在近年南海爭端情勢上升之矛頭多指向中國大陸在南海島礁的填海造陸行為時，美國以捍衛南海航行自由為號召，加大挑戰大陸在南海海域之主權主張。本文試圖從1979年美國航行自由計畫之制定為出發，探討到歐巴馬政府任內之航行自由計畫是否有何本質或戰略之改變。
相較過去航行自由計畫之任務內容僅公布年度挑戰國家與過度海域主張之項目，美國自2015年開始於南海所執行的航行自由行動已漸轉為公開方式，較過去更「頻繁」與「實際」地挑戰區域內過度海域主張之國家。本文研究發現，該政策轉變之考量是對大陸快速、大規模地填海造陸所引起之區域現況改變之擔憂，美國透過公布每次執行航行自由計畫行動的主要目的有三：第一，以維護航行自由之國際法之基礎；第二、維持美國在區域內的領導地位；第三，透過航行自由行動，向區域盟友提供安全保證。最後，歐巴馬政府所公開的四次航行自由行動交互挑戰了南沙群島與西沙群島中填海造陸後面積最大、或具（潛在）軍事化設施之島礁，更凸顯出歐巴馬政府在南海執行航行自由行動之高度戰略意涵。

The purpose of this study is to target on the U.S. Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOP) since 1979 and on whether it has been changed fundamentally or strategically under President Barack Obama’s administration. As China’s construction of artificial islands and militarization activities in recent years that has raised the tension in the South China Sea, the United States keeps on conducting FONOPs to challenge the excessive maritime claims by the countries in the area to protect the right of freedom of navigation.
Since 2015, the challenges to the claimants under FONOP in South China Sea has become more open, frequent, and precise. In view of China’s changing the status quo in the South China Sea, the purposes of the U.S. FONOPs to the public are as follows: first, to protect the right of freedom of navigation under international law; second, to maintain the U.S. leadership in the area; third, to provide security guarantee to allies in the area. As those four FONOPs challenged either the biggest or potentially militarized maritime features in the Spratlys and Paracels, it showed a clear strategic implication of the US South China Sea policy.

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論文集
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22. 2016/1/5。「陸遣民航機降落南海永暑礁 越、菲、日齊表抗議」，《關鍵評論網》，＜https://www.thenewslens.com/article/33884＞。
23. 徐遵慈，2016/1/14。「東協經濟共同體：現狀、挑戰與前景」，《中華經濟研究院WTO及RTA中心》，＜http://web.wtocenter.org.tw/Page.aspx?nid=126&pid=274640＞。
24. 2016/2/14。「美國智庫公佈衛星圖像顯示中國或在華陽礁建雷達塔」，《菲律賓商報》，＜http://www.shangbao.com.ph/fgyw/2016/02-24/48406.shtml＞。
25. 石秀娟，2016/2/27。「中國在南海部署飛彈 馬振坤：可擋美偵查」，《蘋果電子報》，＜https://tw.appledaily.com/new/realtime/20160217/797854/＞。
26. 2016/5/4。「噸位僅次航空母艦網 解放軍崑崙山艦赴南沙勞軍 日媒：中國強化對南海控制」，《風傳媒》，＜http://www.storm.mg/article/113161＞。
27. 2016/5/11。「美軍艦七個月內三進南海巡航，中國外交部抗議」，《端傳媒》，＜https://theinitium.com/article/20160510-dailynews-south-china-sea/＞。
28. 2016/5/11。「美軍艦七個月內三進南海巡航，中國外交部抗議」，《端傳媒》，＜https://theinitium.com/article/20160510-dailynews-south-china-sea/＞。
29. 黃以謙，2016/7/13。「南海風雲起 揭秘中越西沙海戰」，《中時電子報》，＜http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20160713006380-260417＞。
30. 潘維庭，2016/7/25。「捍衛南海 陸媒曝光三沙建設」，《旺報》，＜http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20160725000602-260301＞。
31. 2016/10/22。「美國海軍驅逐艦經過西沙領海 中國國防部怒批：故意挑釁、唯恐天下不亂！」，《風傳媒》，＜http://www.storm.mg/article/180864＞。
32. 2016/10/26。「《二戰後首次》美第三艦隊 指揮軍艦駛入南海」，《自由電子報》，＜http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/1045704＞。
33. 沈雅梅，2017/8/24。「“航行自由”，美國從1979年就開始玩兒，為何今年力不從心？」，《搜狐網》，＜http://www.sohu.com/a/167038022_600557＞。

二、英文文獻
專書
1. Dodson, John, 1817. A Report of the Case of the Louis, Forrest, Master: Appealed from the Vice-Admiralty Court at Sierra Leone and Determined in the High Court of Admiralty, on the 15th of December 1817: with an Appendix. London: J. Butterworth
<https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=b3wDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-TW&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
2. Kraska, James, 2011. Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea: Expeditionary Operations in World Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.

