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研究生: 黃馨週
Hsin-chou Josephine Huang
論文名稱: 台灣學生英語網路閱讀策略及閱讀理解之探討
EFL Learners’ Online Reading Strategy Use and Text Comprehension: An Exploratory Study
指導教授: 陳秋蘭
Chern, Chiou-Lan
林至誠
Lin, Chih-cheng
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2006
畢業學年度: 94
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 307
中文關鍵詞: 閱讀策略第二外語閱讀網路閱讀
英文關鍵詞: reading strategy, second language reading, web-based reading
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:315下載:133
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  • 從第二語言閱讀研究發現,運用閱讀策略可以幫助理解。唯目前研究大多著重於文本閱讀策略的探討,有關網路閱讀策略的使用,及其對不同程度學生閱讀理解力之影響的研究仍相當有限。故本研究目的為探討以英語為外語學習者,網路閱讀策略之使用,分析閱讀策略的使用對理解力的影響,及評估學生對網路英文閱讀課程(English Reading Online)之看法。
    此網路英文閱讀課程是為達到前述兩項研究目的而建置的。除了可以幫助學生有效閱讀網路文章外,還可以做為收集學生網路閱讀策略的工具。本網站之設計呼應文獻上所提到的各式閱讀策略,以追蹤學生策略使用情形。網路閱讀課程共設計15個閱讀策略按鈕機制。整體性策略的設計,包括提供文章導讀、關鍵字彙、文章大綱、及文章預測等按鈕。解決問題策略則設計了線上摘要、閱讀速度訓練、文章朗讀、及語意圖等機制。輔助性策略有線上字典、線上文法、線上翻譯、線上劃記、及個人化筆記本等。社交情意策略則設計有網路聊天室及音樂播放。
    本研究之對象為三十位科技大學應用英語系大二的學生,依英文程度分為高、低兩組。所要閱讀的四篇文章,包含四個主題,其中兩篇較易,兩篇較難。文章依難易順序分八週讀完。閱讀完後,學生必須填好讀後問卷,並回憶文章內容,寫下中文摘要,做為閱讀理解測驗。學生每讀完一篇文章後並接受訪談。每位同學網路閱讀的過程,全程由螢幕追蹤軟體錄下,而按鈕的況狀也由電腦記錄。收集到的閱讀策略按鈕資料,由卡方檢定探究是否語言程度、文章主題、及難易度會影響策略使用。此外,閱讀理解分數細分為主旨得分與細節得分,並以迴歸統計分析策略運用對理解力之效用。而讀後問卷則由敘述統計描述學生對網站的看法。最後,質性探討四個案例,則可以彌補前述量化資料不足之處。
    本研究結果發現,學生絕大多數使用輔助性策略,解決問題策略則屈居最後。策略的運用似乎受到網路閱讀環境中學生即時回饋的需求,以及傳統閱讀教學模式的影響。此外,由質性探討所衍生出的新策略有瀏覽策略、資訊收集策略、介面改變策略、以及使用問題報告策略。這些策略可以幫助學生順暢瀏覽網站,運用新知增加背景知識,建立個人化閱讀環境,及提供更友善的網路設計。本研究除了發現網路閱讀策略使用模式之外,結果亦顯示有四項因素影響策略使用,即語言程度、文章主題及難易度、電腦技巧、及背景知識。
    就策略運用對理解力的影響而言,雖然輔助性策略使用最頻繁,而且對各層次的閱讀理解力均有所助益;但是,單靠輔助性策略並不能預測較艱深文章之主旨與細節的得分,必須要搭配使用整體性策略。而整體性策略的使用,對於經常只使用輔助性策略及社交情意策略的低組同學,在閱讀困難文章時最有幫助。
    最後,本研究結果顯示,大多數同學對此英文閱讀網站中,輔助閱讀機制的設計、介面設計、及對語言學習的功效抱持正面的態度。同學們也期盼能將網路閱讀融入課程當中。
    綜合上述結果,本研究提供以下教學建議。其一、策略導向教學應融入閱讀課程中。網路閱讀策略,如搜尋及綜合資訊以及如何增加社群互動,應該重視。其二、整體性策略可以輔助英文較弱的同學閱讀困難的文章,應該鼓勵使用。其三、閱讀網站設計可以加入更多個人化及文章選擇的機制,以期達到最佳閱讀效果。

    The bulk of L2 reading research has shown that prospective readers use various reading strategies to facilitate comprehension, but relatively few studies have centered on online reading strategy use and its effects on the reading comprehension of students with different language proficiencies. This study aimed to investigate EFL learners’ online reading strategies, to study the effects of strategy use on comprehension, and to evaluate a web-based reading program, English Reading Online, which was constructed to fulfill the first two purposes of this study.
