研究生: |
孫易新 Sun, I-Hsin |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
心智圖法導入高科技產業作為職場學習策略之個案研究 Exploring the Process of Mind Mapping as a Workplace Learning Strategy – A case study in hi-tech industry. |
指導教授: |
李瑛
Lee, Ying |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
社會教育學系 Department of Adult and Continuing Education |
論文出版年: | 2016 |
畢業學年度: | 105 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 145 |
中文關鍵詞: | 心智圖法 、職場學習 、學習策略 、知識管理 、師徒制 、團隊學習 |
英文關鍵詞: | Mind Mapping, Workplace Learning, Learning Strategy, Knowledge Management, Mentoring System, Team Learning |
DOI URL: | https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202203380 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:172 下載:37 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在探究高科技產業導入心智圖法作為職場學習策略的各種現象,採用質性的個案研究法,以某高科技公司一個專案團隊中的三位成員為對象,進行實地觀察、深度訪談與文件分析。本研究的目的如下:
一、 瞭解高科技產業職場學習的樣貌。
二、 分析企業導入心智圖法作為職場學習策略的因素。
三、 探究心智圖法作為職場學習策略的歷程。
四、 參酌研究發現,嘗試提出企業導入心智圖法作為職場學習策略的模式。
根據資料的分析,本研究獲致以下的結論:
一、 高科技產業重視員工的學習,職場學習的特性以鑲嵌在工作流程中的非正式學習為主,在重視知識管理的前提下,除了鼓勵自我導向學習之外,並採取師徒傳承與問題本位的團隊學習。
二、 導入心智圖法作為職場學習策略的模式中,影響導入的個人因素包括感受到心智圖法的優點與發現工作上的壓力;情境因素則是心智圖法能有效回應職場學習的困境;機構因素則是主管的支持與扁平化組織提供實踐心智圖法的環境機制。
三、 在導入歷程的措施上,是以心智圖法作為知識管理的策略、師徒制的學習策略與團隊溝通的平台。
四、 在成果方面,正向影響有個人形成了語意與程序性的記憶、能力的養成與績效的提升,並意識到思考的限制;在團隊方面促使團隊綜效的學習、重建團體的認知框架與知識庫(組織記憶)的有效擷取與內容創新;待解決的問題有成員對心智圖法的熟諳程度,以及心智圖法應用範本的建立。
本研究根據以上研究的結論,對相關單位及未來的研究提出了建議。
關鍵詞:心智圖法、職場學習、學習策略、知識管理、師徒制、團隊學習
In the present research, mind mapping as a workplace learning strategy in high-tech industry was explored with a qualitative case study method. Three members from a project team of a high-tech company were selected for site observation, interview, and file analysis. The specific research aims can be concluded as follows:
1. To understand the background information of workplace learning in high-tech industry.
2. To analyze the factors that would influence the application of mind mapping in workplace learning.
3. To investigate the application approaches of mind mapping in workplace learning;
4. To develop a strategy model for the application of mind mapping in workplace learning, based on the research findings in this study.
Concluding from the material analyses, the research results in this study are as follows:
1. Workplace learning is valued in High-tech companies. It is characterized by informal learning that embedded in normal work process. Except that, it emphasizes knowledge management, encourages self-directed learning, and applies mentoring system and problem-based team learning in workplace learning.
2. In the model of introducing mind mapping as a workplace learning strategy, the personal factors influencing the introduction include feeling the advantages of mind mapping and discovering the pressure of work; the situational factor is whether the mind mapping can respond to the difficulties confronted in workplace learning; and the organizational factors are the supports of the supervisors and the environmental mechanisms provided by flat organization for mind mapping practices.
3. In terms of the application approaches of mind mapping in workplace learning, the mind mapping is treated as a knowledge management strategy, a mentoring learning strategy and a team communication platform.
