., & MacCallum, R. C. (2005). Using parcels to convert path analysis models into latent variable models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 235-259.
    Csikszentmihalyi, H. & Kleiber, D. A. (1991). Leisure and self-actualization. In B. L. Driver, P. J. Brown, & G. L. Peterson (eds.), Benefits of leisure (pp. 91–102). State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc
    Croft, S. J., Gray, C. C., & Duncan, J. F. (1999). Motives for participating in triathlon: An investigation between elite and non-elite competitors in an Australian setting. Health, 34(2/5), 3-6.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), 93–94.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M., Abuhamdeh, S., & Nakamura, J. (2014). Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 227-238). Springer, Dordrecht.
    Donnelly, M., Vaske, J., & Graefe, A. (1986). Degree and range of recreation specialization: Toward a typology of boating related activities. Journal of leisure research, 18(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1986.11969648
    Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
    Driver B. L., Brown, P. J., & Peterson, G. L. (1991). Benefits of leisure. State College , P.A. : Venture Publishing.
    Ditton, R. B., Loomis, D.K.,& Choi, S. (1992). Recreation specialization: Re-conceptualization from a social worlds perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1992.11969870
    Donnelly, M., Vaske, J., & Graefe, A. (1986). Degree and range of recreation specialization: Toward a typology of boating related activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 18(2), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1986.11969648
    Fornell, C. R., & Lacker, D. F. (1981). Two structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
    Gunter, B., & Gunter, N. (1980). Leisure styles: A conceptual framework for modem leisure. Sociological Quarterly, 21(3), 361-374.
    Hvenegaard, G. T. (2002). Birder specialization differences in conservation involvement, demographics, and motivations. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 7(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/108712002753574765
    Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. and Anderson, R.E. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
    Hung, K., & Crompton, J. L. (2006). Benefits and constraints associated with use of an urban park reported by a sample of elderly in Hong Kong. Leisure Studies, 25(3), 291-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500409810
    Jackson, S. A., & Marsh, H. W. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience:The flow state scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(1), 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.18.1.17
    Jackson, E. L. (2005). Impacts of life transitions on leisure and constraints to leisure. In E. L. Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (pp. 115–136). State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
    Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., Jr., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14(1), 6-23.
    Kuentzel, W. F. (2000). Self-identity, modernity, and the rational actor in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 87-92.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2000.11949892
    Kim, S., Scott, D., & Crompton, J. (1997). An exploration of the relationships among social psychological involvement, behavioral involvement, commitment, and future intentions in the context of birdwatching. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 320-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949799
    Leonard, John (1995). Rookie coaches’ swimming guide: American sport education program. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
    Lee, J. H., & Scott, D. (2006). For better or worse? A structural model of the benefits and costs associated with recreational specialization. Leisure Sciences, 28(1), 17-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400590962461
    Lee, J.-H., & Scott, D. (2004). Measuring birding specialization: A confirmatory factor analysis. Leisure Sciences, 26(3), 245-260.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400490461387
    McFarlane, B. L. (2004). Recreation specialization and site choice among vehicle-based campers. Leisure Sciences, 26(3), 309-322.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400490461981
    McCarville, R. (2007). From a fall in the mall to a run in the sun: One journey to ironman triathlon. Leisure Sciences, 29(2), 159-173.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400601160812
    McQuarrie, F. A. E., & Jackson, E. L. (1996). Connections between negotiation of leisure constraints and serious leisure: An exploratory study of adult amateur ice skaters. Society and Leisure, 19(2), 459–483
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.1996.10715528
    Mannell, R. C. (1993). High-investment activity and life satisfaction among older adults: Committed, serious leisure, and flow activities. In J. R. Kelly (ed.), Activity and aging: Staying involved in later life (pp. 125–145). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication.
    Mannell, R. C., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1987). Psychological nature of leisure and tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(3), 314-331.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(87)90105-8
    Major, W. (2001). The benefits and costs of serious running. World Leisure Journal, 43(2), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2001.9674226
    Nakamura, E., Moritani, T., & Kanetaka, A. (1989). Biological age versus physical fitness age. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 58(7), 778-785. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00637391.