期刊論文
1. Aceves, William J., 1995. “The Freedom of Navigation Program: A Study on the Relationship Between Law and Politics,” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 19, pp. 259-326.
2. Aceves, William J., 1996. “Diplomacy at Sea: U.S. Freedom of Navigation Operations in the Black Sea,” International Law Studies, Vol. 68, pp. 243-262.
3. Allison, Robert J., 2005. “The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World, by Frank Lambert,” The American History Review, June 2006, pp. 201-202.
4. Ciorciari, John D., 2017. “ASEAN and the Great Powers,” Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 39, Number 2, pp. 252-258.
5. Emmers, Ralf, 2014. “ASEAN’s Search for Neutrality in the South China Sea,” Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 2, No.1. pp. 61-77.
6. Etzioni, Amitai, 2016/7. “Freedom of Navigation Assertions: The United States as the World’s Policeman,” Armed Forces & Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 42, Issue 3, pp.501-517.
7. Houck, James W. & Anderson, Nicole M., 2014. “The United States, China and Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea”, Washington University Global Studies Law Review, Vol. 13, Issues 3, pp. 441-452.
8. Joe, Nkeiru, 2007. “An Analysis of the United States’ Freedom of Navigation Program in relation to International Regimes. Norms and National Interest,” Brussels Journal of International Studies, Vol. 4, pp. 86-88.
9. Lewis, Margaret K., 2002. “An Analysis of State Responsibility for the Chinese-America Airplane Collision Incident,” New York University Law Review, Vol. 77, No.5. pp. 1404-1441.
10. Stephens, Dale, 2006. “The Legal Efficacy of Freedom of Navigation Assertions,” International Law Studies, Vol. 80, pp. 235-236.
11. Santicola, Ryan, 2016. “Legal Imperative? Deconstructing Acquiescence in Freedom of Navigation Operations,” National Security Law Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 58-94.
12. Wagner, Benjamin K., 2016. “Lessons from Lassen: Plotting a Proper Course for Freedom of Navigation Operations in the South China Sea,” Journal of East Asia & International Law, Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 137-166.
13. Wang, Dustin, 2013/9. “China Feeling the Heat,” Strategic Vision for Taiwan Security, Special Issue, pp. 10-15.
14. Wortzel, Larry, 2006. “The trouble with China’s nuclear doctrine,” Janes Defence Weekly, Febuary 22, pp. 23.
15. Zhang, Haiwen, 2010. “Is It Safeguarding the Freedom of Navigation or Maritime Hegemony of the United States?—Comments on Raul (Pete) Pedrozo’s Article on Military Activities in the EEZ”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 31-48.

學位論文
1. Guerra, Stephen J., 2002. Going Coastal: The U.S. Freedom of Navigation Program As A Test of International Law’s Relevance to Security Affairs. Diss., Department of Government, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
2. Solomon, Jonathan F., 2011. Defending the Fleet from China’s Anti-ship Ballistic Missile: Naval Deception’s Roles in Sea-based Missile Defense. Diss.,. Security Studies Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.

官方文件與聲明
1. East Sea (South China Sea) Studies, 1975. White Paper on the Hoang Sa(Paracel) and Truong Sa(Spartly) Islands, <http://nghiencuubiendong.vn/download/doc_download/132-white-paper-on-the-hoang-sa-paracel-and-truong-sa-spratly-islands-part-1>
2. People of Republic of China Ministry of National Defense, 2018/2/22, Huang, Panyue. Chinese expert: freedom of navigation ≠ freedom of military operations in South China Sea, <http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2018-02/22/content_4805187.htm>.
3. Republic of the Philippines Official Gazette, 1978/6/11. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1596- DECLARING CERTAIN AREA PART OF THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORY AND PROVIDING FOR THEIR GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION, <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/06/11/presidential-decree-no-1596-s-1978/>.
4. Republic of the Philippines Official Gazette, 1978/7/15. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1599- ESTABLISHING AN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES, <http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/06/11/presidential-decree-no-1599-s-1978//>.
5. United States Department of Defense, 2011/9/30. Quadrennial Defense Review Report-America’s Security In the 21st Century.