4. Concerning the outcomes of the application of mind mapping in team learning, the positive influences on individuals include the formation of semantic and procedural memory, the development of capacity, and the awareness of the limitations of thinking; the positive influences on teams are the promotion of group synergistic learning, the reconstruction of group cognitive structure, the effective retrieval and organization of knowledge (memory), as well as the innovation of contents. On the other hand, however, the problems that should be solved are the staff’s familiarity level for mind mapping and the development of samples on the mind mapping’s application in team learning.
Based on the above conclusions, the present research also makes recommendations for related institutions and future research.
Keywords: Mind Mapping, Workplace Learning, Learning Strategy, Knowledge Management, Mentoring System, Team Learning.
中文文獻
CR&LF研究所(2008)。配色的魔法:能夠召喚幸運與感動的創意色彩學。台北縣:博碩文化。
大山正(1998)。色彩心理學:追尋牛頓和歌德的腳步。台北市:木村圖書。
中野禎二(2009)。心智圖超強工作術:提升效率,共享know-how。新北市:世茂。
尤克強(2001)。知識管理與創新。台北市:天下遠見。
王文科、王智弘(2009)。教育研究法。台北市:五南。
王佳煌、任凱(譯)(2005)。質性研究法:社會情境的觀察與分析(原作者:Lofland, J.)。台北: 學富文化。
王慧娥(譯)(2009)。我的人生沒有偶然。(原作者:勝間和代)。台北市:三采文化。
石朝霖(2006)。色彩能量的奧秘。台北市:商周出版。
伍忠賢、王建彬(2001)。知識管理:策略與實務。台北市:聯經。
朱柔若(譯)(2000)。社會研究方法-質化與量化取向。(原作者:W. Lawrence Neyman)。台北市: 揚智文化。
吳明清(1991)。教育研究:基本觀念與方法之分析。台北市:五南。
吳秋燕(2005)。高雄市國中小專任行政人員職場學習與工作滿意度關係之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
吳清山(1997)。學習型組織理論及其對教育革新的啟示。國教月刊,43:5/6,1-7。
吳清山(2002)。問題導向學習。教育研究月刊,97,120。
吳莉君(譯)(2014)。設計思考改造世界。7版。(原作者:Tim Brown)。台北市:聯經。(原著出版年:2009年)。
吳朝暉、陳華鈞(2008)。語義網格:模型、方法與應用。杭州:浙江大學。
吳銘達、廖珮妏、王娟惠與陳清惠(2006)。我國半導體高科技產業管理人才能力及培訓措施之研究。稻江學報,1-2,27-43。
吳慧君(2001)。內隱知識擷取方法在知識擷取廣度及深度知比較研究-以碩士論文寫作為例(未出版之碩士論文)。臺灣科技大學企業管理所,台北市。
吳靜吉、程炳林(1993)。國民中小學生學習動機、學習策略與學業成績之關係。政大學報,66,13-39。
李天祥(2002)。以模糊語意塑模法萃取決策知識之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄第一科技大學資訊管理所,高雄市。
李京倫(2016年7月1日)。未來學大師…戈巴契夫曾請益,87歲托佛勒夢中辭世。聯合報,A15版。
李宜芳(2012)。全職媽媽母職意義觀點之轉化學習研究。(未出版之博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學社會教育學系,台北市。
李欣蓉(譯)(2005)。圖像化學習。(原作者:Karen Bromley, Linda Irwin-De Vitis & Marcia Modlo)。台北:遠流。
李隆盛(2013)。4階段員工教練法 – 從「能知」到「能行」。刊載於能力雜誌,2013年6月,20-26。
李曄(譯)(2000)。Color Magic顏色魔法書。(原作者:野村順一)。台北市:方智。
周建設(2006)。語義、邏輯與語言哲學。北京市:學苑。
拓樸產業研究所(2015年5月23日)。臺灣科技產業發展政策與人才培訓。【國政研究報告】。財團法人國政研究基金會。取自:http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/TE/095/TE-R-095-032.htm
林平勺(2003)。問題導向學習在成人科技教育的應用。生活科技教育月刊,36(8),29-41。