    Nasser, F., & Takahashi, T. (2003). The effect of using item parcels on ad hoc goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: An example using Sarason’s reactions to tests. Applied Measurement in Education, 16, 75-97.
    Oh, C. O., Sorice, M. G., & Ditton, R. B. (2010). Exploring progression along the recreation specialization continuum using a latent growth approach. Leisure Sciences, 33(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2011.533104
    Oh, C-O., Sutton, S. G., & Sorice, M. G. (2013). Assessing the role of recreation specialization in fishing site substitution. Leisure Sciences, 35(3), 256-272.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.780534
    Pagano, I., Barkhoff, H., Heiby, E., & Schlicht, W. (2006). Dynamical modeling of the
    relations between leisure activities and health indicators. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(1), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2006.11950069
    Pates, J., Cummings, A., & Maynard, I. (2002). The effects of hypnosis on flow states and three-point shooting performance in basketball players. Sport Psychologist, 16(1), 34–47.
    Rheinberg, F., Vollmeyer, R., & Engeser, S. (2003). Die erfassung des flow-erlebens. Scott, D., & Lee, J, H. (2010). Progression, stability, or decline? Sociological mechanisms underlying change in specialization among birdwatchers. Leisure Sciences, 32(2), 180-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400903547203
    Scott, D., & Shafer, C. S. (2001). Recreational specialization: A critical look at the construct. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(3), 319-343.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2001.11949944
    Scott, D. (2012). Serious leisure and recreation specialization: An uneasy marriage. Leisure Sciences, 34(4), 366-371.
    Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/270723
    Stebbins, R. A. (2001a). New directions in the theory and research of serious leisure (Vol. 28). Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press.
    Stebbins, R. A. (2001b). Serious leisure. Society, 38(4), 53-57.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-001-.
    Stebbins, R. A. (1994). The liberal arts hobbies: A neglected subtype of serious leisure. Society and Leisure, 17(1), 173-186.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.1994.10715470
    Stebbins, R. A. (1992). Amateurs, professionals, and serious leisure. McGill-Queens University Press.
    Stebbins,R.A. (1982). Serious leisure: Aconceptual statement. Pacific sociological review, 25(2), 251-272. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388726
    Schwab, D.P.,(2005). Research Methods forOrganizational Studies, (2nd ed.) Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    Tsaur, S. H., & Liang, Y. W. (2008). Serious leisure and recreation specialization. Leisure Sciences,30(4), 325-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400802165115
    Torkzadeh, G., Koufteros, X., & Pflughoeft, K. (2003). Confirmatory analysis of computer self-efficacy. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(2), 263-275.
    Tranter, P. J., & Lowes, M. D. (2009). The crucial `where` of motorsport marketing: Is motorsport now `a race out of place? International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 11, 60-79.
    Tsaur, S. H., & Huang, C. C. (2020). Serious tourists or casual tourists? Development and validation of a scale to measure tourists’ serious/casual participation. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(2), 217-232.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1495697
    Tian, H., Zhou, W., Qiu, Y., & Zou, Z. (2022). The role of recreation specialization and self-efficacy on life satisfaction: The mediating effect of flow experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063243
    Wicker, P., Hallmann, K., Prinz, J., & Weimer, D. (2012). Who takes part in a triathlon? An application of lifestyle segmentation to triathlon participants. Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 12(1/2), 1-24.
    https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2012.051246
    Williams, L. J., & O’Boyle, E. Jr., (2008). Measurement models for linking latent variables and indicators: A review of human resource management research using parcels. Human Resource Management Review, 18, 233-242.
    Yuan, K. -H., Bentler, P. M., & Kano, Y. (1997). On averaging variables in a CFA model. Behaviormetrika, 24, 71–83.

    無法下載圖示 電子全文延後公開
    2026/08/15
    QR CODE