研究生: |
林昱圻 Yu-Chi Lin |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
負向情感特質與職場偏差行為之關聯性研究:知覺不當督導的中介效果與自戀型人格特質的調節機制 The Relationship between Negative Affectivity and Workplace Deviance Behavior: the Mediating Role of Perceived Abusive Supervision and the Moderating Role of Narcissism |
指導教授: |
陳怡靜
Chen, Yi-Ching |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
科技應用與人力資源發展學系 Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development |
論文出版年: | 2014 |
畢業學年度: | 102 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 86 |
中文關鍵詞: | 職場偏差行為 、負向情感特質 、知覺不當督導 、自戀型人格特質 |
英文關鍵詞: | workplace deviance behavior, negative affectivity, perceived abusive supervision, narcissism |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:189 下載:21 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
從過去到現今的組織社會中,員工職場偏差行為的問題似乎都一直在組織中普遍存在著。過去國內外在探討職場偏差行為的前因變項時,發現負向情感特質是職場偏差行為的影響變項之一,但卻較少著墨在此兩者之間的中介及調節因子。有鑑於此,本研究以知覺不當督導作為中介變項,並以主管的自戀型人格特質作為調節變項,試圖對此研究缺口提出貢獻。本研究採用問卷調查法,以國內企業的初階主管和員工進行配對作為研究對象,總計回收有效問卷的組數為79組,共296份問卷(包含79份主管問卷,217份員工問卷),問卷有效回收率為74%。本研究以階層迴歸分析檢驗,研究結果顯示:知覺不當督導在員工的負向情感特質與職場偏差行為之間具有完全中介效果。本研究也依據研究結果進行討論,分別提出研究理論與實務意涵。
The problems of workplace deviance behavior seem to have been widespread in the organization to date. And the antecedent variables of workplace deviance behavior have been investigated in recent years, and we found negative affectivity is one of the variables affecting the workplace deviance behavior. However, there have research gaps between the two variables. Therefore, this study used the perceived abusive supervision as a mediator, and the narcissism of supervisor as a moderator to make some contribution. Analysis of survey data from the total groups is 79, and there have 79 supervisors and 296 employees of various companies in Taiwan, and received 74% effective responses. In this study, we used hierarchical regression analysis, and the results showed that perceived abusive supervision between negative affectivity and workplace deviance behavior has fully mediated effects.
吳怡靜(2010年12月1日)。10步驟搞定問題員工。天下雜誌,461
。2013年9月1日,取自 http://0-new.cwk.com.tw.opac.lib.
ntnu.edu.tw/cgi-bin2/Libo.cgi?
吳景華(2013年5月31日)。氣死我了,員工老是唱反調。360d才庫
人力資源電子報。取自2013年9月1日,取自
http://www.360d.com.tw/
吳宗祐(2008)。由不當督導到情緒耗竭:部屬正義知覺與情緒勞動的
中介效果。中華心理學刊,50(2),201-221。
吳宗祐、廖紘億(2013)。華人威權領導總是導致部屬負面結果嗎?由 「不確定管理理論」探討威權領導對分配不公平與程序不公平之交互作用與部屬工作滿意度之關係的調節效果。中華心理學刊,55(1),1-22。
許境頤、江彧慈 (2013)。[罵] 有用嗎?以資源保存理論看不當督導對部屬的影響。人力資源管理學報,13(1),81-104。
張春興、林清山(1990)。教育心理學。台北: 東華書局。
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽(2006)。管理研究中的共同方法變異:問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報,23(1),77-98。
鄭伯壎(1995)。家長權威與領導行為之關係:一個台灣民營企業主持人的個案研究。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,79,119-173。
Abbott, G. N., White, F. A., & Charles, M. A. (2005). Linking values and organizational commitment: A correlational and experimental investigation in two organizations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 4, 531-551.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Alias, M., Rasdi, R. M., Ismail, M., & Samah, B. A. (2013). Predictors of workplace deviant behavior: HRD agenda for Malaysian support personnel. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(2), 161-182.
Ambrose, M. L., Seabright, M. A., & Schminke, M. (2002). Sabotage in the workplace: The role of organizational injustice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89(1), 947-965.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450.
Anderson, N. (2003). Applicant and recruiter reactions to new technology in selection: A critical review and agenda for future research. International Journal of Selection and Assessment,11(2‐3), 121-136.
