簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 王建雅
Wang,Chien-Ya
論文名稱: 八向度幽默風格量表之發展暨其與自尊、人格特質、依附風格關係之探討
The development of the Eight-dimension Humor Style Questionnaire and the correlation analysis with self-esteem, personality and attachment style of people
指導教授: 陳學志
Chen, Hsueh-Chih
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2010
畢業學年度: 98
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 283
中文關鍵詞: 幽默風格性別自尊發展階段原住民五人人格特質依附風格多元文化八向度幽默風格量表
英文關鍵詞: humor styles, sex, self-esteem, developmental stages, aboriginal people, Big Five personality traits, attachment style, diversified culture, eight-dimension humor style questionnaire
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:407下載:131
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在編製適用於青少年至成人期的「八向度幽默風格量表」,比較我國不同發展階段、不同族群、性別於幽默風格的差異;探討自尊、人格特質、依附風格與八向度幽默風格的相關性與預測性。研究共計有2905名自國中至七十歲左右的成人參與研究,研究資料以描述性統計、多變量二因子變異數分析(MANOVA)、探索式因素分析(EFA)、驗證性因素分析(CFA)、皮爾森積差相關、多元迴歸分析考驗。所得的結論列述如下:
    一、量表編製方面
    (一)信效度方面:八個分量表內部一致性信度介於.81~.88之間;再測信度介於.76~.88之間。驗證性因素分析亦呈現不錯的外在品質與可接受的內在品質。
    二、研究結果方面
    (一)在不同發展階段與性別方面: 1.男性在弄巧成拙型、自我吹捧型、主動攻擊型和回應攻擊型的幽默風格顯著大於女性。女性在自我調侃型幽默顯著大於男性;2.自我調侃型的幽默風格於青少年晚期發展出來;3.主動攻擊型與弄巧成拙型的幽默風格在青少年全期(國中到大學)並無顯著差異,直至成年期後顯著下降。
    (二)在不同性別與族群方面:1.原住民在親和聯繫型、自我提升型的幽默風格,顯著大於漢族;2.原住民在弄巧成拙型、自我貶抑型、自我吹捧型的幽默風格也顯著大於漢族;經控制兩族群之學歷背景後,所得結果完全一致。
    (三)與自尊的相關情形:1.親和聯繫型、自我提升型、自我調侃型、回應攻擊型的幽默風格,在四個發展階段均與自尊正相關;2.弄巧成拙型與自我貶抑型的幽默風格,在四個發展階段均與自尊負相關;3.主動攻擊與自我吹捧的幽默在國中、高中、大學與自尊無關,在成人階段與自尊負相關,推測可能受到青少年獨特生理特徵與自我中心觀的影響。
    (四)與人格特質的相關與預測:1.五大人格特質與四種正向的幽默風格正相關;2.弄巧成拙型的幽默與所有人格特質負相關、自我吹捧型與嚴謹性負相關3.自我貶抑型幽默則與所有人特質無關;主動攻擊型幽默與外向性、開放性正相關,與友善性、嚴謹性負相關;4.外向性能顯著預測親和聯繫型、自我調侃型與自我吹捧型幽默風格;5.情緒穩定度對弄巧成拙型的幽默有最高的負向預測力;6.開放性對自我提升型、回應攻擊型的幽默有最高的預測力;7.友善性最能負向預測主動攻擊型幽默。
    (五)與依附風格的相關與預測:1.親和聯繫型、自我調侃型、自我提升型、回應攻擊型的幽默風格,均與安全依附正相關;2.弄巧成拙型、自我貶抑型、自我吹捧型、主動攻擊型的幽默風格,均與焦慮依附正相關;3.逃避依附與弄巧成拙型幽默有中度正相關;4.安全依附風格,能顯著預測所有正向幽默風格。5.焦慮依附能正向預測所有負向幽默風格。6.四項人際依附風格中,以安全依附和焦慮依附最能預測幽默風格的表現。
    上述研究結果,驗證八種幽默風格類型的存在,並可區分出正向與負向的幽默風格。研究亦顯示族群、性別、發展階段的差異,該研究結果能提供未來研究者、教育工作者、族群文化工作者實證資料,作為未來研究探索與教育輔導之建議。

    The purpose of this research is compiling an Eight-dimension Humor Styles Questionnaire used for teenagers and adults by comparing how humor style differs from various developmental stages, ethnic groups, and sexes, and then to analyze the correlation and the predictive power among self-esteem, personality and attachment style. There is a sample of 2,905 people, from junior high to adults around seventy. The research methods include descriptive statistics, two-way MANOVA, Exploratory Factor analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Pearson’s product moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The results is as following :
    1. Results from questionnaire compilation
    As far as reliability and validity are concerned, Cronbach α fall between .81and .88 within the Eight-dimension Humor Styles Questionnaire. Values of retest-reliability fall between .76 and .88. Besides, both interior and exterior qualities are acceptable according to confirmatory factor analysis.
    2. Findings from the research of eight-dimension humor styles
    (1) Comparison between different developmental stages and sexes:
    A. In those humor styles such as: overreach oneself, self-flatter, active aggression and responsive aggression, male is more significant than female; however, female is more significant than male in the humor style of self-jeer.
    B. The research shows that the humor style of self-jeer is usually developed till late adolescence. As to humor style of overreach oneself and active aggression, there is no significant difference in teenagers (from junior high to college), but the significance decreases for adults.
    (2) Comparison between different sexes and ethnic groups:
    A. In humor style of affiliation and self-enhancing, the aboriginal people are more significant than the Han people.
    B. In humor style of overreach oneself, self-defeating and self-flatter, the aboriginal people is also more significant than the Han people. There is no difference on above results in various educational backgrounds of the two peoples.
    (3) The correlation with self-esteem:
    A. There is a positive correlation between four humor styles of affiliation, self-enhancing, jeer-self, and responsive aggression and self-esteem.
    B. There is a negative correlation between humor styles of overreach oneself and self-defeating and self-esteem.
    C. There is no correlation between humor styles of active aggression and self-flatter and self-esteem during junior high to college . However, at the adult stage, the correlation become negative.
    (4) The correlation with personality and its predictive power:
    A. There is a positive correlation between Big Five personality traits and four positive humor styles.
    B. There is a negative correlation between the humor styles of overreach oneself and Big Five personality traits; the correlation between the humor style of self-flatter and conscientiousness personality is also negative.