林清山(1986)。左右腦側化功能的比較實驗研究與腦側化能力測驗和自陳量表的效度考驗。教育心理學報,19,37 – 54。
林俊宏(2008)。教導與師徒制在公部門的應用。T&D飛訊,66,1-20。
林振春(2005)。職場學習的四大策略。T&D飛訊,31,1-5。
林曉君(2008)。非營利組織領導者領導歷程與轉化學習之研究-以慈濟基金會為例(未出版之博士論文)。高雄師範大學成人教育研究所,高雄市。
林麗寬(譯)(1997)。學習革命。(原作者:Jeannette Vos & Gordon Dryden)。台北縣:中國生產力中心。(原著出版年:1994年)。
洪蘭(譯)(2001)。透視記憶。(原作者:Larry R. Squire & Eric R. Kandel)。台北市:遠流。(原著出版年:1999年)。
洪蘭(譯)(2003)。記憶的秘密。(原作者:Rebecca Rupp)。台北市:貓頭鷹。(原著出版年:1998年)。
科技人才學習網,(2016年4月15日)。人力資源。【課程領域】。取自http://e-learning.sipa.gov.tw/edu/Y012_new.jsp?pl_id=16A04
夏林清等(譯)(2004)。反映的實踐者:專業工作者如何在行動中思考。(原作者:Donald A. Schön)。台北:遠流。(原著出版年:1983)
孫易新(2013)。臺灣心智圖法學位論文研究之分析(未出版之碩士論文)。臺灣師範大學社會教育學系,台北市。
孫易新(2014)。心智圖法:理論與應用。台北市:商周。
孫易新(2015)。案例解析!超高效心智圖法入門。台北市:商周。
孫櫻純(2010)。圖像及文字型認知風格學習者在學習不同型態多媒體教材時之學習情緒及成效研究(未出版之碩士論文)。臺灣師範大學應用電子科技學系,台北市。
徐烈炯(1996)。語意學。台北市:五南。
柴康偉(2011)。探討學習動機、學習策略及學習滿意度對服務教育課程之影響。遠東學報,28,4,439-448。
梁雲霞(譯)(2005)。運用圖像組織,交兔子樂於思考。刊載於:圖像化學習。(原作者:Karen Bromley, Linda Irwin-De Vitis & Marcia Modlo)。台北市:遠流。
許史金(譯)(2001)。知識管理推行實務。(原作者:Arthur Andersen Business Consultin)。台北市:商周。
陳介英(2002)。深度訪談在經驗研究地位的反思。載於齊力、林本炫(主編),質性研究方法與資料分析,(117-127頁)。嘉義市:南華教社所。
陳芳毓(2010)。心智圖:2000家跨國企業採用的思考法。經理人月刊,67,120-131。
陳勁帆(2010)。整合心智圖法於群組工作情境之研究。(未出版之碩士論文)。國立暨南國際大學資訊管理學系,南投縣。
陳美岑(譯)(2000)。組織記憶與知識管理:企業保存Know-How的方法。(原作者:Arnold Kransdorff)台北市:商周。(原著出版年:1998)
陳英偉(2006)。實用色彩學。台北市:華立。
陳嘉彌(1998)。自情境教學探討師徒式教育實習。教育研究資訊,6(5),21~41。
陳懷恩(2008)。圖像學。台北市:如果。
程炳林、陳李綢(2016年8月24日)。學習策略。【教育大辭書】。國家教育研究院。取自:http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1314351/
黃明月(2000)。成人的問題本位學習。刊載於:成人學習革命。台北:師大書苑。
楊子江、王美音(譯) (1997)。創新求勝:智價企業論。(原作者:Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi)。台北市:遠流。(原著出版年:1995年)。
楊國德(2014)。職場學習是職涯發展的關鍵要素。T&D飛訊,187,1-18。
楊朝祥(2007年3月29日)。高科技產業與人才創新-臺灣模式與經驗。【國政研究報告】。財團法人國家政策研究基金會。取自http://www.npf.org.tw/2/1732
楊銘(2014)。行政學。台北市:千華數位文化。
詹長霖(2015年8月26日)。突破舊思維,三招學創新。天下雜誌部落格。取自http://blog.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/614/article/2420。
靳洪剛(1994)。語言發展心理學。台北市:五南。
廖宏勳、黃美瑤(2009)。問題導向模式教學與直接教學對高中生體育課身體活動量之影響。大專體育學術專刊。98,頁223-229。
熊川武(1997)。學習策略論。江西省:江西教育出版社。
翟文明、楚淑慧(2008)。圖解思考法。哈爾濱:黑龍江科學技術。
蔡智燦(2004)。應用心智圖擷取品質系統驗證專家內隱知識之實證研究―以QS-9000核心工具為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺北科技大學工業工程與管理系所,台北市。
鄭宇樑(2006)。問題導向學習的課程與教學。致遠管理學院學報,1,177-195。
龍立偉(2008)。整合心智圖於營建知識管理應用之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台北科技大學土木與防災研究所,台北市。
羅美惠(譯)(1999)。優質大腦。(原作者:Dharma Singh Khalsa, M.D. with Cameron Stauth)。台北市:先覺。
關超然、李孟智(2013)。PBL問題導向學習之理念、方法、實務與經驗(第二版)。台北市:臺灣愛思唯爾。
