研究生: |
何思柔 Ho, Szu-Jou |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
中文時態副詞「曾(經)」和「已(經)」之意義研究 A Meaning Analysis of Chinese Temporal Adverbs Ceng(jing) and Yi(jing) |
指導教授: |
李臻儀
Li, Jen-I |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
英語學系 Department of English |
論文出版年: | 2017 |
畢業學年度: | 105 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 94 |
中文關鍵詞: | 時態副詞 、情狀語意 、時制 、時貌 、級差 |
英文關鍵詞: | temporal adverbs, situation semantics, tense, aspect, scale |
DOI URL: | https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202202978 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:157 下載:32 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在探討中文時態副詞「曾(經)」和「已(經)」之意義,並一併討論情狀類型(situation type)與其搭配之適切性。
本研究採用Reichenbach(1947)之三個時點關係結構以及Kennedy(2007)之級差(scale)理論來分析「曾(經)」和「已(經)」。本研究主張「曾(經)」為一過去時間副詞,其語意轄域(scope)內之情狀的事件時間(event time)必須先於說話者講述該情狀的說話時間(speech time);「已(經)」則表現出兩類語意,其一為相對過去(relative past),另一為級差關係,即指出其語意轄域內之情狀已達到某級差關係中的特定門檻。
鑑於「曾(經)」和「已(經)」必須依附於情狀,本研究另闢單章探討其搭配適切性。本研究採用Tai(1984)之情狀區分,將中文情狀分為狀態(State)、活動(Activity)及結果(Result)。「曾(經)」除與絕對(absolute)狀態次類不相容外,與其餘情狀皆相容;「已(經)」亦表現出類似的相容性,然在非絕對(non-absolute)狀態及慣性(habitual)狀態次類表現出侷限性的語意。
This thesis examines the meanings of the Chinese temporal expressions ceng(jing) and yi(jing) and their compatibility with different situation types.
In this thesis, previous studies of ceng(jing) and yi(jing) are first discussed and commented, and then the meanings of the two temporal adverbs are examined via Reichenbach (1947) and the scale structure, particularly Kennedy (2007). Ceng(jing) is suggested to be a past time adverb that obligates the event time (E) to precede the speech time (S). On the other hand, yi(jing) is suggested to have two different meanings. First, it can be a relative past, showing the order of the event time (E) preceding the reference time (R). The other meaning is illustrated by scale structure, where yi(jing) marks a threshold of degree-relevant contexts.
The compatibility between ceng(jing)/yi(jing) and the situation types are also discussed since they are indispensable to forming meaningful ceng(jing)/yi(jing) sentences. In this thesis, Tai’s (1984) classification of Chinese situation types into States, Activities and Results is adopted. Ceng(jing) is found to be compatible with all the situation types except the absolute subtype of States; yi(jing) shows a similar pattern but is more restricted in meanings when it comes to the non-absolute and habitual subtypes of States.
吕叔湘(Lü, Shuxiang)。1999。《現代漢語八百詞》(修訂版)。北京:中國語文出版社。
侯學超(Hou, Xuechao)。1998。《現代漢語虛詞詞典》。北京:北京大學出版社。
馬真(Ma, Zhen)。2003。「已經」和「曾經」的語法意義。《語言科學》1:1。
張亞軍(Zhang, Yajun)。2002。《副詞與限定描狀功能》。安徽:安徽教育出版社。
張嫚芯(Chang, Man-Xin)。2009。現代漢語「已經」和「曾經」之比較研究。碩士論文:國立新竹教育大學。
張誼生(Zhang, Yishang)。2000。《現代漢語副詞研究》。上海:學林出版社。
曹鳳霞(Cao, Fengxia)。2002。時間副詞 「曾經」與「已經」。《中山大學研究生學刊:社會科學版》23.2:28-34。
曹鳳霞(Cao, Fengxia)。2003。副詞「曾經」與「已經」的語法意義及其他。《學術交流》11:140-143。
陸丙甫(Lu, Bingfu)。1988。「已經」同「曾經」的區別究竟在哪裡。《語言教學與研究》1:52-54。
陸儉明、馬真(Lu, Xianming, and Zhen Ma)。1985。《現代漢語虛詞散論》(修訂版)。北京:北京大學出版社。
劉月華、潘文娛、故韡(Liu, Yuehua, Wen-Yu Pan, and Wei Gu)。2004。《實用現代漢語語法》。台北:師大書苑。
鄧世平(Deng, Shiping)。2010。句法平面上「已經」和「曾經」的區别。《高等教育在線》618:127。
Bierwisch, Manfred. 1989. The semantics of gradation. In Manfred Bierwisch & Ewald Lang (eds.), Dimensional Adjectives 71–261. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Bolinger, Dwight. 1972. Degree Words. The Hague: Mouton.
Carlson, Gregory N. 1977. A unified analysis of the English bare plural. Linguistics and Philosophy 1.3: 413-456.
Cresswell, Max J. 1977. The semantics of degree. In Barbara Partee (ed.), Montague Grammar 261–292. New York: Academic Press.
Doetjes, Jenny. 1997. Quantifiers and selection: On the distribution of quantifying expressions in French, Dutch and English. Doctoral dissertation. Netherlands: Leiden University.
