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研究生：	蘇雅薇 Ya-Wei Su
論文名稱：	口譯產出停頓時的認知歷程：以視譯眼動軌跡為證 Cognitive process during pauses in interpreting output: from eye movements in sight translation
指導教授：	陳子瑋 Chen, Tze-Wei
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	翻譯研究所 Graduate Institute of Translation and Interpretation
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	132
中文關鍵詞：	結構停頓、遲疑停頓、認知歷程、視譯、眼動
英文關鍵詞：	juncture pause, hesitation pause, cognitive process, sight translation, eye tracking
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：503 下載：23
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停頓研究推論位於句尾的結構停頓（juncture pause）和位於句中其他位置的遲疑停頓（hesitation pause）應分別具有獨特的功能，並象徵不同的認知處理歷程。然而目前為止鮮有研究專於分析講者/口譯員於停頓當下的認知反應，或採用第二組資料對口語產出進行三角檢測。本研究採用眼動資料以分析視譯產出中的停頓，因眼動資料已普遍應用於閱讀研究當中，作為認知歷程的指標。本研究主要檢視產出停頓當下的眼睛凝視位置和掃視方向，並比較眼動資料與口語產出內容。

本研究蒐集十一位受試者於中進英視譯時的口語產出及眼動資料。研究結果顯示產生結構停頓時，眼睛多位於第一次或第二次閱讀，且凝視在停頓後即將產出的段落，顯示受試者正在口譯的初期階段，理解並重組即將產出的內容。產生遲疑停頓時，眼睛多位於第三次閱讀之後，且停頓多以回視開始，顯示受試者正在偵測錯誤，解決造成產出困難的字詞、句法和翻譯策略問題。研究結果支持結構停頓和遲疑停頓代表不同的認知處理歷程。根據本研究結果，可修正口譯品質評量中的停頓標準，以及提出較系統性的方式，教導口譯學生如何控制口語產出的停頓。

Pause studies have raised the assumption that juncture pauses, pause that occurs at sentence junctures, and hesitation pauses, pause that occurs elsewhere in the sentence, could possess distinct functions and indicate different cognitive processes. However, so far little research has focused on examining the speaker / interpreter’s cognitive reaction right at the moment of pausing, nor has additional data been used to triangulate the oral production analyses. The present study incorporates eye movement data, which has been commonly used in reading studies as indicators of cognitive processes, into the study of pausing in sight translation. The research focused on examining eye fixation location and saccade trajectory at the time of pausing, and comparing eye movement data with oral production.

Oral outputs and eye movements of 11 trainee interpreters were recorded during a task of Chinese to English sight translation. Results showed that the eye is usually in the first or second reading pass during juncture pause, and tend to fixate on the upcoming segment after the pause, suggesting the interpreter is engaged in early stages of interpreting, comprehending and reformulating the upcoming text. During hesitation pause, the eye tends to fall in the third reading pass and on, and the pause is likely to begin with a regression, which indicates the interpreter is involved in the error detection stage, solving lexical, syntactic and strategic problems causing production difficulties. The results support the assumption that distinct cognitive processes go on during juncture and hesitation pause. This study may help refine the pause criteria in assessment of interpretation quality, and produce a more systematic way of instructing the control of pauses to interpretation students.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents    i
List of Tables    iii
List of Figures    iv
List of Figures in Appendix B    v
Abstract    vi
摘要    viii
Chapter 1  Introduction    1
1.1 Research background    1
1.2 Research questions    5
Chapter 2  Literature Review    7
2.1 Interpretation and sight translation    7
2.1.1 Characteristics and difficulties of sight translation    8
2.1.2 The interpretation process    12
2.2 Pauses    14
2.2.1 Juncture pause and hesitation pause    16
2.2.2 Distribution of pause in spontaneous speech    18
2.2.3 Psycholinguistic functions of pause in spontaneous speech    20
2.2.4 Pauses in interpretation output    24
2.3 Eye movement    28
2.3.1 Eye movement and reading comprehension    30
2.3.2 Eye-tracking method in T&I studies    33
2.3.3 Eye movement and pause    37
Chapter 3  Pause Data Collection and Analyses    40
3.1 Data source and collection    40
3.2 Data processing    41
3.2.1 Selection of observation points    41
3.2.2 Annotated protocol    42
3.3 Oral data analyses results    45
3.3.1 Juncture pause    46
3.3.2 Hesitation pause    47
Chapter 4  Eye Movement Analyses    56
4.1 Data collection    56
4.1.1 Eye fixation protocol    56
4.1.2 Examined parameters    58
4.2 Eye movement data analyses    62
4.2.1 Global analyses    63
4.2.2 Juncture pause analyses    66
4.2.3 Hesitation pause analyses    75
Chapter 5  Discussion    88
5.1 Additional eye tracking data findings    88
5.1.1 Examination of the main interruption rule for repairs    88
5.1.2 Eye movements during pauses yet to be explained    93
5.2 Cognitive process during pause and implication for interpretation studies and training    101
5.3 Research limitation and future perspective    104
5.4 Conclusion    106
Reference    108
Appendix A. Selected Experiment Materials    112
Appendix B. Eye fixation protocol examples    115


List of Tables
Table 1-1. Categorization of pauses (Cecot, 2001)    16
Table 4-1. Number of pauses and fixations occurred during pauses    62
Table 4-2. Number of fixations during pauses    63
Table 4-3. Saccade direction at the onset of pause    64
Table 4-4. Saccade direction at the end of pause    64
Table 4-5. Number of fixations during juncture pauses    66
Table 4-6. Saccade direction at the onset of juncture pause    67
Table 4-7. Saccade direction at the end of juncture pause    67
Table 4-8. Number of fixations during hesitation pauses    75
Table 4-9. Saccade direction at the onset of hesitation pause    76
Table 4-10. Saccade direction during the end of hesitation pause    76

 
List of Figures
Figure 3-1. Selection of pause data in Audacity    42
Figure 3-2. Categorization of pauses    45
Figure 4-1. Selection of fixation data during pauses in Praat    56
Figure 4-2. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-1    58
Figure 4-3. Fixation position in reading passes during juncture and hesitation pause    66
Figure 4-4. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-2    72
Figure 4-5. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-3    73
Figure 4-6. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-4    74
Figure 4-7. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-5    74
Figure 4-8. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-6    80
Figure 4-9. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-7    81
Figure 4-10. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-8    82
Figure 4-11. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-9    83
Figure 4-12. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-10    84
Figure 4-13. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-11    85
Figure 4-14. Eye fixation protocol of Example 4-12    86
Figure 5-1. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-1    89
Figure 5-2. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-2    89
Figure 5-3. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-3    91
Figure 5-4. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-4    92
Figure 5-5. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-5    94
Figure 5-6. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-6    94
Figure 5-7. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-7    95
Figure 5-8. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-8    96
Figure 5-9. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-9    97
Figure 5-10. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-10    97
Figure 5-11. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-11    99
Figure 5-12. Eye fixation protocol of Example 5-12    100


List of Figures in Appendix B
Figure B1. Eye fixation protocol of Participant 210002    116
Figure B2. Eye fixation protocol of Participant 210003    118
Figure B3. Eye fixation protocol of Participant 210004    120
Figure B4. Eye fixation protocol of Participant 210005    122
Figure B5. Eye fixation protocol of Particiapnt 210007    124
Figure B6. Eye fixation protocol of Participant 210008    126
Figure B7. Eye fixation protocol of Participant 210010    128
Figure B8. Eye fixation protocol of Participant 210012    130
Figure B9. Eye fixation protocol of Participant 210017    132

                                

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