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研究生: 徐炘婷
論文名稱: 新疆地區早石炭紀晚期腕足化石氧同位素之古環境意義
Late Early Carboniferous Xinjiang environment indicated by oxygen isotope records of brachiopods shells
指導教授: 米泓生
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 地球科學系
Department of Earth Sciences
論文出版年: 2004
畢業學年度: 92
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 77
中文關鍵詞: 腕足動物早石炭紀晚期新疆伊犁-北天山地區氧同位素古環境
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:134下載:10
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  • 本研究分析新疆伊犁-北天山地區早石炭紀晚期Serpukhovian世的五隻巨大長身貝屬腕足(Gigantoproductus tulensis)化石的碳氧同位素數值,以重建其生存時期的古環境。標本均沿喙部至腹部切割製成薄片,在透射光顯微鏡下觀察薄片微細構造,再於陰極射線顯微鏡下檢視化石薄片是否有發光現象,並拍照紀錄做為微取樣的依據。我們分別採集微細構造保存良好且陰極射線下不發光部份以及發光殼體和圍岩的碳酸鈣粉末,進行碳氧穩定同位素分析。
    總計在五隻巨大長身貝屬腕足標本上取得213個採樣點,在氧同位素數值的部份,不發光殼體部份的δ18O數值落在-7.0 ~-1.7之間(平均值為-4.0±1.1,1σ)。五隻巨大長身貝屬腕足殼體的δ18O數值週期性振幅介於0.6~3.7之間,若僅考慮溫度效應,利用溫度公式換算可推得早石炭紀晚期新疆伊犁-北天山地區的年溫差範圍介於3~19℃之間。
    本研究推算新疆早石炭紀晚期的δ18O數值與δ13C數值與華南地區數值的涵蓋範圍相近,但比俄羅斯地區的數值為低。觀察三個地區於Serpukhovian階的δ18O值對δ13C值的分佈圖,可發現華南與新疆地區的回歸直線幾乎重疊,而與俄羅斯的回歸直線平行,推測是因為三個地區的地理環境與氣候型態不同所致。若新疆、華南與俄羅斯三個區域的年溫差相近(5℃),則估算出淡水的注入對氧同位素的影響程度以新疆地區最多,可能是由於新疆地區當時為海島型氣候,夏雨多且集中,造成海水受到大量淡水注入影響,使混合後的水體δ18O數值降低。
    新疆、華南與俄羅斯三地的δ13C-δ18O回歸線雖然沒有得到海水端的交點,但本研究發現此三個地區的δ18O數值在靠海水端的一側約趨近於-1.5。若當時的溫度為25℃,則海水中的δ18O數值估計約為0.5(V-SMOW),本論文提供了當時的氣候正由早石炭紀的暖期漸漸走向晚石炭紀冰期的證據。

    目錄 頁碼 Abstract………………….........……………………………….…v 摘要.....................................................vii 誌謝......................................................ix 目錄............ ..........................................x 圖目……………………………………………………….….......xii 表目.....................................................xvi 第一章、 緒論.............................................1 前言.......................................................1 穩定碳氧同位素的原理與應用.................................2 石炭紀的環境與氣候........................................10 早石炭紀晚期相關同位素研究................................11 研究目的..................................................12 第二章、 研究區域與標本..................................15 研究區域.................................................15 研究標本..................................................18 第三章、研究方法與原理....................................20 1、薄片製作...............................................20 2、透射光顯微鏡及陰極射線顯微鏡觀察…………………...20 3、穩定碳氧同位素分析……………………………………...21 4、微量元素分析……………………………………………..22 第四章、結果與討論………………………………………………….25 標本保存度……………………...............