    C. There is no correlation between the humor style of self-defeating and Big Five personality traits; however, the correlation between humor style of active aggression and, open-to-experience personality is positive; and correlation with agreeableness, conscientiousness personality is negative.
    D. In terms of predictive power, extraversion can predict humor styles of affiliation, jeer oneself, and self-flatter significantly.
    E. The personality of emotional stability shows highly negative predictive power for the humor style of overreach oneself.
    F. The open-to-experience personality shows the highest predictive power for the humor styles of self-enhancing and active aggression.
    G. The agreeableness personality can well predict the humor style of aggression in negative direction.
    (5) The correlation with attachment style and its predictive power:
    A. The humor style of affiliation, self-jeer, self-enhancing, and responsive aggression has positive correlation with secure attachment.
    B. The humor style of overreach oneself, self-defeating, self-flatter and active aggression has positive correlation with anxious attachment.
    C. There is a mid-degree correlation between avoidant attachment and overreach oneself.
    D. The secure attachment can predict all positive humor styles significantly.
    E. The anxious attachment can predict all negative humor styles significantly.
    F. Among four attachment styles, the secure attachment and the anxious attachment have most predictive power for the performance of humor styles.
    The research proves that there are eight different humor styles existing in Taiwan, and some reflect the positive psychological characteristics and the others reflect the negative sides. In addition, the research also shows the difference of humor styles in various ethnic groups, sexes, and developmental stages. These findings can be used as experimental data or suggestion for future studies.

    第一章 緒論 ...…………..1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的與問題 7 第三節 名詞釋義 8 第二章 文獻探討 ...…………..13 第一節 幽默的歷史觀 13 第二節 幽默的理論觀 20 第三節 幽默風格之相關研究 34 第四節 人格特質、自尊與幽默風格之相關研究 56 第五節 人際依附風格與幽默風格之研究 71 第三章 研究方法 ...…………..77 第一節 研究架構與設計 77 第二節 研究假設 78 第三節 研究工具 80 第四節 資料處理方式 83 第五節 八向度幽默風格之構念發展 84 第六節 八向度幽默風格量表編製過程 97 第七節 八向度幽默風格量表信度、效度分析 113 第四章 研究結果與討論 ...…………..131 第一節 不同發展階段與性別在八向度幽默風格的差異 131 第二節 不同族群與性別在八向度幽默風格的差異 142 第三節 八向度幽默風格與自尊的相關性 149 第四節 五大人格特質對八向度幽默風格之預測研究 153 第五節 人際依附風格對八向度幽默風格之預測研究 162 第五章 結論與建議 ...…………..173 第一節 結論 173 第二節 建議 178 參考文獻 ...…………..185 中文部份 185 英文部份 192 附錄 211 附錄一  幽默事件記錄表 211 附錄二  幽默歷史事件之風格分類 212 附錄三  八向度幽默風格事件觀察記錄 219 附錄四  幽默風格類型分析問卷 240 附錄五  幽默風格類型分析問卷內容彙整 248 附錄六  專家效度問卷 255 附錄七  八向度幽默風格預試量表 268 附錄八  幽默風格量表預試施測流程說明 273 附錄九  八向度幽默風格量表 274 附錄十  整體自尊量表 277 附錄十一 人格特質量表 278 附錄十二 依附風格量表 279 附錄十三 八向度幽默風格量表正式施測流程說明 280 附錄十四 八向度幽默風格量表施測Q & A 281 附錄十五 人格特質量表原作者使用授權書 282 附錄十六 依附風格量表原作者使用授權書 283

    參考書目
    一、中文參考書目
    王仲匡(2007)。大學新生依附關係與生活適應之相關研究。國立空中大學生活科學系生活科學學報,11,33-49。
    王亞民(2005)。成人依附行為與網路交友功能使用之研究。私立中國文化大學資訊傳播研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    王保進(2005)。多變項分析:套裝程式與資料分析。台北:高等教育出版。
    王笑東譯(2003)。人生的幽默藝術。台北:達觀出版社。
    王秀紅、邱啟潤、王瑞霞、李建廷(1992)。婦女健康促進行為及其相關因素的探討-以屏東縣高樹鄉及高雄市三民區為例。公共衛生,19(3),251-266。
    王登峰、崔红(2004年10月)。中西方人格結構差異的文化意義。第七屆華人心理與行為科技學術研討會,台灣中央研究院主辦。
    王瑛宇(2005)。中外幽默跨文化對比。哈爾濱學院學報,26(5),70-71。
    王甫昌(2003)。當代台灣社會的族群想像。台北:群學。
    王建雅(2008)。幼兒教育概論。台北:群英。
    王慶福(1995)。大學生愛情關係路徑模式之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文,未出版,彰化市。
    王慶福、林幸台、張德榮(1997)。人際依附風格、性別角色取向與人際親密能力之評量。中國測驗學會測驗年刊,43(2),63-78。
    危芷芬譯(2008)。性格。載於危芷芬、顏綵思、陳舜文、王紀涵、陳昭伶(合譯),心理學(14-3至14-32)。台北:華騰。
    池進通、李鴻文、陳芬儀(2008)。五大人格特質與工作譏笑關係之研究。經營管理論叢,4(2),1-9。
    江寬容(2004)探討顧客人格特質對信任、承諾與行為意圖間的影響-以大台中銀行業為例。逢甲大學經營管理碩士在職專班碩士論文,未出版,台中。
    行政院原住民委員會(2010)。祖靈我族。台北:行政院原民民委員會。
    沈如瑩(2002)。國中小學生自尊與自我概念、生活適應關係之研究。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台南市。
    何宜錚(2008)。國中生幽默風格與自尊及情緒智慧之相關研究。國立北教育大學碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    何茉如(1998)。國中生幽默感對於生活壓力、身心健康調節作用之研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    何容(1982)。國語日報辭典。台北市:國語日報。
    邱連煌(2002)。教室幽默:讀書聲夾雜歡笑聲(下)。國教新知,48(4),79-92。
    李再長、李俊杰、曾雅芬( 2005)。大型企業組織生涯管理、個人生涯規劃、個人人格特質、工作滿意度之關連研究。人力資源管理學報,5(1),53-76。
    李威震(2002)。內隱聯結測量程序(IAT)的內部效度探討:以自尊測量為例。私立輔仁大學心理學系碩士論文,未出版,台北。
    李新民、陳密桃、謝青曇 (2007)。職場幽默與心理健康之相關研究:以幼兒教師為例。教育心理學報,38(4),375-396。
    李維光(2005)。幽默訓練課程對國小高年級學童幽默感、社交技巧與自尊影響效果之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    李伯黍等譯(2003)。心理學辭典。台北:五南。
    李娟慧(2000)。青少年自尊、社會支持與社會適應之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文,未出版,彰化市。
    李宜貞(2004)。人際關係自我揭露、娛樂性資訊尋求與網路貼圖行為之研究。私立中國文化大學,未出版,台北。
    沈丹(2006)。漢英的跨文化研究。蘇州大學英語語文文學系碩士論文,未出版,蘇州。
    邱皓政(2005)。結構方程模式:LISREL的理論技術與應用。台北:雙葉書廊。
    金和(2008)。幽默金口才。2009年5月20日取自www.jz5u.com.