英文文獻
70:20:10Forum(2015 May 9). 70:20:10 Workplace Learning That Really Works. Retrieved from https://702010forum.com/files/workplace-learning-that-works.pdf.
A Primer on the Learning Organization(2007). Prepared for The Public Service Learning Policy Directorate Canada Public Service Agency.
Altheide, D. L., & Johnson, J. M.(1994). Criteria for assessing interpretive validity in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.). Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 485-499). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
Argyris, C., and Schön, D.A.(1978). Organizational Learning, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Argyris, C.(1996). “Unrecognized defenses of scholars: impact on theory and research”', Organization Science, Vol. 7, pp. 79-87.
Bateson, G.(1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine Books.
Best, J., & Kahn, J. V.(2006). Research in education (10th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Bromley, K. , Vitis L., & Modlo M.(1995). Graphic Organizers. Scholastic Press.
Brown, J. S.,Collins, A., & Dugout, P.(1989). Situated Cognition and the Cultural of Learning. Educational Research, 18(1), 32-42
Brown, T.(2009). Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation. New York:HarperCollins.
Bruce-Mitford, M., & Wilkinson, K.(2008). Signs & symbols: an illustrated guide to their origins and meanings. London : Dorling Kindersley.
Bruner, J. S.(1956). A study of thinking. New York : Wiley.
Bruner, J. S.(1960). The process of education. New York: Vintage Books.
Buzan, T.(2004). The Mind Map Book. London:BBC.
Buzan, T.(2014).Mind maps for business. UK: Pearson education limited.
Childers, T. L., Houston, M. J., and Heckler, S. E. (1985). Measurement of individual differences in visual versus verbal information processing. Journal of Consumer Research. 12(2), 125-134.
Collins, C. J., & Smith, K. G.(2006). Knowledge exchange and combination: the role of human resource practices in the performance of high-technology firms. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3), 544-560.
Costello, D. J.(2008). Assessing mind maps as an aide to career planning (Unpublished master’s thesis). North Central University, USA.
Cuba, E., & Lincoln, Y.(1981). Effective evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Dechant, K., Marsick, V., and Kasl, E.(1993). Towards a model of team learning. Studies in Contiunung Education, Vol.15, No. 1.