    The design of this online reading program echoed reading strategy patterns found in L2 reading literature and the action of clicking on a certain strategy function button online was traced to reflect a reader’s particular strategy use. There were 15 strategy buttons: Global strategy design provided students with previews, keywords, and outlines of the reading texts as well as chances to make predictions. Problem-solving strategy mechanisms included online summary services, reading-rate training, text-to-speech software, and semantic mapping tools. Support strategy functions were provided by online dictionaries, online grammar resources, an online translation mechanism, highlighting tools, and individualized electronic notebooks. Socio-affective strategies were displayed by online chatrooms, discussion boards, email services, and music boxes.
    Thirty Applied English majors, divided into a High group and a Low group based on their proficiency levels, were asked to read a total of four authentic online texts of two difficulty levels. They also completed a post-task survey, wrote written recalls, and attended interview sessions after reading. Each participant’s navigation path in doing these four reading tasks was tracked by the computer system to collect their pre-defined strategies; each navigation path was also videotaped by a screen-capturing software to collect newly emerging strategy patterns. Strategy use data was analyzed by the Chi-square test to examine if strategy use was influenced by language proficiency, the text topic, and the text difficulty levels. Written recalls were scored according to two categories: main ideas and details. The relationship between students’ strategy use and comprehension was computed using multiple regression. The post-task survey on program feedback was analyzed by descriptive statistics. Finally, qualitative investigations of four case studies gathered from videotaping and interviews were used to supplement the quantitative data mentioned above.
    The results showed that due to learners’ concern of convenience and immediacy, Support strategies made up the overwhelming proportion of strategy use and Problem-solving strategies were used the least. Other strategies emerging from qualitative investigation—including Navigating strategies, Information gathering strategies, Interface changing strategies, and Usability problem reporting strategies—assisted readers in navigating online texts smoothly, finding relevant information to build up background knowledge, establishing a personal environment to facilitate online reading, and making suggestions for user-friendly web design. Additionally, four factors that influenced online reading strategy use were language proficiency, the text topic and difficulty level, computer skills, and background knowledge.
    In relating strategy use with comprehension, the use of Support strategies dominated the strategy use and contributed to most of the comprehension gains, but an exclusive dependence on Support strategies did not successfully predict the increase in scores on main ideas and details when the students were reading more challenging texts. It was the use of Global strategies that significantly contributed to better comprehension. The effects of Global strategies were most evident among the Low group, who often confined themselves to the use of Support strategies and Socio-affective strategies in reading.
    Finally, students provided positive feedback on this program in terms of the design of the strategy tools, interface design, and learning effects. They also welcomed the possibility of including online reading in the existing curriculum.