    吳天堂(2004)。南投縣國中原住民學生族群認同、自尊與生命價值觀相關研究,南華大學生死學研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義縣。
    吳孟真(2008)。研究生人格特質、幽默風格、焦慮之相關研究, 國立臺北教育大學碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    吳麗雲(1998)。人際歷程取向團體諮商對不安全類型大學生人際困擾輔導效果之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
    林語堂(1988)。中國人。浙江:浙江人民出版社。
    林語堂(2005)。吾國吾民。台北:遠景。
    林青青、劉慈惠、杜宜展、王莉玲譯(2006)。嬰幼兒行為觀察與紀錄。台北:華騰。
    林杏足(2003)。青少年自尊量表編製報告。中國測驗學會測驗學刊,50,223-256。
    林杏足(1997)。諮商中當事人自尊改變歷程之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系研究所博士論文,未出版,彰化市。
    林小麗(2003)。幽默融入國中綜合活動對學生幽默感、情緒適應和幽默人際因應之影響。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
    林水見(2009)。高中職學生幽默風格、嘲笑風格與五大人格特質之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士在職專班,未出版,台北。
    周蕙莉(2003)。五大人格特質、性別角色與轉換型領導關連性之研究。私立中原大學企業管理學系碩士論文,未出版,桃園。
    周書丞(2008)。去抑或失真? 網路人際溝通的情緒表達與自我揭露。國立台北大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    胡家欣(2000)。大學生的休閒認知、涉入與體驗-兼論人格特質的影響。高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
    施正峰、李安妮、朱芳盈(2005)。各國原住民人權指數之比較研究。台北:行政院原住民委員會。
    孫大川(2000)。夾縫中的族群建構。台北:聯合文學。
    高鵬凱(2006)。部門主管的幽默風格、組織氣候與員工績效之關係。大同大學事業經營所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
    郝時遠(2002)。Ethnos(民族)和Ethnic group(族群)的早期含意與應用。民族問題研究,10,12-21。
    郝廣才(2009)。愛情不用這麼瞎。台北: 皇冠。
    莊季靜(2006)。國中學生同儕攻擊者之社會訊息處理歷程研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
    徐大智(2003)。戰後台灣平埔研究與族群文化復振運動-以噶瑪蘭族、巴宰族、西拉雅族為中心。國立中央大學歷史研究所碩士論文,未出版,桃園。
    翁秉仁譯( 2009)。尋找喜劇極品-被科學家解剖過的幽默還會好笑嗎? Steve
    Mirsky原著。科學人雜誌。2009年6月29日取自http://sa.ylib.com/ circus/Circusshow.asp?FDocNo=55&CL=25
    許月碧(2004)。國小學童親子關係、同儕依附、利社會行為表現與社會智能之相關研究。屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,屏東市。
    許登雄(2007)。高職原住民學生五大人格特質與生活適應相關之研究-以國立內埔農工為例。國立東華大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台東市。
    許瑞蘭(2002)。國中生依附關係、人際問題解決態度與學校適應之相關研究。國立屏東教育大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文,未出版,屏東市。
    郭泰(2003)。養生有笑-幽默百分百。台北:遠流。
    郭美君(2004)。幽默風格量表編製暨其與因應策略關係之探討。私立輔仁大學心理學系碩士論文,未出版,台北。
    郭啟瑞(2005)。國小學童依附關係與人際關係、生活適應之研究。國立台南
    大學教育學系輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台南。
    黃於娟(1993)。性別、依附風格與自我坦露、幽默、撒嬌之關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    黃芳銘(2003)。結構方程模式:理論與應用。台北:五南。
    黃芳銘(2004)。社會科學統計方法學:結構方程模式。台北:五南。
    黃秀惠(2004)。國小兒童父母依附關係、社會興趣、人格特質與利社會行為相關研究。國立台南大學教師在職進修輔導教學碩士學位班碩士論文,未出版,台南市。
    黃禎貞(2006)。影響健康促進行為之重要自尊因素研究。學校衛生,49,35-48。
    黃凱倫(1990)。幼兒與母親依附關係及其社會行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    黃雅婷(2000)。國中女生早晚熟與身體意象、自尊及生活適應之相關研究,彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化。
    陳其南(2007)。南島民族出台灣紀-台灣獻給世界人類文明的禮物。2007南島民族論壇暨國際學術研討會,行政院原住民委員會主辦,台北:輔仁大學。
    陳思帆(2008)。大學生依附關係、拒絕敏感度與曖昧訊息處理關係之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    陳李綢(2008)。中學生個人特質測量與適應性指標研究。教育心裡學報,40(2),323-340。
    陳淑蓉(2003)。幽默感對可能壓力事件及負向生活事件的認知評估、情緒反應之影響。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    陳淑卿(2008)。不安全依附高中生依附內在運作模式之分析與比較研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
    陳漢瑛(2008)。台灣原住民青少年用藥行為之結構模式:族群認同、人格特質、社會學習用藥信念等影響因素。
    陳國海、Martin, R. A.(2007)。大學生幽默風格與精神健康關係的初步研究。心理科學,30(1),219-223。教育心裡學報,39(3),335-354。
    陳學志(1991)。幽默理解的認知歷程。台灣大學心理學研究所博士論文,未出版,台北。
    陳學志、徐芝君(2006)。幽默創意課程對教師幽默感及創造力的影響。師大學報(創造力特刊),51,71-93。
    陳學志、詹雨臻、邱發忠(2009)。區分良善與有害的幽默:中文版幽默風格量表的發展。發表於2009心理與教育測驗學術研究討論會口頭論文,台北:國立台灣師範大學,2009年10月24日。
    陳學志、詹雨臻、Ruch,W .,& Proyer,R.T.(2009)。怕被笑相關特質之發展與跨文化之比較。發表於台灣心理學會第四十八屆年會之專題座談,台北:國立台灣大學,2009年9月26-27日。
    陳益綜(1997)。諮商中來談者的依附運作模式之分析研究。國立高雄師範大