Arnold, H. J., & Feldman, D. C. (1981). Social desirability response bias in self-report choice situations. Academy of Management Journal, 24(2), 377-385.
Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X., Sun, L. Y., & Debrah, Y. A. (2007). Antecedents and outcomes of abusive supervision: test of a trickle-down model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 191-201.
Aryee, S., Sun, L. Y., Chen, Z. X. G., & Debrah, Y. A. (2008). Abusive supervision and contextual performance: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the moderating role of work unit structure. Management and Organization Review, 4, 393-411.
Aquino, K., & Douglas, S. (2003). Identity threat and antisocial behavior in organizations: The moderating effects of individual differences, aggressive modeling, and hierarchical status. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(1), 195-208.
Aquino, K., Lewis, M. U., & Bradfield, M. (1999). Justice constructs, negative affectivity, and employee deviance: A proposed model and empirical test. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1073-1091.
Baron, R. A., & Neuman, J. H. (1996). Workplace violence and
workplace aggression: Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes. Aggressive behavior, 22(3), 161-173.
Baron, R. A., & Richardson, D. R.(1994). Human aggression(2nd ed), NY: Plenum.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: the dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological review, 103(1), 5-33.
Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349-360.
Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 92(2), 410-424.
Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Bolger, N., & Zuckerman, A. (1995). A framework for studying personality in the stress process. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(5), 890-902.
Bordia, P., Restubog, S. L. D., & Tang, R. L. (2008). When employees strike back: Investigating mediating mechanisms between psychological contract breach and workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1104-1117. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1104
Brief, A. P., & Weiss,H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
Bruck, C. S., & Allen, T. D. (2003). The relationship between big five personality traits, negative affectivity, type A behavior, and work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior,63(3), 457-472.
Brunell, A. B., Gentry, W. A., Campbell, W. K., Hoffman, B. J., Kuhnert, K. W., & DeMarree, K. G. (2008). Leader emergence: The case of the narcissistic leader. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(12), 1663-1676.
Burton, J. P., & Hoobler, J. M. (2011). Aggressive reactions to abusive supervision: The role of interactional justice and narcissism. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 52(4), 389-398.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. Journal of applied psychology, 86(3), 386-400.
Campbell, W. K., Goodie, A. S., & Foster, J. D. (2004). Narcissism, confidence, and risk attitude. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 17(4), 297-311.
Chen, C. C., Chen,Y. C. M., & Liu, Y. C. (2013). Negative affectivity and workplace deviance: The moderating role of ethical climate. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(15), 2894-2910.
Chen, P. Y., & Spector, P. E. (1991). Negative affectivity as the underlying cause of correlations between stressors and strains. Journal of applied psychology, 76(3), 398-407.
Colbert, A. E., Mount, M. K., Harter, J. K., Witt, L. A., & Barrick, M. R. (2004). Interactive effects of personality and perceptions of the work situation on workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 599-609.
Dalal, R. S. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of applied psychology, 90(6), 1241-1255.
Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information processing model of socialcompetence in children. In Minnesota symposium on child psychology, 18, 77-125.
Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2001). Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 547-559.
Dunlop, P. D., & Lee, K. (2004). Workplace deviance, organizational citizenship behavior, and business unit performance: The bad apples do spoil the whole barrel. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 67-80.
Emmons, R. A. (1984). Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 291-300.
Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: a general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological methods, 12(1),1-22.
Exline, J. J., Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., Campbell, W. K., & Finkel, E. J. (2004). Too proud to let go: narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 894-912.
Foster, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2007). Are there such things as “narcissists” in social psychology? A taxometric analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1321-1332.
Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (1999). A model of work frustration -aggression.
Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 915-931.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 291–309.
Giacalone, R. A., & Greenberg, J. (1997). Antisocial behavior in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American sociological review, 25(2), 161-178.
Harper, D. (1990). Spotlight abuse- save profits. Industrial Distributions, 79(3), 47-51.
Hays, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford.
Hastings, S. E., & O’Neill, T. A. (2009). Predicting workplace deviance using broad versus narrow personality variables.Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 289-293.
Hays, R. D., Hayashi, T., & Stewart, A. L. (1989). A five-item measure of
socially desirable response set. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49(3), 629-636.
Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupré, K. E., Inness, M., LeBlanc, M. M., & Sivanathan, N. (2007). Predicting workplace aggression: A meta-analysis. Journal of applied Psychology, 92(1), 228-238.
Hochwarter, W. A., & Thompson, K. W. (2012). Mirror, mirror on my boss’s wall: Engaged enactment’s moderating role on the relationship between perceived narcissistic supervision and work outcomes. Human Relations, 65(3), 335-366.
Inness, M., Barling, J., & Turner, N. (2005). Understanding supervisor-targeted aggression: a within-person, between-jobs design. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 731-739.
Jex, S. M., & Beehr, T. A. (1991). Emerging theoretical and methodological issues in the study of work-related stress. Research in personnel and human resources management, 9(31), l-365.
Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1984). LISREL VI: Analysis of linear
structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood. Chicago: National Educational Resources.
Judge, T. A., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2006). Loving yourself abundantly: Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 762-775.
Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Kosalka, T. (2009). The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm.The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 855-875.
Judge, T. A., Scott, B. A., & Ilies, R. (2006). Hostility, job attitudes, and workplace deviance: Test of a multilevel model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 126-138.
Kaplan, S., Bradley, J. C., Luchman, J. N., & Haynes, D. (2009). On the role of positive and negative affectivity in job performance: a meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 162-176.
Lian, H., Ferris, D. L., & Brown, D. J. (2012). Does taking the good with the bad make things worse? How abusive supervision and leader–member exchange interact to impact need satisfaction and organizational deviance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117(1), 41-52.
Lind, E. A., & Van den Bos, K. (2002). When fairness works: Toward a general theory of uncertainty management.Research in organizational behavior, 24, 181-223.
Lochman, J. E., Meyer, B. L., Rabiner, D. L., & White, K. J. (1991). Parameters influencing social problem-solving of aggressive children. Advances in behavioral assessment of children and families, 5, 31-63.
Maccoby, M. (2000). Narcissistic leaders. Harvard Business Review, 78(1), 69-77.
Maccoby, M. (2003). The productive narcissist: The promise and peril of visionary leadership. New York, NY: Broadway Books.
Martinko, M. J., Harvey, P., Brees, J. R., & Mackey, J. (2013). A review of
abusive supervision research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34,120-137.
Martinko, M. J., Harvey, P., Sikora, D., & Douglas, S. C. (2011). Perceptions of abusive supervision: The role of subordinates' attribution styles. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(4), 751-764.
Mawritz, M. B., Mayer, D. M., Hoobler, J. M., Wayne, S. J., & Marinova, S. V. (2012). A trickle‐down model of abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 65(2), 325-357.
McGregor, I., Zanna, M. P., Holmes, J. G., & Spencer, S. J. (2001). Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: going to extremes and being oneself. Journal of personality and social psychology, 80(3), 472-488.
Michel, J. S., & Bowling, N. A. (2013). Does Dispositional Aggression Feed the Narcissistic Response? The Role of Narcissism and Aggression in the Prediction of Job Attitudes and Counterproductive Work Behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 28(1), 93-105.
Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don't communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453-1476.
Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159-1168.
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196.
Morgan, W. B., & King, E. B. (2012). The Association between
work-family guilt and pro‐and anti‐social work behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 68(4), 684-703.
Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Altine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430-445.
Murphy, S. M., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C., & Erdogan, B. (2003). Understanding social loafing: The role of justice perceptions and exchange relationships. Human Relations, 56(1), 61-84.
O’Neill, T. A., & Hastings, S. E. (2011). Explaining workplace deviance behavior with more than just the “Big Five”. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 268-273.
O’Neill, T. A., Lewis, R. J., & Carswell, J. J. (2011). Employee personality, justice perceptions, and the prediction of workplace deviance. Personality and individual differences, 51(5), 595-600.
Penney, L. M., David, E., & Witt, L. A. (2011). A review of personality and performance: Identifying boundaries, contingencies, and future research directions. Human Resource Management Review, 21,297-310.
Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2002). Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior: Do bigger egos mean bigger problems? International Journal of selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 126-134.
Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2005). Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): The moderating role of negative affectivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 777-796.
Raskin, R., & Hall, C. S. (1981). The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative form reliability and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of personality assessment, 45(2), 159-162.
Raskin, R., Novacek, J., & Hogan, R. (1991). Narcissistic self-esteem management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(6), 911-918.
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902.
Resick, C. J., Whitman, D. S., Weingarden, S. M., & Hiller, N. J. (2009). The bright-side and the dark-side of CEO personality: Examining core self-evaluations, narcissism, transformational leadership, and strategic influence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1365-1381.
Restubog, S. L. D., Garcia, P. R. J. M., Wang, L., & Cheng, D. (2010). It’s all about control: The role of self-control in buffering the effects of negative reciprocity beliefs and trait anger on workplace deviance. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(5), 655-660.
Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of management journal,38(2), 555-572.
Robinson ,S. L., & Greenberg, J. (1998). Employees behaving badly: Dimensions, determinants, and dilemmas in the study of workplace deviance. In: Cooper CL, Rousseau DM (eds), Trends in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 5,Wiley, New York.
Rosenthal, S. A., & Pittinsky, T. L. (2006). Narcissistic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 617-633.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: review of the literature. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), 698-714.
Schat, A. C. H., Desmarais, S., & Kelloway, E. K.(2006). Exposure to workplace aggression from multiple sources: Validation of a measure and test of a model. Unpublished manuscript, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: self-esteem matters. Journal of personality and social psychology, 87(3), 400-416.
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological methodology, 13, 290-312.
Spector, P. E. (2011). The relationship of personality to counterproductive work behavior (CWB): An integration of perspectives. Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), 342-352.
Stoeva, A. Z., Chiu, R., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2002). Negative affectivity, role stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 1-16.
Swann , W. B., Griffin, J. J., Predmore, S. C., & Gaines, B.(1987). The cognitive–affective crossfire: When self-consistency confronts self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 881-889.
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of management journal, 43(2), 178-190.
Tepper, B. J. (2007). Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33(3), 261-289.
Tepper, B. J., Carr, J. C., Breaux, D. M., Geider, S., Hu, C., & Hua, W. (2009). Abusive supervision, intentions to quit, and employees’ workplace deviance: A power/dependence analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 156-167.
Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Henle, C. A., & Lambert, L. S. (2006). Procedural injustice, victim precipitation, and abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 59(1), 101-123.
Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., & Shaw, J. D. (2001). Personality moderators of the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates' resistance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 974-983.
Tepper, B. J., Henle, C., Lambert, L. S., Giacalone, R. J., & Duffy, M. K. (2008). Abusive supervision and subordinates’ organization deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 721-732.
Thau, S., Crossley, C., Bennett, R. J., & Sczesny, S. (2007). The relationship between trust, attachment, and antisocial work behaviors. Human Relations, 60(8), 1155-1179.
Thau, S., Bennett, R. J., Mitchell, M. S., & Marrs, M. B. (2009). How management style moderates the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace deviance: An uncertainty management theory perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 79-92.
Thoresen, C. J., Kaplan, S. A., Barsky, A. P., Warren, C. R., & de Chermont, K. (2003). The affective underpinnings of job perceptions and attitudes: A meta-analytic review and integration. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 914-945.
Van Dierendonck, D., Haynes, C., Borrill, C., & Stride, C. (2007). Effects of upward feedback on leadership behavior toward subordinates. Journal of Management Development, 26(3), 228-238.
Wang, W., Mao, J., Wu, W., & Liu, J. (2012). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance: the mediating role of interactional justice and the moderating role of power distance. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 50(1), 43-60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7941.2011.00004.x
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes, and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1-74.
Wright, T. A., & Staw, B. M. (1999). Affect and favorable work outcomes: Two longitudinal tests of the happy–productive worker thesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(1), 1-23.
Wu, T., & Hu, C. (2009). Abusive supervision and employee emotional exhaustion: Dispositional antecedents and boundaries. Group Organization Management, 34, 143-169.
Zellars, K. L., Tepper, B. J., & Duffy, M. K. (2002). Abusive supervision and subordinates' organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1068-1076.
Zohar, D., Tzischinski, O., & Epstein, R. (2003). Effects of energy availability on immediate and delayed emotional reactions to work events. Journal of Applied Psychology,88(6), 1082-1093.
Zuckerman, M., & O’Loughun, R. E. (2009). Narcissism and well-being: A longitudinal perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 957-972.