本研究從地方依附理論切入，探討環境教育對兒童地方依附與負責任環境行為的影響。綜觀過往研究顯示，以在地環境為基礎的學習，能正向增加學習者的地方情感與環境行為；許多研究證實活動涉入、資源使用歷史及熟悉度是地方依附的前因，「負責任環境行為」是地方依附後果。研究者依此推論假設：環境教育實施能增加兒童的地方依附，進而促進負責任環境行為。過往研究多著重在環境教育與地方感之關聯，少有針對環境教育方案實施對兒童地方依附及負責任環境行為的影響研究；在研究對象上，也多以青少年、成人或當地居民為主，兒童較少。此外，不同之環境教育教學方法及方案時間規畫等變數，對整體兒童地方依附與負責任環境行為交互影響探究也付之闕如。有鑑於此，本研究以東臺灣花蓮市某國小中年級兒童100人為對象，利用準實驗研究-等組前測-後測2 (時間規劃：間斷/連續)X 2(教學方法：環境體驗教學/傳統課室教學）二因子受試者間實驗設計，將抽樣的4個班級隨機分派為A組、B組、C組、D組。透過不同教學方法及時間規劃之環境教育方案實施，以問卷量表調查兒童地方依附與負責任環境行為之變化，並用IBM SPSS AMOS 20進行模式之參數校估與假設檢定。整體研究結果顯示：(1)環境教育能正向增加兒童地方依附與負責任環境行為；(2)環境體驗教學之兒童地方依附顯著高於傳統課室教學；(3)不同教學方法對兒童負責任環境行為無顯著差異；(4)不同時間規劃對兒童地方依附與負責任環境行為無顯著差異；(5)兒童地方依附與負責任環境行為有顯著正相關；(6)環境體驗教學不論在時間連續與否情境，都優於傳統課室教學；(7)環境教育、地方依附、負責任環境行為之結構模式具有良好的配適度(χ2/df=.35, GFI=.995, AGFI=.988, CFI=1.00, RMR=.033, RMSEA=.000, RFI=.989)，研究證實環境教育能正向影響兒童地方依附與負責任環境行為。

This study illustrates how Environmental Education(EE) influence Place Attachment(PA) and Environmentally Responsible Behavior (ERB) on children. The past research had shown that place-based education influence on students’ sense of place and PA. Empirical researches have demonstrated significant correlations between PA and ERB. Many studies have confirmed that activity involvement, resource usage history are the antecedents of PA. ERB is the consequence of PA. The researcher infer that hypothesis: the implementation of EE can increase PA of the child, thereby promoting ERB. The past researches emphasised on environmental education and sense of place, few studies on effect of environmental education on children’s PA and ERB. Most studies focused on teenagers, adults or local residents, but fewer children. In addition, how the variables of teaching methods and time planning influence the lacking inquiries, PA and ERB. A 2 X 2 factorial design was adopted for this study and a questionnaire was administered to 100 elementary school children who attended a environment-based education program at Meiluen Shan Nature Park, east Taiwan. Results showed that: (1) EE can positive increase children's PA and ERB (2) PA in experience teaching group is significantly higher than traditional classroom teaching group; (3) There was no significant difference in teaching methods on ERB of children (4) There was no significant difference in time planning on children's PA and ERB; (5)PA was significantly related to ERB(r=.734, p＜.001, R2=.539); (6 ) Experience teaching method is superior to traditional teaching method; (7) The structural model of EE, PA and ERB has goodness-of-fit (χ2 / df = .35, GFI = .99, AGFI = .99, CFI = 1.00, RMR = .03, RMSEA = .00, RFI = .99).Overall, the model suggests that EE can be improved by PA and ERB. The result of this study supports the use of EE for improving PA and ERB and can be used to guide the future program implementations. Implications for environmental educators and formal educators are discussed.