    學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
    孫世維(1995)。依附理論在青少年輔導上的應用。測驗與輔導,133,2739-2741。
    孫世維(1996)。家庭組成與青少年心理社會發展及調適。國立中興大學法商
    學報,32,133-170。
    葉重新(2004)。心理學(第三版)。台北市:心理出版社。
    楊芳彰(1997)。國小六年級學童依附關係與敵意、社交地位之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
    楊國樞(1993)。「劉邵的人格理論及其詮釋」。載於黃貴應(主編),人觀、意義與社會(89~127頁)。台北:中央研究院民族研究所。
    楊國樞(1999)。中國人之基本性格向度、結構及效應的系統性研究。國科會特約研究計畫成果報告(NSC86-2143-H002-026)。台北:行政院國家科學委員會。
    楊國樞、王登峰(1999)。中國人的人格維度。北京:第三屆華人心理學家大會論文。
    張春興(2000)。張氏心理學辭典。台北:東華。
    張茂桂(1999)。種族與族群關係。載於王振寰、瞿海源(主編),社會學與台灣社會(240頁)。台北:巨流。
    張玨、徐欣萍(2008)。笑與健康研究的回顧:中西方觀點。台灣衛誌, 27(4),282-291。
    張翊祥(2004)。團隊成員人格特質組織對團隊效能影響之研究-以團隊互動過程為中介變項。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,桃園市。
    張慧菊(2004)。國中小學生一般應答與幽默應答之分析研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    張慧菊、王建雅、陳學志(2010)。當攻擊禁忌變幽默-青少年幽默因應中的禁忌和語文攻擊表現。中華心理衛生(預計2010.6刊登)。
    程炳林(2004)。結構方程模式。載於陳正昌、陳新豐、程炳林、劉子鍵(合著),多變量分析方法-統計軟體應用(295-422頁)。台北:五南。
    彭文立(2002)。以反轉理論探討跳傘參與者刺激尋求動機、覺醒、焦慮、情緒與跳傘表現之相關研究。國立體育學院教練研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
    彭意維(2007)旅行業領隊人格特質、幽默風格與工作滿意之研究。國立體育學院休閒產業經營學系碩士論文,未出版,台北。
    Santrock,J.W.(2008)。心理學概論(二版)(黎士鳴譯)。台北:麥格羅希爾。(原著出版年:2003年)
    鄧秀蘭(1999)。HIV/AIDS人格特質、社會支持與因應行為相關之探討。長庚大學護理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北縣。
    詹若涵(2004)。產品意象與造型特徵之對應關係探討。銘傳大學設計管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    簡扶育(2003)。祖靈昂首出列。台北市:幼獅。
    趙錫如(1987)。辭海。台北市:將門文物。
    歐浪網(2009)。世界上最有趣的笑話。2009年6月29日摘自http://big5.
    chinaqw.cn:89/news/200902/11/105463.shtm
    蕭颯、王文欽、徐智策(1999)。幽默心理分析。台北:智慧大學。
    蕭曦清(2004)。英國人的幽默。台北市:牧村。
    蕭筱筠、鄭晉昌(2002年11月)。以人格特質為甄選依據–題目有效性之分析,第八屆企業人力資源管理實務專題研究成果發表,桃園國立中央大學人力資源管理研所。
    鄭兆龍(2004)。消費價值與設計風格偏好性之研究-以家具為例。大葉大學工業設計研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化。
    鄭麗玉、陳秀蓉、危芷芬、留佳莉(2006)。心理學。台北:五南。
    劉芳其(2008)。青少年依附、寂寞與欺凌行為之研究。大葉大學教育專業發展研究所碩士在職專班,未出版,彰化市。
    劉佩雲(1990)。性別、創造力、自我檢校與幽默感的關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    劉宗明、黃德祥(2008)。國中教師人格特質與教學效能之研究。台北市立教育大學學報,39(2),1-34。
    賴怡君(2001)。國小學童情緒智力發展、依附關係與生活適應之關係研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
    賴淑惠(1999)。用幽默雕塑智慧。台北:水晶。
    賴建志(2005)。大學生活壓力、幽默風格與幸福感之相關研究。國立台北教育大學心理與諮商所論文,未出版,台北。
    薛寶琨(1995)。中國的軟幽默。台北:幼獅。
    薛秀宜、陳利銘、洪佩圓(2006)。人格理論新紀元:人格五因素模式之測驗工具與其研究應用。研習資訊,23(1)。109-118。
    顏嘉慧(2007)。大學碩士在職專班之人格特質、情緒智力與生活適應關係之研究。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義市。
    蘇雅玲(2008)。人格特質對網路訊息傳播意願之影響。私立靜宜大學國際企業學系研究所碩士論文,未出版,台中。
    蘇逸珊(2002)。大學生依附風格、情緒智力與人際關係之相關研究。屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,屏東市。
    蘇曉憶(2005)。青少年親子關係、完美主義、自尊與其憂鬱傾向之相關研究。 國立高雄師範大學,未出版,高雄。

    二、英文參考書目
    Abel, M. H. (2002). Humor, stress, and coping strategies. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 15, 365-381.
    Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment:A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
    Ainsworth, M. D. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. American psychologist, 44(4), 709-719.
    Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1991). Attachments and other affectionbonds across the life cycle. In C. M. Parkes, J.Stevenson-Hinde & P. Marris (Eds), Attachment across the life cycle. New York: Tavistock/ Routledge.
    Alden, D. L., Hoyer, W. D., & Lee, C. (1993). Identifying global and culture-specific dimensions of humor in advertising: A multinational analysis. Journal of Marketing, 57, 64-75.