6. United States Department of Defense, 2012/1. Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense, <http://archive.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf>.
7. United States Department of Defense, 2015/03. Freedom of Navigation Program Fact Sheet, <http://policy.defense.gov/Portals/11/Documents/gsa/cwmd/DoD%20FON%20Program%20--%20Fact%20Sheet%20(March%202015).pdf>.
8. United States Department of Defense, Annual Freedom of Navigation (FON) Reports, <http://policy.defense.gov/OUSDPOffices/FON.aspx>.
9. United States Department of Defense, Jim Garamone, 2009/3/9. Chinese Vessels Shadow, Harass Unarmed U.S. Survey Ship, <http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=53401>.
10. United States Department of State, 1995/5/10. Daily Press Briefing, <http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/daily_briefings/1995/9505/950510db.html>.
11. United States Department of State, 2009/7/21. Hillary Clinton’s Remarks with Thai Deputy Prime Minister Korbsak Sabhavasu, <https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2009a/july/126271.htm>.
12. United States Department of State, 2009/7/21. Hillary Clinton’s Remarks with Thai Deputy Prime Minister Korbsak Sabhavasu, <https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2009a/july/126271.htm>.
13. United States Department of State, 2010/7/23. Hillary Clinton’s Remarks at Press Availability, <https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/07/145095.htm>.
14. United States Department of State, 2011/11/16. Hillary Clinton Presentation of the Order of Lakandula, Signing of the Partnership for Growth and Joint Press Availability with Philippines Foreign Secretary Albert Del Rosario, <https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/11/177234.htm>.
15. United States Department of State, 2012/9/27. Hillary Clinton’s Remarks at the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting,, <https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2012/09/198343.htm>.
16. United States Department of State, Limits in the Seas, No.117 No.117 Straight Baseline Claim: China.
17. United States Department of State, Limits in the Seas, No.143 China: Maritime Claims in the South China Sea.
18. United States Department of the Navy, The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, Edition July 2007.
19. United States Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum, 1975/12/7. Address by President Gerald R. Ford at the University of Hawaii, <https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/750716.asp>.
20. United States Navy, Admiral Vern Clark, 2002/7. Sea Power 21 Projecting Decisive Joint Capabilities, <http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/proceedings.html>.
21. United States Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2006. Military Power of the People’s Republic of China 2006.
22. United States Senate, 1995/3/30. S. RES. 97 Expressing the sense of the Senate with respect to peace and stability in the South China Sea, <https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-104sres97is/pdf/BILLS-104sres97is.pdf>.
23. United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, 2015/9/17. Ambassador David B. Shear’s Testimony, Hearing on Maritime Security Strategy in the Asia-Pacific Region.
24. United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, 2015/9/17. Chairman John McCain’s Testimony, Hearing on Maritime Security Strategy in the Asia-Pacific Region.
25. United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 1994/10/7. Message from the President of the United States Transmitting United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, with annexes, done at Montego Bay, December 10, 1982(The “Convention”), and the Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, with Annex, adopted at New York, July 28. 1994(The “Agreement”), and signed by the United States, Subject to Ratification, on July 29, 1994, <https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/treaty_103-39.pdf>.
26. United States The White House, 1982/12/13. National Security Decision Directive 72, Federation of American Scientists, <http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-072.htm>.
27. United States The White House, 1990/10/12. National Security Directives 49, Federation of American Scientists, <http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsd/nsd49.pdf>.
28. Unites States The White House, 2010/9/24. Joint Statement of the 2ND U.S.-ASEAN Leaders Meeting, <https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/24/joint-statement-2nd-us-asean-leaders-meeting>.

報紙
1. 1968/12/9. “U.S. Destroyers Pass Dardanelles,” The New York Times, pp.8.

網路資料
1. “Land Reclamation by Country: China,” latest date: 2017/10/15, Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, < https://amti.csis.org/island-tracker/chinese-occupied-features/>.
2. 1979/8/10. “U.S. Will Challenge Coastal Sea Claim that Exceed Three Miles,” The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/10/archives/us-will-challenge-coastal-sea-claims-that-exceed-3-miles-navy-and.html>.
3. 1998/2/14. “Soviets Bump 2 Navy Ships in Black Sea : U.S. Says Act Was Unprovoked, Lodges Protest With Envoy,” Los Angeles Times, <http://articles.latimes.com/1988-02-14/news/mn-42686_1_black-sea>.