……………………25 1、透射光與陰極射線顯微鏡下之觀察………………..25 2、微量元素……………………………………………....28 3、穩定碳氧同位素……………………..……………….31 生長序列-生長週期變化……………………………………..37 氧同位素的週期變化與其環境意義................…………...38 第五章、結論………………………………………………………….59 參考文獻………………………………………………………………60 附錄一、穩定同位素分析之數值……………………………………69 附錄二、電子微探針化學元素分析之數值(單位:mmol/mol)…..72 圖目 圖 頁碼 圖1.1 早石炭紀時期古地理分布圖(取自Krause et al., 2004)。 NA:北美;RU:俄羅斯;SB:西伯利亞;Tr:塔里木…..13 圖2.1 新疆地區石炭紀地層地質分區圖。「 」為本研究標本之 採集地點。(取自王慶平等,1993)……………………..…..16 圖2.2 Gigantoproductus tulensis。標本(XJ0645)的俯視圖與側 視圖。…………………………………………………………....19 圖4.1 XJ0648巨大長身貝屬腕足動物化石,在透射光顯微鏡下可 清楚見到微細構造以及生長紋。…………………………….27 圖4.2 殼體標本(XJ0648)薄片的微細構造與發光現象。同一 區域在(A)透射光顯微鏡觀察到的微細構造,對應到 (B)陰極射線顯微鏡下的發光情形。圖中可觀察到殼 體外緣被矽化的現象,以及在殼體局部出現絲狀發光。….29 圖4.3 Serpukhovian階伊犁-北天山地區巨大長身貝屬腕足動物 殼體的δ18O值對δ13C值分佈圖。NL:不發光殼體部份; LM:發光圍岩部份;LS:發光殼體。………………...………..35 圖4.4(A)透射光顯微鏡下的XJ0647化石薄片;(B)XJ0647 圖 頁碼 局部放大圖,可以清楚看到兩組斜交的生長身紋;(C) 依據兩組生長紋分別採樣得到的氧同位素數值(單位: )示意圖。………..……………………………….……….39 圖4.5 XJ0645標本內穩定同位素值於腹殼內的變化圖;圖中圓 點為殼體NL部份,三角形為殼體NL+L部份,矩形為殼 體L部份。…………………………………………………......40 圖4.6 XJ0646標本內穩定同位素值於腹殼內的變化圖;圖中圓 點為殼體NL部份,三角形為殼體NL+L部份,矩形為殼 體L部份。………………………………………………………41 圖4.7 XJ0647標本內穩定同位素值於腹殼內的變化圖;圖中圓 點為殼體NL部份,三角形為殼體NL+L部份。……….…..42 圖4.8 XJ0648標本內穩定同位素值於腹殼內的變化圖;圖中圓 點為殼體NL部份,三角形為殼體NL+L部份,矩形為殼 體L部份。………………………………………….………….43 圖4.9 XJ0649標本內穩定同位素值於腹殼內的變化圖;圖中圓 點為殼體NL部份,三角形為殼體NL+L部份。…….…….44 圖4.10 XJ0648標本內穩定同位素值於背殼內的變化圖;圖中圓 圖 頁碼 點為殼體NL部份,三角形為殼體NL+L部份。……………45 圖4.11 Serpukhovian階新疆(XJ)、俄羅斯(RU;Wang,1998) 及華南貴州(GZ;陳,2001)三個地區巨大長身貝屬腕足 動物殼體δ18O值對δ13C值分佈圖。…………………………..48 圖4.12 扣除5℃的溫度效應,分別估算俄羅斯(RU;Wang, 1998)、新疆(XJ)和貴州(GZ;陳,2001)三個地區 δ18O數值所受到的鹽度效應。另外,三地的δ18O數值在 較重的一端趨近於-1.5 。…..………………………..…….49 圖4.13 熱帶島嶼測站的雨量與氧同位素數值分布圖(修改自 Rozanski et al., 1993)。……………………………………...51 圖4.14 早石炭紀時期古地理復原圖(取自Wang et al., 2003)。 RU:俄羅斯;NC:華北;SC:華南;Tr:塔里木……….52 圖4.15 早石炭紀時期的古地理位置圖,以及煤層、碳酸鹽類以 及蒸發鹽類於早石炭紀地層中分布的情形(修改自Scotese, 1997,in Stanley,1999)。RU:俄羅斯.……………………..54 圖4.16 早石炭紀的古地理圖(A)修改自Li and Powell, 2001; (B)取自Krause et al., 2004。RU:俄羅斯;NC:華北; 圖 頁碼 SC:華南………………………………………………………55 圖4.17 同位素數值會受到河海混合比例的不同而產生變化。 (取自於Mook, 1971)……………………………….……….57 表目 表 頁碼 表2.1 各個標本的殼長與殼寬長度………………………………….18 表3.1電子微探分析中各元素的測定時間及最低偵測值。…………24 表4.1 新疆伊犁-北天山地區與華南貴州、俄羅斯台地的巨大長 身貝屬腕足動物殼體之化學組成(單位:mmol/mol)。……..31表4.2 各標本的碳氧同位素數值,單位為;其中NL表示不 發光部份、NL+L表示局部發光部份、L表示發光部份、 LM則表示圍岩發光部份。……………………………………33表4.3:Serpukhovian階新疆伊犁-北天山地區巨大長身貝屬腕足 不發光殼體(NL)、發光殼體(L)與發光圍岩(LM)部 份碳氧同位素數值()統計比較結果。…..………………..36

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