    Alden, D. L., Wayne, D. H., & Chol, L. (1993).Identifying global and culture specific dimensions of humor in advertising : A multinational approach. Journal of marketing, 57(2), 64-75.
    Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    Allik, K., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Toward a geography of personality traits: Patterns of of profiles across 36 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(1), 13-28.
    Amato, P. R. (1986). Marital conflict, the parent-child relationship, and child self-esteem. Family Relations, 35 ,403-410.
    Anderson, N. S., One, H. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2001). Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology: Personnel Psychology, Vol. 1. Sage Publication, 10-26.
    Apter, M. J., & Smith, K. C. P. (1977). Humour and the theory of psychological reversals. In A. J. Chapman., & H. Foot (Eds.), Its a funny thing, humour. (pp.95-100).Oxford: Pergamon.
    Apter, M.J.( 1982). The experience of motivation: the theory of psychological reversals. London: London Academic Press.
    Apter, M.J.(1989). Reversal theory: motivation, emotion and personality. London: Routledge.
    Apter, M. J. (2001). Motivational styles in everyday life: A guide to reversal theory. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    Asendorpf, J. B., & Wilpers, S. (1998). Personality effects on social relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1531-1544.
    Attardo , Salvatore (1993) .Violation of conversational maxims and cooperation: the case of jokes. Journal of Pragmatics, 19(6) , 537–558.
    Banks, J. A. (1993). Multicultural education: Characteristics and goals. In James A. Banks & Cherry A. McGee Banks(Eds), Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives ( pp.33-28). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
    Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). Pn the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,16, 79-94.
    Barrio, N. D., Aluja, A., & Garcia, L. F. (2004). Relationship between empathy and Big-Five personality traits in a sample of Spanish adolescences. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(7), 677-682.
    Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults : A test of four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 (2), 226-244.
    Bennett, M. P., & Lengacher, C.A. (2008). Humor and Laughtert may influence health. III. Laughter and health outcomes. Evidenced- Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5(1), 37-40.
    Bergson, H. (1911). Laughter: An essay on the meaning of the comic. Lodon:Macmillan and Co.
    Bergen,D.(1998). Development of the sense of humour. In W.Ruch (ed.),The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    Berlyne,D.E.(1960).Conflict,arousal and curiosity.New York: McGrew-Hill.
    Berlyne, D. E. (1972).Humor and its kin. In J. H. Goldstein,& P. E. Mcghee(Eds.),The psychology of humor. New York and Landon: Academic Press.
    Bolognini, M., Plancherel, B., Bettschart, W., & Halfon, O. (1996). Self-esteem and mental health in early adolescence: Development and gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 19 (4) , 233-245.
    Bowlby, J.(1969). Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books Inc.
    Bowlby, J. (1988). Development psychology comes of age. The American Journal of Psychiatry,145,1-10.
    Bilge, F ., & Saltuk, S. (2007). Humor styles, subjective well-being, trait anger and anxiety among university students in Turkey. World Applied Sciences Journal, 2 (5),464-469.
    Billing, M. (2009)。笑聲與嘲弄:幽默的社會批判(鄭郁欣譯)。台北:韋伯文化。(原著出版年:2005年)
    Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. (1995). Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (3), 267-284.
    Cann, A., Norman, M. A., Welbourne, J. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (2008) .
    Attachment styles, conflict styles and humor styles: Interrelationships and associations with relationship Satisfaction. European Journal of Personality, 22,131-146.
    Canzler, L.(1980).Humor and the primary child.【ERIC Document Reproduction No. ED191583】
    Caspi, A. (1987). Personality in the life course. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1203-1213.
    Cattell, R. B.(1943). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38,476-506.
    Cattell, R. B. & Tollefson, D. L. (1966). The IPAT humor test of personality. Champaign, IL: Institute for personality and Ability Testing.
    Cawford, M., & Gressley, D. (1991). Cractivity, caring and context: Women’s and men’s accounts of humour preference and practices. Psychology of women quartry, 15, 217-231.
    Chapman, A. J. (1973). Funniness of jokes, canned laughter and recall preference. Sociometry, 36(4), 569-578.
    Cherniss, C. & Goleman, D. (2001). The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    Church, A . T., & Katigbak, M. S. (2002). Trait Psychology in the Philippines. American Behavioral Scientist, 441, 73-95.
    Cooper, M. L., Shaver, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (1988). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1380-1397.
    Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedents of self-esteem. Freeman.
    Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678.
    Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1989). The NEO personality inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
    Costa, P.T. Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO personality professional Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa FL.:Psychological Assessment Resources.
    Craik, K. H., Lampert, M. D., & Nelson, A. J. (1996). Sense of humor and styles in everyday humorous conduct. International Journal of Humor Research, 9, 273-302.
    Craik, K., & Ware, A. (1998). The association between humor and depression in adolescent psychiatric inpatients and high school students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 13, 32-48.
    Crick, N. R. (1995). Relational aggression: the role of intent attributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type. Developmental and Psychopathology, 7, 313-322.
    Crick, N. R. (1996). The role of relational aggression, overt aggression and prosocial behavior in the prediction on children’s future social adjustment. Child Development, 67, 2317-2327.
    Critchley, S. (2002). On Humor. London: Routledge.
    Dugas, L. (1902) .Psychologie du rire. Paris: Felix Alcan.
    Dundes , A. (1987). Cracking Jokes: Studies of sick humour cycles and stereo-types. Berkeley, CA.:Ten Speed Press.
    Dryden, W., & Mytton, I. (1999). Four approaches to counseling and psychotherapy. London: Routledge.
    Elicker, J., Englund, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Predicting peer competence and peer relationships in childhood from early parent-child relationships. In R. D. Parke, & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Family-peer Relationships: Modes of Linkage , 77-106. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Emmons, R. A., Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1985). Choice of situations and congruence models of interactionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 693-702.
    Eysenck, H. J. (1972). The appreciation of humour: an experimental and theoretical study. British Journal of Psychology, 32, 295-309. Freud,S.(1960【1905】).Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. New York: Norton.