    Findings of this study bear important pedagogical implications. First, strategy instruction needs to be integrated into reading classes. Online reading strategies about how to find and synthesize information and how to increase social interaction need to be addressed. Second, Global strategies, which aided low achievers’ comprehension of difficult texts, should be encouraged. Third, more personalized features and more choices for text selection should be included in the future program design.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Background and Rationale 5 Purpose of the Study 5 Significance of the Study 6 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 8 Second Language Reading Strategy 8 Classification of Language Learning Strategies 8 Taxonomy of L2 Reading Strategies 11 Individual Differences in Strategy Use 13 Reading Strategy Instruction 22 Component Skill Approach to Reading 28 Approaches to Reading 28 Automatic Recognition Skills 32 Vocabulary and Structural Knowledge 34 Formal Discourse Structural Knowledge 35 Content and World Background Knowledge 37 Synthesis and Evaluation Skills 38 Metacognitive Knowledge 39 Hypertext Second Language Reading 41 The Nature of Media, Multimedia, Hypertext, and Hypermedia 41 Hypermedia and L2 Learning 42 Hypertext Reading Strategies 46 The Use of Glosses 46 Individual Differences 49 Online Reading Strategies—Comparisons, Labels, and Effects of Strategy Use 50 Technology Integration and Reading Skill Development 57 Technology and Automatic Identification Skills 58 Technology and Vocabulary Development 60 Technology and Rhetorical Patterns 61 Technology and Content Background Knowledge 62 Technology and Synthesis Strategies 63 Technology and Socio-Affective Strategies 66 Web-Based Reading Programs 68 Reading Programs Outside of Taiwan 68 Technology-Enhanced Self-Access Reading Program 69 Extensive Reading Online Program 71 Metacognitive E-Reading Platform 73 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 75 Design of the Online Reading Program 75 Reading Texts 76 Reading Strategy Support Functions 80 Computer Tracking System 100 Design of the Study 102 Participants 102 Instruments 103 The Background Questionnaire 103 Videotaping of Screens 104 Semi-Structured Interviews 104 Recall Protocols 107 Post-Task Survey and Final Reflection 112 Data Collection Procedures 113 Data Analysis Procedures 114 Research Questions, Data Collection Methods, and Data Analysis Procedures 116 CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSES and RESULTS 118 Results of the Background Questionnaire 118 Pre-Defined Reading Strategies in English Reading Online 123 Frequency of Strategy Use 123 Distribution of Strategy Use by All Students 124 Distribution of Strategy Use by the High and the Low Groups 126 Strategy Use Across Topics by All Students 130 Strategy Use Across Topics by the High and the Low Groups 132 Strategy Use Across Difficulty Levels of the Text by All Students 136 Strategy Use Across Difficulty Levels of the Text by the High and the Low Groups 138 Time on Strategy Use 143 Total Time Spent on Each Strategy Button 143 Strategy Button Sequence 146 Relationships Between Strategy Use and Recall Scores 148 The Regression Model 150 The Total Recall Score 152 All Students 152 The High Group 153 The Low Group 154 The Recall Scores on Main Ideas 156 All Students 156 The High Group 157 The Low Group 158 The Recall Scores on Details 160 All Students 160 The High Group 161 The Low Group 162 Perceptions of English Reading Online 164 Results From Post-Task Survey 164 Feedback on the Fifteen Strategy Buttons 164 Feedback on Web-Based Features 167 Feedback on Interface Design and Learning Effects 168 Results From Final Reflection 168 Reflections on Articles 169 Reflections on Web Features 173 Overall Feedback 178 Correlation Between Strategy Button Usage and Questionnaire Results 180 Results From Videotaping and Semi-Structured Interviews 182 Qualitative Investigation of Four Participants 182 Case 1: James—A High Group Student With Average Computer Skills 183 Case 2: Chris—A High Group Student With