4. 2001/4/1. “U.S. says China is intercepting U.S. military planes in ‘unsafe manner’” CNN, <, http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/04/01/us.china.plane.05/index.html>.
5. 2001/4/11. “US says sorry, China to free crew,” The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/11/china.usa>.
6. 2001/4/12. “Surveillance Plane Standoff,” The Washington Post, <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/shoulders/planetimeline.htm>.
7. 2009/5/7. “Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf(CLCS) Outer Limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines: Submissions to the Commission: Joint submission by Malaysia and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam,” Oceans & Law of the Sea, United Nations, <http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/mys_vnm2009excutivesummary.pdf>.
8. 2009/5/7. “Communications received with regard to the joint submission made by Malaysia and Viet Nam to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf – China,” Oceans & Law of the Sea, United Nations, < http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e.pdf>.
9. 2013/11/26. “US B-52 bombers challenge disputed China air zone,” BBC News, <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25110011>.
10. 2015/10/6. “U.S. warns against ‘egregious’ restrictions in contested South China Seas,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-usa-china/u-s-warns-against-egregious-restrictions-in-contested-south-china-seas-idUSKCN0S00DE20151006.>.
11. 2015/11/10. “Document: Letter from Sen. John McCain to SECDEF Carter On U.S. South China Sea Freedom of Navigation Program,” USNI News, <https://news.usni.org/2015/11/10/document-letter-from-sen-john-mccain-to-secdef-carter-on-u-s-south-china-sea-freedom-of-navigation-operation>.
12. 2015/8/21. “China’s land reclamation in South China Sea grows, claims Pentagon report,” South China Morning Post, <http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1851497/chinas-land-reclamation-south-china-sea-grows-claims>.
13. 2016/1/5. “Document: SECDEF Carter Letter to McCain On South China Sea Freedom of Navigation Program,” USNI News, <https://news.usni.org/2016/01/05/document-secdef-carter-letter-to-mccain-on-south-china-sea-freedom-of-navigation-operation.b>.
14. 2016/7/24. “Subi Reef Tracker,” Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, <https://amti.csis.org/subi-reef/>.
15. Alexander, David and Brunnstrom, David, 2015/9/17. “U.S. Commander Backs Challenging China Over Disputed Islands,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-southchinasea-mccain/u-s-commander-backs-challenging-china-over-disputed-islands-idUSKCN0RH25920150917>.
16. Alexander, David and Torbati, Yeganeh, 2015/11/13. “U.S. bombers flew near China-built island in South China Sea: Pentagon,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-usa/u-s-bombers-flew-near-china-built-island-in-south-china-sea-pentagon-idUSKCN0T12G720151112>.
17. Alexander, David, 2015/12/19. “U.S. studying Chinese complaint that B-52 flew near man-made island,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-usa/u-s-studying-chinese-complaint-that-b-52-flew-near-man-made-island-idUSKBN0U12NL20151219>.
18. Ali, Indrees and Spetalnick, Matt, 2016/10/21. “U.S. warship challenges China’s claims in South China Sea,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-usa-exclusive/u-s-warship-challenges-chinas-claims-in-south-china-sea-idUSKCN12L1O9>.
19. Barnes, Julian E., Entous, Adam, and Lubold Gordon, 2015/5/12. “U.S. Military Proposes Challenge to China Sea Claims,” The Wall Street Journal, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/27/us-navy-international-law-south-china-sea>.
20. Branigan, Tania, 2015/4/17. “China ‘building airstrip’ in disputed South China Sea territory,,” The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/17/china-building-airstrip-in-disputed-south-china-sea-territory>.
21. Cavas, Christopher P., 2015/10/31. “Navy Chiefs Talk, New Details on Destroyer’s Passage,” Defense News, <https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/10/31/navy-chiefs-talk-new-details-on-destroyer-s-passage/>.
22. Chan, Minnie and Kwok, Kristine, 2014/6/7. “China Plans Artificial Island in Disputed Chain in South China Sea,” South China Morning Post, <http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1527059/china-plans-artificial-island-disputed-s-chain-south-china-sea>.
23. Chang, Gordon G., 2010/7/28. “Hillary Clinton Changes America's China Policy,” Forbes, <http://www.forbes.com/2010/07/28/china-beijing-asia-hillary-clinton-opinions-columnists-gordon-g-chang.html>.
24. Chen, Yefei and Sam, Cedric, 2015/9/19. “The Scale of South China Sea Reclamation Projects,” South China Morning Post, <http://multimedia.scmp.com/south-china-sea-islands-scale/>.