    Fave, L. L., Haddad, J., & Maesen, W. A.(1996). Superiority, enhanced self-esteem, and perceived incongruity humour theory. In A. J. Chapman , & H. C. Foot (Eds.),(1996). Humor and laughter(pp. 63-91). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
    Fine, G. A .(1983). Sociological approaches to the study of humor, In P.E. McGee and J.H. Goldstein (eds), Handbook of humor Research, vol. J. New York: Springer.
    Fleming, J. S. & Courtnery, B. E.(1984).The dimensionality of self-esteem. Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 404-421.
    Forabosco, G. (1992). Cognitive aspects of the humor process: The concept of incongruity. Humor:International Journal of Humor Research, 5, 45-68.
    Fox, K. R.(2000). Self-esteem, self perceptions and exercise. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 228-240.
    Freud, S. (1928). Humour:International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 9, 1-6.
    Freud, S. (1960【1905】). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. New York: Norton.
    Führ, M.(2001).Some aspects of form and function of humor in adolescence. Humor:International Journal of Humor Research, 14(1), 25-36.
    Führ, M.(2002). Coping humor in early adolescence. Humor:International Journal of Humor Research, 15(3), 283-304.
    Galton, F. (1884). Measurement of character. Fortnightly Review, 36, 179-185.
    Garner, S. Y.(1996). Self-esteem of elementary and middle school children . (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED397347)
    Glasser, W., & Zunin, L. M. (1979). Reality therapy. In R. J. Corsini (Ed.), Current psychotherapies (2nd ed). Itasca, IL: Peacock.
    Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and in individual differences: The search for universal in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler (ed), Review of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 141-165). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
    Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26-42.
    Grossmann, K. E., & Grossmann, K. (1984, September). The development of conversational styles in the first year of life and its relationship to maternal sensitivity and attachment quality between mother and child. Paper presented at the Congress of the German Society for Psychology.
    Gruner, C. R. (1997). The game of humor: A comprehensive theory of why we laugh. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
    Gurjeva, L. (2001)James sully and scientific psychology 1880s-1910’, in Gunn, A. D. Lovie and G. D. Richards (eds), Psychology in Britain. Leicester: British Psychological Society.
    Hampes, W. P. (2006). Humor and shyness: The relation between humor styles and shyness. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 19(2), 179-187.
    Hair Jr., J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham R. L., & Black, W. C.(1998). Multivariate data analysis(5th ed.). Prentice Hall International: UK.
    Hay, J. (2000). Functions of humour in the conversations of men and women, Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 709-42.
    Hazen, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52, 511-524.
    Hehl, F. J. & Ruch, W. (1985). The location of sense of humor within comprehensive personality spaces: An exploratory study. Personality & Individual Differences, 11(5), 439-445.
    Henkin, B. & Fish, J. M. (1986). Gender and personality differences in the appreciation of cartoon humor. The Journal of Psychology, 120(2), 157-175.
    Henman, L. D. (2001).Human as a coping mechanism:lessons from POWs. Humor:
    International Journal of Humor Research, 14(1), 81-94.
    Herzog, T. R., & Larwin, D. A.(1988). The appreciation of humor in captioned cartoons. The Journal of Psychology, 122 (6), 597 -607.
    Hillman, S. M. (1995). Laugh and learn: humor in nursing education. Journal of Nursing Jocularity, 5, 32-34.
    Hoelter, J. W.(1983). The analysis of covariance structure: Goodness of fit indices. Sociological Methods & Research, 11, 325-344.
    Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequence: International difference in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
    Hofstede, G.(1991).Culture and Organization: Software of mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
    Hofstede, G.(2001).Culture’s consequences: International differences in worked-related values(2nd ed). Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
    Holmes, J. & Marra, M. (2002). Having a laugh at work: How humor contributes to workplace culture. Journal of humor research, 14, 83-94.
    Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M. (1999).Cutoff criteria for fit index in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 522-534.
    Igier, V., & Mullet, E. (2003). Application of the five-factor model of personality to intergenerational perception. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 177-186.
    Isen, A. M. (2003). Positive affect as a source of humor strength. In L. G. Aspinwall & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology (pp.179-195). Wshington,DC:American Psychological Association.
    Jones, E. (1964). The life and work of Sigmund Freud. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
    Judge, T. A., & Cable, D. M.(1997). Applicant personality, organizational culture, and organization attraction. Personnel Psychology, 50, 359-394.
    Kalliny, M., Cruthirds, K. W .,& Minor, M. (2006). Differences between American, Egyptian and Lebanese humor styles-implications for international management. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,(1),121-134.
    Kaufman, G., & Raphael, L.(1990). Stick up for yourself: Every kid’s guide to personal power and positive self-esteem. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing.
    Kazarian, S. S. & Martin, R. A. (2004). Humor styles, personality, and well-being among Lebanese University. European Journal of personality, 18 , 209-219.
    Kazarian, S. S. & Martin, R. A.(2006). Humor styles, culture-related personality, well-being, and family adjustment among Armenians in Lebanon. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 19(4), 405-423.
    Kerr, J. H. (1997). Motivation and emotion in sport, Reversal theory, East Sussex. United Kingdom: Psychology Press Ltd.
    Kerkkänen, P., Kuiper, N. A., & Martin, R. A. (2004). Sense of humor, physical health, and well-being at work: A three-year longitudinal study of Finnish police officers. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1-2), 21-35.
    King, K. A. (1997). Self-concept and self-esteem: A clarification of terms. Journal of School Health, 67(2), 68-70.
    Kirsh, G. A., & Kuiper, N. A. (2003). Positive and negative aspects of sense of humor: Associations with the constructs of individualism and relatedness. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 16(1), 33-62.
    Klassen, K. J. M. (2000). Attachment and foster children: A review of the literature.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED448867)
    Klein, D. N., & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Humor styles, peer relationships, and bullying in middle childhood. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 19, 383 -404.
    Koestler, A.(1964). The act of creation. New York:Macmillan.
    Kosslyn, S. M. & Henker, B. A. (1970). Social influences on children’s humor response. Los Angeles, CA: Center for Head Start Evaluation and Research, University of California.
    Kuiper, N. A., Martin, R. A., & Dance, K.(1992).Sense of humor and enhanced quality of life. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(12), 1273-1283.
    Kuiper, N. A., McKenzie, S., & Belanger, K. (1995).Cognitive appraisals and individual differences in sense of humor: Motivational and affective implications, Personality and Individual Differences, 19(3), 359-372.