Dirkx, J.(2001). The power of feelings: Emotion, imagination, and the construction of meaning in adult learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 89, 63-72.
Drucker, P. F.(1994). Post-Capitalist Society. New York : HarperBusiness.
Drucker, P. F.(1995). Managing in a Time of Great Change. New York: Truman Talley Books/Dutton.
Egan, M.(1999). Reflections on Effective Use of Graphic Organizer. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 42(8). 641 – 645.
Engeström, Y.(2004). "New forms of learning in co-configuration work." Journal of Workplace Learning. 16(1/2): 11-21.
Ennis, R.H.(1985). Critical thinking and the curriculum. National Forum, 65, 28-31.
Eraut, M. & Hirsh, W.(2007). The Significance of Workplace Learning for Individuals, Groups and Organisations, SKOPE Monograph 6 , Oxford.
Fischer, B., & Fischer, L. (1979). Styles in teaching & learning. Educational Leadership, 36, 245-254.
Flood, R.L., and Romm, N.R.A.(1996). Diversity Management: Triple Loop Learning, Wiley, Chicester.
Frost, A.(2016 Aug. 25). The SECI Model and Knowledge Conversion. Retrieved from http://www.knowledge-management-tools.net/knowledge-conversion.html#ixzz4I2SQgV1m
Gagné, E. D.(1985). The cognitive psychology of school learning. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Gardner, H.(1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. NY:Basic Books.
Georges, A., Romme, L., and Arjen, van Witteloostuijn(1999). Circular organizing and triple loop learning. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 12 No. 5, 1999, pp. 439-453.
Griffiths, C.(2011). GRASP: the solution. UK: Proactive Press.
Guilford, J. P.(1956). The structure of intellect . Psychological Bulletin, Vol 53(4), Jul 1956, 267-293.
Hunt, T.(1991). Learning to Learn.: maximizing your performance potential. Publisher :Elan Enterprises Pr.
Jameson, F.(1991). Postmodernism, or, The cultural logic of late capitalism. USA:Duke University Press.
Jonassen, D. & Grabowski, B. (1993). Handbook of individual differences, learning and instruction. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates,.
Kasl, E., Marsick, V.J., and Dechant, K.(1997). Team as Learners: A Research-Based Model of Team Learning. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1997, 33(2), 227-246.
Kirby, J.R., Moore. P.J., and Schofield, N.J. (1988). Verbal and visual learning styles. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 13, 169-184.
Kirkpatrick, D.(2010)Evaluating Human Relations Programs for Industrial Foremen and Supervisors. Saint Louis: Kirkpatrick Partners LLC.
Knowles, M. S.(1990). The Adult Learner: a neglected species (4th edition) . Houston: Gulf Publishing .
Knowles, M. S.(1968). Andragogy, not pedagogy. Adult Leadership, 16(10), 350–352, 386.
Knowles, M. S.(1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall/Cambridge.
Kram, K. E.(1983). Phase of mentor relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 608-625.
Kransdorff, A.(1998). Corporate Amnesia: Keeping know-how in the company. UK: Edwrds & Fuglewicz.
Krasnic, T.(2011). Concise learning: learning more & score higher in less time with less effort. Concise Books Publishing.
Laurence, P. J., & Raymond, H.(1969). The Peter Principle: Why Things Always Go Wrong. New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc.
Lave, J., & Wenger, E.(1991). Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, Lung-Sheng & Lai, Chun-Chin(2012). Global Trends in Workplace Learning. Paper presented at The 6th International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems (CISIS-2012).
McAleese, R.(1994). A theoretical view on concept mapping. Research in Learning Technology. Vol 2, No 1.
McKeachie, W. J. (1987). Cognitive skills and their transfer: Discussion. International Journal of Educational Research, 11(6): 707-712.
Merriam, S.B., & Caffarella, R.S.(1999). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide.(2nd ed.)New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mezirow, J.(1978). Perspective transformation. Adult Education Quarterly, 28(2), 100-110.