Good Computer Skills 186 Case 3: Amber—A Low Group Student With Average Computer Skills 189 Case 4: Tim—A Low Group Student With Good Computer Skills 192 Other Online Strategies Emerging From the Four Cases 196 Navigating Strategy 196 Information Gathering Strategy 197 Interface Changing Strategy 197 Usability Problem Reporting Strategy 198 Summary of Results 199 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION 203 Overview of the Study 203 Online Reading Strategy Patterns 204 Online Reading Strategy Types 206 Global, Problem-Solving, Support, and Socio-Affective Strategies 206 Other Strategies: Navigating, Information Gathering, Interface Changing, and Usability Problem Reporting Strategies 211 Language Proficiency 213 Text Topic and Difficulty Level 219 Computer Skill 221 Background Knowledge 225 The Effects of Strategy Use on Reading Comprehension 227 The Effects of Global Strategies on Comprehension 230 The Effects of Support Strategies on Comprehension 232 The Effects of Socio-Affective Strategy on Comprehension 232 The Effectiveness of English Reading Online 233 Feedback on Strategy Buttons 234 Feedback on Learning Effects 236 Feedback on Text Selection 237 Feedback on Hyperlinks 238 Feedback on Interface Design 239 CHAPTER SIX IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION 240 Answers to Research Questions 240 Pedagogical Implications 245 The Inclusion of Strategy Instruction 245 Strategies for Teaching Online Reading 247 Web-Based Program Design 248 The Importance of Global Strategy Use 249 Computer-Mediated Communication in Reading Classrooms 250 Text Selection 251 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research 252 Conclusion 254 REFERENCES 255 Appendix A: Oxford’s Strategies Useful for Reading 271 Appendix B: O’Malley and Chamot’s Definitions on Learning Strategies 273 Appendix C: Description of SORS by Sheorey and Mokhtari 275 Appendix D: Description of SORS by Mokhtari and Reichard 276 Appendix E: Description of OSORS by Anderson 277 Appendix F: Technology Resources 279 Appendix G: A Sample of Permission for Use 280 Appendix H: Piloting Texts (Easy) 281 Appendix I: Piloting Texts (Difficult) 283 Appendix J: Article 1 Under the Topic of Movie 287 Appendix K: Article 2 Under the Topic of History 289 Appendix L: Article 3 Under the Topic of Travel 291 Appendix M: Article 4 Under the Topic of Holiday 294 Appendix N: Post-Task Survey 296 Appendix O: Background Information of Participants 298 Appendix P: Background Questionnaire 299 Appendix Q: Interview Guidelines 301 Appendix R: Coding Schemes of Student Recall Protocols 302 Appendix S: Reflection Guidelines 303 Appendix T: Consent Form 304 Appendix U: Sequence of Click Patterns 305 Appendix V: Sample Written Recall Scoring 306 List of Tables Table 1: Categories of Comprehension Instruction and Their Effects 23 Table 2: Online Text Selection 78 Table 3: A Summary of Reading Strategy Support Function Design and Its Strategy Categorization 99 Table 4: Strategy Coding Scheme 105 Table 5: Relationships Between Research Questions, Data Collection Methods, and Data Analysis Procedures 117 Table 6: Participants’ Self-Evaluations of English Proficiency 119 Table 7: Participants’ Computer Skills and Purposes for Using Computers 120 Table 8: Time on Online Reading Tasks 121 Table 9: Participants’ Views on Printed vs. Electronic Text 122 Table 10: Strategies Used by All Students in Reading Four Articles 124 Table 11: Strategies Used by the High and the Low Groups in Reading Four Articles 126 Table 12: The Use of Strategy Buttons Across Lessons by All Students 130 Table 13: The Total Number of Strategies Used Across Topics 132 Table 14: Strategy Use Across Topics by the High Group 133 Table 15: Strategy Use Across Topics by the Low Group 134 Table 16: The Total Number of Strategies Used by the High and the Low Groups in Reading Articles Across Topics 135 Table 17: The Total Number of Strategies Used by All Students in Reading Easy and Difficult Texts 136 Table 18: Strategy Use in Reading Easy and Difficult Texts by All Students 137 Table 19: The Total Number of Strategies