    Kuiper, N. A., & Martin, R. A.(1998). Is sense of humor a positive personality characteristic? In Ruch .W.(Eds.)The sense of humor : Explorations of a personality characteristic(pp.159-178). Berlin/ NewYork:Mouton de Gruyter.
    Kuiper, N. A., & Olinger, L. J.(1998). Humor and mental health. In H. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (Vol. 2, pp. 445-457). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    Kuiper, N. A., Grimshaw,M., Leite, C., & Kirsh,G..(2004). Humor is not always the best medicine: Specific components of sense of humor and psychological well-being. Humor:International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1/2), 135-168.
    Ladd, G. W.(1999). Peer relationship and social competence during early and middle childhood. Annual Reviews: Psychology, 50, 333-359.
    Laura, A. T. & Barry, L. D.(2000). On the association between humor and burnout. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 13, 419-428.
    Lampert, M. & Ervin-Tripp,S. M. (1998). Exploring paradigms: The study of gender and sense of humor near the end of the 20th century. In Willibald Ruch (ed.). The sense of humor : explorations of a personality characteristic (pp. 231-270) Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter.
    Leacock, S.(1937). Humour and humanity: An Introduction to the Study of Humour. London: Thornton & Butterworth.
    Lefcourt, H. M. (2001). Humor: The psychology of living buoyantly. Mew York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Lefcourt, H. M. & Martin, R. A.(1986). Humor and life stress: Antidote to adversity. NY: Springer-Verelag .
    Loeber, R. (1982). The stability of antisocial behavior: A review. Child Development, 53, 1431-1446.
    Maples, M. F., Dupey, P., Rivera, E. T., Phan, L. T., Vereen, L., & Garrett, M. T.(2001). Ethnic diversity and the use of humor in counseling: Appropriate or inappropriate? Journal of Counseling & Development, 79, 53-6.
    Maslow, A. H.(1954). Motivation and personality. New York:Harper.
    Martin, R. A.(1996). The Situational Humor Response Questionnaire(SHRQ) and the Coping Humor Scale(CHS): A decade of research findings. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9(3/4),251-271.
    Martin, R. A. (2001). Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues and research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 504-519.
    Martin, R. A.(2004). Sense of humor and physical health: theortical issues, recent findings, and future directions. Humor:International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1/2), 1-19.
    Martin, R. A.(2007).The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
    Martin, R. A. (2009). Approaches to the sense of humor: A historical review. Retrieved May18, 2009 from http://www.humoursummersachool. orgNhandouts/Approaches SoH.pdf
    Martin, R. A. & Dobbin, J. P.(1988). Sense of humor, hassles, and immunoglobin: Evidence for a stress-moderating effect of humor. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine,18 (2), 93-105.
    Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M.(1983). Sense of humour as a moderator of the relation between stressors and moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1313-1324.
    Martin, P. D., Larsen, G., & Weir, N.(2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: development of the humor styles questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(1), 48-75.
    Mastor, K. A., Jin, P., & Cooper, M. (2000). Malay culture and personality. American Behavioral Scientist, 44 (1), 95-112.
    McGhee, P. E. (1980). Development of the sense of humour in childhood: A longitudinal study. In P. E. McGhee, & A. J. Chapman(Eds.), Children’s humour. Chichester, English:Wiley,113-136.
    McGhee, P .E. (1983). Humor development: Toward a life span approach. In P. E. McGhee, & J. H. Goldstein, (eds.), Handbook of Humor Research: Basic Issues. NY: Spring-verlag.
    McGee, P. E. (Ed.). (1979). Humor:Its origion and development. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
    McGhee, P. E., & Lloyd, S. A. (1982). Behavioral characteristics associated with the development of humor in young children. Journal of Genetic Psychology,141 (2), 253-259.
    McCrae. R.R., & Costa. P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
    McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
    McCrae R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1999). A five-factor theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin and O. P. John (Eds.), (2nd ed.). New York: The Guil-ford Press.
    McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2004). A contem-plated revision of the NEO Five Factor Inventory. Personality & Individual Differences, 36(3), 587-596.
    McWilliams, L. A., Cox, B. J., & Enns, M. W. (2003). Use of the coping inventory for stressful situations in a clinically depressed sample: Factor structure, personality correlates, and prediction of distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59 (2), 1371-1375.
    Moustafs, K. S., Bhagat, R. S., & Babakus, E.(2008). A cross-cultural investigation of polychronicity: A study of organizations in three countries. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(6), 479-492.
    Mowen, J. C., & Spears, N.(1999). A hierarchical model approach to understanding compulsive buying among college students. Journal of Consumer Psychology,8(4), 407-430.
    Nazareth, J. (1988).The psychology of military humor. New Delhi: Lonor.
    Nerhardt, G. (1970).Humor and inclination to laugh: Emotional reactions to stimuli of different divergence from a range of expectancy Scandinavian. Journal of Psychology, 11, 185-195.
    Nerhardt, G. (1976). Incongruity and funniness: Towards a new descriptive model, In A. J. Chapman, & H. C. Foot. (Eds). Humor and laughter: Theory, research and application. London: Willy.
    Nevo ,O. (1985). Does one ever really laugh at one's own expense? The case of Jews and Arabs in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49 (3),799-807
    Nevo, O. (1998). Do Jews in Israel still laugh at themselves? In A. Ziv (ed.), Jewish Humour. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
    Nevo, O., Nevo ,B., Janie Leong Siew Yin(2001). Singaporean humor: A cross-cultural ,cross-gender comparison. Journal of General Psychology, 28(2), 143-156.
    Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1989). Substance use and abuse among children and teenagers. American Psychologist, 44, 242-248
    Nezlek, J., & Derks, P. (2001). Use of humor as a coping mechanism, psychological adjustment, and social interactions. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14(4), 395-413.
    Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality rat-ings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
    Norrick, N. R. (1993). Conversational Joking. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
    Paunonen, S. V. (2003). Big Five factors of personality and replicated predications of behavior. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 84(2), 411-422.
    Pervin, L. A.(1993). Personality Theory and Research( 6th edition).New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Pope, A. W., McHale, S. M. & Craighead, W. E.(1988). Self-esteem enhancement with children and adolescents. Needham Heughts, MA:Allyn & Bacon.