Dowty, David R. 1986. The effects of aspectual class on the temporal structure of discourse: semantics or pragmatics?. Linguistics and Philosophy 9.1: 37-61.
Fox, Danny & Martin Hackl. 2006. The universal density of measurement. Linguistics and Philosophy 29.5: 537–586.
Fults, Scott. 2011. Vagueness and scales. In Paul ÅLEgrÅLe & Nathan Klinedinst (eds.), Vagueness and Language Use 25–50. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Grosu, Alexander & Fred Landman. 1998. Strange relatives of the third kind. Natural Language Semantics 6: 125–170.
Harris, Martin. 1982. Studies in Romance verb. In V. Nigel. and M. Harris (Ed.). Studies in the Romance Verb. 42-70. London: Croom Helm.
He, Baozhang. 1992. Situation types and aspectual classes of verbs in Mandarin. Doctoral dissertation. Columbus: the Ohio State University.
Horn, Laurence R. 1972. On the semantic properties of logical operators in English. Doctoral dissertation. Los Angeles: University of California.
Kennedy, Christopher & Beth Levin. 2008. Measure of change: The adjectival core of verbs of variable telicity. In Louise McNally & Christopher Kennedy (eds.), Adjectives and Adverbs: Syntax, Semantics, and Discourse 156–182. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kennedy, Christopher & Louise McNally. 2005. Scale structure and the semantic typology of gradable predicates. Language 81: 1–37.
Kennedy, Christopher. 2007. Vagueness and grammar: The semantics of relative and absolute gradable predicates. Linguistics and Philosophy 30.1: 1–45.
Kennedy, Christopher. 2012. The composition of incremental change. In Violeta Demonte & Louise McNally (eds.), Telicity, Change, and State: a Cross-categorical View of Event Structure 103–121. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Krifka, Manfred. 1989. Nominal reference, temporal constitution and quantification in event semantics. In Renate Bartsch, Johan van Benthem & Peter von Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expression 75–115. Dordrecht: Foris.
Krifka, Manfred. 1999. At least some determiners aren’t determiners. In Ken Turner (ed.), The Semantics/Pragmatics Interface from Different Points of View 257–291. Oxford: Elsevier.
Krifka, Manfred. 2007. Approximate interpretations of number words: A case for strategic communication. In Gerlof Bouma, Irene Krämer, Joost Zwarts (eds.), Cognitive Foundations of Interpretation 111–126. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschapen.
Lassiter, Dan. 2011. Measurement and modality: the scalar basis of modal semantics. Doctoral dissertation. New York: New York University.
Li, Jen-i & Szu-Jou Ho. 2016. A semantic analysis of cengjing and yijing and their interaction with modal auxiliaries in Mandarin. Paper presented in The 24th Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics (IACL-24), Beijing Language and Culture University, July 17-19, 2016.
Lin, Tzong-Hong Jonah. 2012. Multiple-modal constructions in Mandarin Chinese and their finiteness properties. Journal of Linguistics 48: 151–186.
Löbner, Sebastian. 1989. German schon - erst - noch: An integrated analysis. Linguistics and Philosophy 12:167–212.
Luce, R. Duncan. 1956. Semiorders and a theory of utility discrimination. Econometrica 24: 178–191.
Michaelis, Laura Adrienne. 2002. Routledge Studies in Germanic Linguistics : Aspectual Grammar and Past Time Reference. London: Routledge.
Morzycki, Marcin. 2009. Degree modification of gradable nouns: size adjectives and adnominal degree morphemes. Natural Language Semantics 17.2: 175–203.
Mourelatos, Alex. 1978. Events, Processes and States. Linguistics and Philosophy 2: 415-434.
Musan, Renate. 2001. The present perfect in German: outline of its semantic composition. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 19.2: 355-401.
Partee, Barbara H. 1987. Noun phrase interpretation and type-shifting principles. In Groenendijk et al. (ed.), Studies in Discourse Representation Theory and the Theory of Generalized Quantifiers 115–143. Dordrecht: Foris.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1947. Elements of Symbolic Logic. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Rothstein, Susan. 2003. Verb classes and aspectual classification. Structuring Events: A Study in the Semantics of Lexical Aspect 1-35. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
Ryle, Gilbert. 1947. The Concept of Mind. London: Barnes and Noble.
Sapir, Edward. 1944. Grading: a study in semantics. Philosophy of Science 11: 93–116.
Smith, Carlota S., and Mary S. Erbaugh. 2005. Temporal interpretation in Mandarin Chinese. Linguistics 43.4: 713-756.
Smith, Carlota. 1997. The Parameter of Aspect. (Second Edition). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Solt, Stephanie. 2014. Scales in natural language. Language and Linguistics Compass.
Tai, Hao-Yi James. 1984. Verbs and times in Chinese: Vendler’s four categories. In David Testen, Veena Mishra, and Joseph Drogo (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics of the Chicago Linguistic Society 289-296.
Tai, Hao-Yi James. 2003. Cognitive relativism: Resultative construction in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 4.2: 301-316.
Vendler, Zeno. 1957. Verbs and times. The Philosophical Review 66.2: 143-160.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in Philosophy. New York: Cornell University Press.
von Stechow, Arnim. 1984. Comparing semantic theories of comparison. Journal of Semantics 3: 1–77.
Yalcin, Seth. 2010. Probability operators. Philosophy Compass 5.11: 916–937.