Used by the High and the Low Groups in Reading Easy and Difficult Texts 139 Table 20: The Strategy Types Used by the High and the Low Groups in Reading Articles of Different Difficulty Levels 140 Table 21: Time Spent on Each Strategy Button by All Students 143 Table 22: Time Spent on Each Strategy Button by the High and the Low Groups 145 Table 23: A Partial Record of Strategy Button Usage 146 Table 24: Sequence of Support and Problem-Solving Strategy Use by All Students 147 Table 25: Sequence of Support and Socio-Affective Strategy Use by All Students in Reading Easy and Difficult Texts 147 Table 26: Sequence of Support and Global Strategy Use by the High and the Low Groups 148 Table 27: Total Score for the Scheme in Each Lesson 149 Table 28: Recall Scores of the High and the Low Groups 150 Table 29: Summary of Regression Coefficients of the Total Score for All Students Reading Four Articles 153 Table 30: Summary of Regression Coefficients of the Total Score for the High Group Reading Four Articles 154 Table 31: Summary of Regression Coefficients of the Total Score for the Low Group Reading Four Articles 155 Table 32: Summary of Regression Coefficients of the Main Idea Score for All Students Reading Four Articles 157 Table 33: Summary of Regression Coefficients of the Main Idea Score for the High Group Reading Four Articles 158 Table 34: Summary of Regression Coefficients of the Main Idea Score for the Low Group Reading Four Articles 159 Table 35: Summary of Regression Coefficients of the Scores on Details for All Students Reading Four Articles 161 Table 36: Summary of Regression Coefficients of the Scores on Details for the High Group Reading Four Articles 162 Table 37: Summary of Regression Coefficients of the Scores on Details for the Low Group Reading Four Articles 163 Table 38: Students’ Feedback on Global Strategy Buttons 165 Table 39: Students’ Feedback on Problem-solving Strategy Buttons 65 Table 40: Students’ Feedback on Support Strategy Buttons 166 Table 41: Students’ Feedback on Socio-Affective Strategy Buttons 166 Table 42: Students’ Feedback on Web-Based Features 167 Table 43: Students’ Feedback on Interface Design and Learning Effects 168 Table 44: Students’ Perceptions of Text Difficulty 169 Table 45: Students’ Perceptions of Text Preference 171 Table 46: Students’ Perceptions of the Most Useful Tool 174 Table 47: Students’ Perceptions of the Least Useful Tool 177 Table 48: Correlation Between Perceived Usefulness and Actual Usage of the Fifteen Strategy Buttons 181 Table 49: Other Strategy Usage by Four Participants 199 List of Figures Figure 1: Mayer's Generative Model of Multimedia Learning 45 Figure 2: A Sample Page of Keyword 82 Figure 3: A Sample Page of Preview 83 Figure 4: A Sample Page of Prediction 84 Figure 5: A Sample Page of Outline 85 Figure 6: A Sample Page of Summary 86 Figure 7: A Sample Page of Pronunciation 87 Figure 8: A Sample Page of Speed Reading 89 Figure 9: A Sample Page of Semantic Mapping 90 Figure 10: A Sample Page of Dictionary 91 Figure 11: A Sample Page of Grammar 92 Figure 12: A Sample Page of Translation 93 Figure 13: A Sample Page of Highlighting 94 Figure 14: A Sample Page of Notebook 95 Figure 15: A Sample Page of Music Box 97 Figure 16: A Sample Page of Question 98 Figure 17: Strategy Distribution Chart 125 Figure 18: Distribution of Four Types of Strategies Used by the High and the Low Groups 128 Figure 19: The Percentages of Individual Strategy Button Usage of the High and the Low Groups 129 Figure 20: Strategy Use in Reading Easy and Difficult Texts by All Students 138 Figure 21: Strategy Types Used by the High and the Low Groups in Reading Easy Texts 141 Figure 22: Strategy Types Used by the High and the Low Groups in Reading Difficult Texts 142 Figure 23: A Sample Semantic Map Completed by A High Group Student 175 Figure 24: A Model of Online Reading Strategies 205 Figure 25: All Students’ Online Reading Strategy Use and Levels of Comprehension 229 Figure 26: High and Low Groups’ Online Reading Strategy Use and Levels of Comprehension 229

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