    Porterfield, A.(1987). Does sense of humor moderate the impact of life stress on psychological well-being? Journal of Research in Personality, 21(3), 306-317.
    Prerost, F. J.(1980). Developmental aspects of adolescent sexuality as reflected in reactions to sexuality explicit humor. Psychological Reports, 46, 543-548.
    Provine, R. R.(2001). Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. London: Faber and Faber.
    Rice, F. P.(1999). The adolescent: Development, relationships, and culture (9th ed.). United States.
    Robinson, V. M.(1983).Humor and health. In P. E. McGhee, J. H. Goldstein(Eds.). Handbook of humor research(pp.109-128). New York: Springer-Verlag.
    Romero, E. J., Alsua, C. J., Hinrichs, K. T., & Pearsoon, T. R.(2007). Regional humor differences in the United States: Implications for management. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 20(2), 189-201.
    Roma, S., & Thomas, S.(1982). Coping with stress: Does humor help? Psychological Reports, 51 ,222.
    Rosenberg, M.(1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
    Rosenberg, M.(1972). Society and adolescent self-image(3rd ed.).New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
    Rosenberg, M.(1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic books.
    Ruch, W. 1993). Exhilaration and humor. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland(Eds.),
    Handbook of emotions. New York: Guiford Press, 605-616.
    Ruch, W.(1996). Measurement approaches to sense of humor introduction and overview. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 8(3), 239-250.
    Ruch, W.(1998). Foreword and overview: The old and new look on the sense of humor. In Ruch .W.(Eds.),The sense of humor : Explorations of a personality characteristic(pp.3-14). Berlin/ NewYork:Mouton de Gruyter.
    Sala, F.(2003). Laughing all the way to bank. Harvard Business Review, 81(9), 16-17.
    Saroglou, V., & Anciaux, L.(2001). Linking sick humour: Coping styles and religion as predictors. Humour:International Journal of Humor Research, 17(3), 257 - 277.
    Saroglou, V., & Scariot, C.(2002). Humor Styles Questionnaire: Personality and Educational correlates in Belgian high school and college students. European Journal of Personality , 16, 43-54.
    Saucier. G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s Unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3), 506-516.
    Sax, L.(2006)。養男育女調不同。(洪蘭譯)。台北:遠流。(原著出版年2005)
    Sherman, L. W.(1988). Humor and peer acceptance in elementary school children. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 1(4), 389-404.
    Shaver, P., Hazan, C.,& Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. In R. J. Sternberg & M. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp.68-99). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
    Shultz, T. R. (1972).The role of incongruity and resolution in children’s appreciation of cartoon humor. Journal of experimental child psychology ,13(3), 456-477.
    Simpson, J. A., & Gangestad, S.(1991). Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminate validity. Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 870-883.
    Simpson, J. A., & Weiner, E. S. C. (Ed.).(1989). The Oxford English Dictionary. (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
    Socha, T. J. & Kelly, B.(1994). Children making” fun”: humorous communication, impression management, and moral development. Children Study Journal, 24(3), 237-252.
    Spencer, H.(1864). The physiology of laughter. in H. Spencer, Essays: Scientific, political and apeculative (Second Series). New York: D. Appleton.
    Srivastava, S., Oliver. P. J., Samuel. D., & Potter, G. J.(2003). Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84 (5), 561-572.
    Sterbin, A., & Rakow, E.(1996). Self-esteem, locus of control, and student
    achievement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service N0. ED406429)
    Strother, G. B., Barnett, M. M., & Apostolakos, P. C. (1954). The use of cartoons as a projective device. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10, 38-42.
    Suls, J. M.(1972). A two-stage model for the appreciation of jokes and cartoons: An information-processing analysis. In J. M. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor: Theoretical perspectives and empirical issues (pp.81-100). New York: Academic Press.
    Svebak, S., Gotestam, K. G., & Jensen, E. N.(2004).The significance of sense of humor, life regard, and stressor for bodily complaints among high school student. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 17(1/2), 67-83.
    Tang, T. L. P.(1991). The effect of self-esteem, task label, and performance feedback on task liking and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Social Psychology, 131(4), 567-572.
    Thompson, D.(1999). Early attachment and later development. Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical application(pp. 265-286). New York: The Guilford Press.
    Thorson, J., & Powell, F.(l993). Development and validation of a multidimensional sense of humor scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 13-23.
    Triandis, H. C.(2002).Motivation to work in cross-cultural perspective. In J.M. Brett & F.Drasgow(eds.)The Psychology of Work: Theoretically Based Empirical Research(pp.101-118).Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
    Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J.(1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(1), 118-128.
    Vernon,P. A., Martin, R. A., Schermer, J. A., Cherkas, L. F.,& Spector, T. D.(2007).Genetiv and environmental contributions to humor styles: A replication study. Twin Research and Human Genetics,11,44-47.
    Waters, E.,Merrick, S. K., Albersheim, L., & Treboux, D.(1995, March-April). Attachment security from infancy to early adulthood: A 20-year longitudinal study. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis, IN.
    Weaver, M. D., & Matthews, D. B.(1993). The effects of a program to build the self-esteem of at-risk students. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, 31(4), 181-188.
    White,G. W.(2001). Teachers report of how they used humor with students perceived use of such humor. Education, 122, 337-347.
    White, L. A. & Lewis, D. J. (1990). Humor: a teaching strategy to promote learning. Journal of Nursing Staff Development, 6, 60-64.
    Wickberg, D. (1998). The senses of humour. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
    Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2002). Personality structure and the structure of personality dis-orders. In P. T. Costa, Jr., &T. A. Widiger(Eds.)Personality disorder and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    Young, R.M. (1990) .Herbert Spencer and inevitable progress.In G. Marsden (ed.), Vtctorian values. London: Longman.
    Zenden (2004)。人類發展學(第七版)(周念縈譯)。高雄:巨流圖書。(原著出版年2003)
    Zillman, D.(1983).Disparagement humor, In P.E. McGee and 1.H. Goldstein (eds) Handbook of Humor Research, vol. I. New York: Springer.
    Ziv, A.(1984). Personality and sense of humor. New York: Springer.
    Ziv, A.(1988).National styles of humor.New York: Greenwood Press.
    Zwerling, I.(1995). The favorite joke in diagnostic and therapeutic interviewing. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 24, 104-114.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE