跌倒會對老人生理、心理及社會成本等方面產生負面影響，且台灣人口老化情形與老人跌倒發生情形正逐年增加，因此老年人跌倒預防工作更是刻不容緩。
本研究採用縱貫性研究設計，探討研究對象的跌倒相關變項及跌倒發生情形的變化趨勢，以及研究對象的社會人口學變項，與各個時間點跌倒相關變項與跌倒發生情形的變化趨勢之關係，並瞭解不同時間點的跌倒預測因子。
研究對象來自南台灣某鄉三個社區，共129位45歲以上中、老年人，追蹤30個月期間共接受三次調查，內容包括社會人口學變項、跌倒相關變項與跌倒發生情形，並進行資料分析。
結果發現，接受此跌倒預防介入計畫的中、老年人，其跌倒相關變項有改善或維持的趨勢，也能維持跌倒發生情形使其不惡化。此外，跌倒婚姻狀態顯著影響跌倒預防知識、信念及行為的變化趨勢；平衡與步態表現則會因輔具使用狀態而有顯著不同的變化趨勢。本研究亦發現跌倒預測因子包括跌倒預防知識、行為、肌力、屈膝起立及二十公尺行走等。
建議未來在老人福利政策規畫與健康促進活動推廣時，需留意影響老人跌倒相關變項及跌倒發生情形之社會人口學變項，設計合適的介入策略，且可多加強跌倒預防知識的提升、跌倒預防行為的建立以及肌力、平衡及步態能力的訓練。

Falls among the elderly would lead to many physical, mental and social-cost problems. The aging speed of Taiwan's population structure and the fall prevalence of elderly are increasing with the rising years, so that the fall prevention is an urgent need for the elderly.
The aim of this study was to investigate the trends between the fall correlates and falls among middle-aged and elderly people by longitudinal perspective, and to figure out the relationships between the fall correlates and the incidence of falls at each time point during the study.
129 middle-aged and elderly people from three communities in southern Taiwan were selected to participate in the fall prevention program. Data for analysis were collected during the 30 months before and after the intervention.
The results showed that the fall prevetion program has improved the trends of the fall correlates while maintained the fall incidences with the increasing time. Overall, the marital status has influenced the knowledge, self-efficacy, and behaviors of fall prevention while the assistive devices affected the balance and gait. The fall correlates at each time point have encompassed the knowledge and behaviors of fall prevention, muscle strength of lower limbs, timed chair rise and 20-meters walking.
The fall prevention program could provide a well delay effect in fall correlates and falls for community-dwelling elderly. In the forthcoming future, designing the politics of elderly welfare and popularizing the health promotion programs should consider individual characteristics; especially, designing the intervention of fall prevention should aim to improve the knowledge and behaviors of fall prevention, muscle strength of lower limbs, balance, and gait.

一、中文部分
內政部統計處（2009）。統計月報-現住人口按三段、六歲年齡組分。2009年2月2日，取自http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-05.xls
王香蘋（2002）。台灣老人罹病、活動功能、及健康自評的分析：1989 年-1996 年。台灣社會福利學刊，3，77-106。
行政院經濟建設委員會（2008）。中華民國臺灣97年至145年人口推計報告。2008年10月17日，取自http://www.cepd.gov.tw/
行政院衛生署（2007）。中華民國95年死因統計（上卷）。台北市：行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署國民健康局（2007）。1999年與2005年台灣地區老人跌倒狀況之比較。2008年10月21日，取自http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/bhpnet/portal/file/ThemeDocFile/200712271149147557/成果報告—研究簡訊—1999年與2005年台灣地區老人跌倒狀況之比較.pdf
吳明隆、涂金堂（2005）。SPSS與統計應用分析。台北市：五南圖書。
林茂榮、蔡素蘭、陳淑雅、曾信嘉（2002）。台灣中部某鄉村社區中老年人跌倒之危險因子。台灣衛誌，21（1），73-82。
林清山（1975）。心理與教育統計學。台北：東華書局。
林碧珠（2004）。髖部骨折老人出院過渡期主要照顧者照顧經驗之探討。新臺北護理期刊，6（1），57-67。
邱寶萱（2003）。預防研究對象跌倒介入研究之前驅研究：城鄉比較。國立台灣師範大學健康促進與衛生教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。台北市。
苗茂華、曲成毅、任艷峰（2005）。老年人人格特徵與認知功能。中國心理衛生雜誌，19（6），387-388。
徐慧娟、吳淑瓊、江東亮（1996）。跌倒對社區中老年人健康生活品質的影響。中華衛誌，15（6），525-532。
徐慧娟、詹莉君（2008）。台灣老人跌倒危險因子之探討。台灣老年醫學暨老年學雜誌，3（2），141-151。
秦毛漁、盧德發、吳美惠（2008）。社區中老年人跌倒相關因素之探討。護理雜誌，55（3），39-48。
馬作鏹、吳宜玲、邱鈺婷、邵國寧、黃素雲（2006）。應用健康信念模式探討台灣地區影響老年人利用健保成人預防保健服務之相關因素研究。醫務管理期刊，7（4），349-369。
張念慈、楊南屏、李建賢、周碧瑟（2008）。單次跌倒與反覆跌倒之盛行率與相關因素探討—以都會區老人為例。台灣衛誌，27（4），330-340。
梁偉成、繼煥庭、胡名霞、林茂榮（2005）。社區老人跌倒機轉與傷害嚴重度。物理治療，30（3），105-115。
許淑芬（2005）。機構老人跌倒預防課程介入之過程及衝擊評價研究。國立台灣師範大學健康促進與衛生教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。台北市。
郭鐘隆、張鈞惠、林靜兒、蔡益堅（2009）。16週跌倒預防介入對社區及安養機構老人之成效初探。健康生活與成功老化學刊，1（1），53-67。
陳玉枝、林麗華、簡淑芬（2002）。住院病患傷害性跌倒的影響因素與其醫療資源耗用之相關性。慈濟護理雜誌，1（3），66-77。
黃少君、陳曾基、周碧瑟（2005）。石牌地區老年人跌倒累積發生率及其相關因素之探討。台灣衛誌，24（2），136-145。
葉淑玲（2007）。社會網絡、社會支持與自我健康管理：老年冠心病患之情境分析 。國立成功大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文，未出版，台南市。
劉文良（1999）。老人研究跌傷的多重因子長期追蹤（第三年計畫）。行政院衛生署八十八年度科技研究發展計畫研究報告，未出版。
蔡素蘭、林茂榮（2002）。跌倒對台灣鄉村社區中老年人日常生活活動能力衰退與害怕跌倒心理的影響。物理治療，27（4），155-164。
蔡德甫（2004）。跌倒對老人健康相關生活品質變化的影響。臺北醫學大學傷害防治學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
鄧雅文（2006）。山地鄉社區居家老人跌倒相關危險因子之研究－以花蓮縣卓西鄉為例。慈濟大學原住民健康研究所碩士論文，未出版，花蓮縣。

二、英文部分
Baker, M. K., Atlantis, E., & Singh, M. A. F. (2007). Multi-modal exercise programs for older adults. Age and Ageing, 36(4), 375-381.
Ballard, J. E., McFarland, C., Wallace, L. S., Holiday, D., B., & Roberson, G. (2004). The effect of 15 weeks of exercise on balance, leg strength, and reduction in falls in 40 women aged 65 to 89 years. Journal of American Medical Women's Association, 59(4), 255-261.
Beard, J., Rowell, D., Scott, D., van Beurden, E., Barnett, L., Hughes, K., et al. (2006). Economic analysis of a community-based falls prevention program. Public Health, 120(8), 742-751.