Naisbitt, J., & Aburdene, P. (1990). Megatrends 2000: Ten New Directions for the 1990's. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.,
NCVER(2016 Apr. 10). What makes for good workplace learning? At a glance?Retrieved from http://www.ncver.edu.au/wps/portal/vetdataportal/restricted/publicationContent/!ut/p/a1/lVFbT4MwFP41e2x6CqXgI15mQXcRZjb6spRSXHUwttVF_fV2Jr6YbMzzdpIv3xULvMCilQfzIq3ZtHJ9_AVbJsS74ZxCOuGcQRIOZ1nOn30gDM-xwEK1trMrXLTqoHfL_UrudDWA7r1cG_XDtB8AAaBHbKdMhYvag5JRRpCvpUTU1wyVVaARAxVCTUkdEe3ECycOJy6Gi7w5yJTfM-_aQSI-AkjGeTYc3eU-TNhfAFw93ToOb5zyxymBh6CHAX4ZzpgsXIrwpE0e4PyftaR9uV1v5nW7FbFbZtNa_WHxonearmki_xO9ZfxrVjfz-BuhA5RG/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#doc-section-5
Nonaka, I., & Hirotaka, T.(1995). The knowledge-creating company, New York: Oxford University Press,.
Novak, J. D., & D. B. Gowin.(1984). Learning How Learn. New York and Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Paivio, A.(1971). Imagery and Verbal Processing. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.
Paris, S. G., Lipson, M. Y., and Wixson, K.(1983). Becoming a strategic reader, Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 8, p.293-316.
Pintrich, P. R. (1989). The dynamic interplay of student motivation and cognition in the college classroom. In M. L. Maehr & C. Ames (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement: Motivation-enhancing environments, (6), 117-160. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Polanyi, M.(1967). The Tacit Dimension, New York: Anchor Books.
Rose, C., & Nicholl, M. J.(1997). Accelerated Learning for the 21st Century. New York:Dell Publishing.
Rosenbaum, A.(2004). Mind Mapping: A Tool for Managing Organizational Transition. In Information Strategy: The Executive’s Journal. Winter 2004. 32-38.
Rumelhart, D.E., and Norman, D.A.(1978). Accretion,tuning,and restructuring:Three models of learning. In J.W.Cotton and R.L.Klatzky(eds.)Semantic factors in cognition. Hillsdale, N.J.:Erlbaum.
Schön, D.(1987). Educating the Reflective Practitioner: towards a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Senge, P.(1990). The Fifth Discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization, New York: Doubleday.
Sibbet, D.(2010). Visual meetings: how graphics, sticky notes & idea mapping can transform group productivity. New Jersey:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sternberg, R.J., Forsyth, G.B., Hedlund, J., Horvath, J.A., Wagner, R.K., Williams, W.M., Snook, S.A., and Grigorenko, E.L.(2000). Practical Intelligence in Everyday Life. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Swieringa, J., & Wierdsma, A.(1992). Becoming a Learning Organization: Beyond the Learning Curve. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley.
Tobin, D. R.(1993). Re-educating the Corporation: Foundations for the Learning Organization, V.T.: Oliver Wight.
Tulving, E.(1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization in memory (pp.381-403). New York: Academic Press.
Van Manen, Max.(1990). Researching lived experience: human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. Albany: SUNY.
Walton, M.(1988). The Deming Management Method. New York: The Berkley publishing Group.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M.(2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Yin, R. K.(1998). The abridged version of case study research: Design and method. In L. Bickmon & D. J. Rog(Eds.). Handbook of applied social research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Yorks, L.(2005). Adult Learning and the Generation of New Knowledge and Meaning: Creating Liberating Spaces for Fostering Adult Learning Through Practitioner-Based Collaborative Action Inquiry. Teachers College Record , 107 (6), 1217-1244.