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26. Clark, Colin, 2016/10/12. “Lot of Noise’, Little Change In Philippine-US Relationship: State,” Breaking Defense, <https://breakingdefense.com/2016/10/lot-of-noise-little-change-in-philippine-us-relationship-state/>.
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28. Clover, Charles, 2017/1/18. “US Navy adopts lower-key approach in South China Sea,” Financial Times, <https://www.ft.com/content/6c82d116-5243-11e7-bfb8-997009366969>.
29. Clover, Charles, 2017/6/8. “US Navy adopts lower-key approach in South China Sea,” Financial Times, < https://www.ft.com/content/6c82d116-5243-11e7-bfb8-997009366969.>.
30. Cooper, Helene, 2015/9/2. “In a first, Chinese Navy Sails Off Alaska,” The New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/03/world/asia/in-a-first-chinese-navy-sails-off-alaska.html>.
31. Davis, Julie Hirschfeld & Sanger, David E., 2015/9/26. “Obama and Xi Jinping of China Agree to Step on Cybertheft,” The New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/26/world/asia/xi-jinping-white-house.html.>.
32. Denyer, Simon, 2015/5/22. “China bristles at ‘irresponsible’ U.S. flight near disputed islands,” The Washington Post, <https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-bristles-at-irresponsible-us-flight-near-disputed-islands/2015/05/22/6273fce6-0073-11e5-833c-a2de05b6b2a4_story.html?utm_term=.3a9e51857f3e>.
33. Dutton, Peter A.; Kardon, Isaac B., 2017/6/10. “ Forget the FONOPs—Just Fly, Sail and Operate Wherever International Law Allows,” Lawfare, <https://lawfareblog.com/forget-fonops-—-just-fly-sail-and-operate-wherever-international-law-allows>.
34. Dutton, Peter and Glaser, Bonnie, 2015/11/6. “The U.S. Navy’s Freedom of Navigation Operation around Subi Reef: Deciphering U.S. Signaling,” The National Interest, <http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-us-navy’s-freedom-navigation-operation-around-subi-reef-14272>.
35. Fravel, M. Taylor, 2014/3. “POLICY REPORT: U.S. Policy Towards the Disputes in the South China Sea Since 1995,” S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, <https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/u-s-policy-towards-the-disputes-in-the-south-china-sea-since-1995/#.Wskyby_3VE4>.
36. Graham, Euan, 2015/11/4. “Innocent passage: Did the US just fumble its South China Sea strategy?” The Interpreter, <https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/innocent-passage-did-us-just-fumble-its-south-china-sea-strategy>.
37. Haenle, Paul and Roughead, Gary, 2016/9/27. “North Korea and The South China Sea: What’s Next?” Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, <http://carnegietsinghua.org/2016/09/27/north-korea-and-south-china-sea-what-s-next-pub-64701>.
38. Henseler, Sean P., 2015/11/5. “US A strategic Ambiguity in the South China Sea,” The Diplomat, <https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/us-astrategic-ambiguity-in-the-south-china-sea/>.
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42. Holmes, James, 2016/10/30. “America's Latest South China Sea FONOP Did More Harm Than Good,” The International Interest, <http://nationalinterest.org/feature/americas-latest-south-china-sea-fonop-did-more-harm-good-18234>.
43. Johnson, Jesse, 2018/1/21. “China accuses U.S. of sailing warship near disputed Scarborough Shoal in South China Sea,” The Japan Times, <https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/01/21/asia-pacific/china-accuses-u-s-sailing-warship-near-disputed-scarborough-shoal-south-china-sea/#.WpOyABNuZE5.>.
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45. Kraska, James and Pedrozo, Raul Pete, 2015/11/7. “Can’t Anybody Play This Game? US FON Operations and Law of the Sea,” Lawfare, <https://www.lawfareblog.com/cant-anybody-play-game-us-fon-operations-and-law-sea>.
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48. LaGrone, Sam, 2016/1/30. “U.S. Destroyer Challenged More Chinese South China Sea Claims in New Freedom of Navigation Operation,” USNI News, <https://news.usni.org/2016/01/30/u-s-destroyer-challenges-more-chinese-south-china-sea-claims-in-new-freedom-of-navigation-operation>.
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三、日文文獻
期刊論文
1. 石原敬浩，2016/11。「米国にとっての『航行の自由』(Freedom of Navigation) - FON 報告書の分析を中心に-」，海幹校戦略研究（東京），特別號（通卷第12號），頁78-81。