Binder, E. F., Schechtman, K. B., Ehsani, A. A., Steger-May, K., Brown, M., Sinacore, D. R., et al. (2002). Effects of exercise training on frailty in community-dwelling older adults: Results of a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(12), 1921-1928.
Boulgarides, L. K., McGinty, S. M., Willett, J. A., & Barnes, C. W. (2003). Use of clinical and, impairment-based tests to predict falls by community-dwelling older adults. Physical Therapy, 83(4), 328-339.
Brodin, E., Ljungman, S., & Sunnerhagen, K. S. (2008). Rising from a chair: A simple screening test for physical function in predialysis patients. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 42(3), 293-300.
Campbell, A. J., Robertson, M. C., Gardner, M. M., Norton, R. N., & Buchner, D. M. (1999). Falls prevention over 2 years: a randomized controlled trial in women 80 years and older. Age and Ageing, 28(6), 513-518.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control(2008). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online]. Retrieved 2008/12/5. Available from URL: www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars.
Chu, L. W., Chi, I., & Chiu, A. Y. Y. (2005). Incidence and predictors of falls in the Chinese elderly. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, 34(1), 60-72.
Chu, L. W., Chiu, A. Y. Y., & Chi, I. (2008). Falls and subsequent health service utilization in community-dwelling Chinese older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 46(2), 125-135.
Clemson, L., Cumming, R. G., Kendig, H., Swann, M., Heard, R., & Taylor, K. (2004). The effectiveness of a community-based program for reducing the incidence of falls in the elderly: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(9), 1487-1494.
Close, J., Ellis, M., Hooper, R., Glucksman, E., Jackson, S., & Swift, C. (1999). Prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 353(9147), 93-97.
Day, L., Fildes, B., Gordon, I., Fitzharris, M., Flamer, H., & Lord, S. (2002). Randomised factorial trial of falls prevention among older people living in their own homes. British Medical Journal, 325(7356), 128.
Duncan, P. W., Studenski, S., Chandler, J., & Prescott, B. (1992). Functional reach: predictive validity in a sample of elderly male veterans. Journals of Gerontology, 47(3), M93-M98.
Duncan, P. W., Weiner, D. K., Chadler, J., & Studenski, S. (1990). Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 45(6), M192-M197.
Friedman, S. M., Munoz, B., West, S. K., Rubin, G. S., & Fried, L. P. (2002). Falls and fear of falling: Which comes first? A longitudinal prediction model suggests strategies for primary and secondary prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(8), 1329-1335.
Gassmann, K. G., Rupprecht, R., & Freiberger, E. (2009). Predictors for occasional and recurrent falls in community-dwelling older people. Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie, 42(1), 3-10.
Hahn, A., vanBeurden, E., Kempton, A., Sladden, T., & Garner, E. (1996). Meeting the challenge of falls prevention at the population level: A community-based intervention with older people in Australia. Health Promotion International, 11(3), 203-211.
Harris, J. E., Eng, J. J., Marigold, D. S., Tokuno, C. D., & Louis, C. L. (2005). Relationship of balance and mobility to fall incidence in people with chronic stroke. Physical Therapy, 85(2),150-158.
Hausdorff, J. M., Rios, D. A., & Edelberg, H. K. (2001). Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: A 1-year prospective study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(8), 1050-1056.
Huang, H. C. (2004). A Checklist for Assessing the Risk of Falls among the Elderly. The Journal of Nursing Research, 12(2), 131-141.
Huang, T. T. (2005). Home environmental hazards among community-dwelling elderly in Taiwan. The Journal of Nursing Research, 13(1), 49-57.
Huang, T. T., & Acton, G. J. (2004). Effectiveness of home visit falls prevention strategy for Taiwanese community-dwelling elders: Randomized trial. Public Health Nursing, 21(3), 247-256.
Kario, K., Tobin, J. N., Wolfson, L. I., Whipple, R., Derby, C. A., Singh, D., et al. (2001). Lower standing systolic blood pressure as a predictor of falls in the elderly: A community-based prospective study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 38(1), 246-252.
Lamb, S. E., Ferrucci, L., Volapto, S., Fried, L. P., Guralnik, J. M., & Women's Hlth Aging, S. (2003). Risk factors for falling in home-dwelling older women with stroke - The women's health and aging study. Stroke, 34(2), 494-500.
Li, F. Z., Harmer, P., Fisher, K. J., McAuley, E., Chaumeton, N., Eckstrom, E., et al. (2005). Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology Series a-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(2), 187-194.
Lin, M. R., Hwang, H. F., Wang, Y. W., Chang, S. H., & Wolf, S. L. (2006). Community-based tai chi and its effect on injurious falls, balance, gait, and fear of falling in older people. Physical Therapy, 86(9), 1189-1201.
Logghe, I. H. J., Zeeuwe, P. E. M., Verhagen, A. P., Wijnen-Sponselee, R. M. T., Willemsen, S. P., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M. A., et al. (2009). Lack of effect of Tai Chi Chuan in preventing falls in elderly people living at home: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(1), 70-75.
Luukinen, H., Lehtola, S., Jokelainen, J., Vaananen-Sainio, R., Lavonen, S., & Koistinen, P. (2007). Pragmatic exercise-oriented prevention of falls among the elderly: A population-based, randomized, controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 44(3), 265-271.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2007).Trends in severe disability among elderly people. Retrieved 2008/10/19 from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/8/38343783.pdf
Pereira, M. M., Oliveira, R. J., Silva, M. A. F., Souza, L. H. R., & Vianna, L. G. (2008). Effects of Tai Chi Chuon on knee extensor muscle strength and balance in elderly women. Revista Brasileira De Fisioterapia, 12(2), 121-126.
Skelton, D. A., Kennedy, J., & Rutherford, O. M. (2002). Explosive power and asymmetry in leg muscle function in frequent fallers and non-fallers aged over 65. Age and Ageing, 31(2), 119-125.
Sohng, K. Y., Moon, J. S., Song, H. H., Lee, K. S., & Kim, Y. S. (2003). Fall prevention exercise program for fall risk factor reduction of the community-dwelling elderly in Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal, 44(5), 883-891.
Stevens, J. A. (2005). Falls among older adults - risk factors and prevention strategies. Journal of Safety Research, 36(4), 409-411.
Stevens, J. A., Corso, P. S., Finkelstein, E. A., & Miller, T. R. (2006). The costs of fatal and non-fatal falls among older adults. Injury Prevention, 12(5), 290-295.
Stevens, J. A., Mack, K. A., Paulozzi, L. J., & Ballesteros, M. F. (2008). Self-reported falls and fall-related injuries among persons aged >= 65 years - United States, 2006. Journal of Safety Research, 39(3), 345-349.
Tinetti, M. E. (1986). Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34, 119-126.
Tinetti, M. E., Baker, D. I., Garrett, P. A., Gottschalk, M., Koch, M. L., & Horwitz, R. I. (1993). Yale FICSIT: risk factor abatement strategy for fall prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(3), 315-320.
Tinetti, M. E., Inouye, S. K., Gill, T. M., & Doucette, J. T. (1995). Shared risk factors for falls, incontinence, and functional dependence: Unifying the approach to geriatric syndromes. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(17), 1348-1353.
Tromp, A. M., Smit, J. H., Deeg, D. J. H., Bouter, L. M., & Lips, P. (1998). Predictors for falls and fractures in the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 13(12), 1932-1939.
Vaapio, S., Marika, S., Vahlberg, T., Sjösten, N., Isoaho, R., Aarnio, P., et al. (2007). Effects of risk-based multifactorial fall prevention on health-related quality of life among the community-dwelling aged: a randomized controlled trial. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 20.