1. 王鑫（1988）。陽明山國家公園環境教育活動設計。臺北：內政部營建署（編號：I0003）。
2. 王鑫（1991）。陽明山國家公園解說與環境教育系統規劃研究報告（編號：I0010）。臺北：內政部營建署。
3. 王鑫（2009）。解說與自然人文生態體驗。發表於2009陽明山國家公園建構新世代解說策略與願景研討會，臺北:陽明山國家公園管理處。
4. 王文科(1999)。教育研究法。臺北：五南。
5. 王柏山 (1996) 社會地理學的研究觀點和方法。社會科教育研究，1：87-100。
6. 王偉琴，吳崇旗(2009)。陽明山國家公園遊客早期戶外經驗與環境行為之相關研究。國家公園學報，19(2)，11 -23。
7. 王順美（2004）。社會變遷下的環境教育－綠色學校。師大學報：教育類 49(1)：159-170。 8. 李英弘、林朝欽(1997)。地方情感概念在戶外遊憩研究上之探討。發表於1997休閒遊憩觀光研究成果研討會：休閒遊憩行為。臺北：戶外遊憩學會。
9. 李博智(2008)。地方本位課程在國小自然科教學之實踐-以能源單元為例。未出版碩士論文，國立花蓮教育大學科學教育研究所。
10. 汪靜明（2011）。陽明山國家公園生態資源整合暨環境教育推廣先期計畫。陽明山國家公園99年度委託研究暨保育計畫成果發表會論文集。
11. 汪靜明、曾啟銘(2014)。從生態意象探討民眾對國家公園之地方感-以陽明山國家公園環境教育為例。發表於2014 年中華民國環境教育學術暨實務交流國際研討會暨第五屆兩岸四地可持續發展教育論壇。 12. 吳明隆(2009)。SPSS操作與應用：問卷統計分析實務。臺北:五南圖書。
13. 林建堯(2009)。臺灣國家公園地方依附量表建立與驗證。未出版之博士論文，中興大學園藝學系所。
14. 林裕強( 2006)。地方依附在生態旅遊地管理上的意涵-以陽明山國家公園為例。國家公園學報，16(2)，41-59。
15. 林明瑞、王聖賢(2006)。「福寶濕地自然保育課程」實驗教學對國小中、高年級學童在濕地自然保育認知、態度之影響。環境教育研究，4(1)，103-146。
16. 林素華、王儷芬(2009)。繪本教學對國小低年級學生犬隻動物保護教學之研究。環境教育研究，7(1)，75-109。 17. 林嘉男、許毅璿(2007)。人與環境關係之論述：釐清「地方感」、「地方依附」與「社區依附」在環境研究上的角色。環境教育研究，5(1)，41-71。
18. 林麗君、楊懿如（2006）地方本位教育課程設計之探討-以泰雅美食香蕉飯為例。發表於2006環境教育課程研討會。花蓮市:國立花蓮教育大學。
19. 房振謙、林美惠、李慧珍、陳靜歆、薛雅惠(2008)。講述教學與討論教學應用於全球暖化議題教學成效之研究。社會科教育研究，13，153-183。
20. 姚誠（1996）。認同自我，尊重他人─從鄉土教育到多元文化教育。國立花蓮師範學院國小鄉土教學教材教法論文研討會論文集(89-115)。
6-2
21. 洪如玉(2010)。全球化時代教育改革與發展的另類思考：地方本位教育。幼兒教保研究期刊(5)。
22. 徐榮崇(1996)。國小戶外鄉土地理教學之設計與分析研究。未出版之碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學地理學系。
23. 梁明煌、許書維(2007)。國小水環境服務學習童軍活動發展與評量。環境教育研究，4(2)，79-117。
24. 許世璋(2003)。影響花蓮環保團體積極成員其環境行動養成之重要生命經驗研究，科學教育學刊，11(2)，121-139。
25. 許世璋、李曉珊(2004)。影響三位花蓮環保團體領袖其環境行動養成之生命歷程探索，環境教育學刊，3，57-74。
26. 許世璋、徐家凡(2012)。池南自然教育中心一日型方案「天空之翼」對於六年級生環境素養之成效分析，科學教育學刊，20(1)，69-94。
27. 曾亮榮(2006)。從地方本位課程探究國小原住民學童自然科學習之研究。未出版之碩士論文，國立花蓮教育大學科學教育研究所。
28. 黃芳銘、楊世安。2006。家庭因素對國小學童環境行為影響模式之研究，師大學報：教育類，51(1)，159-183。
29. 曹勝雄、孫君儀(2009)。建構地方依附因果關係模式。地理學報，55，46-63。
30. 楊冠政（1997）。環境教育。臺北市：明文。
31. 蘇揚期、王柏山 (2005) 「地方感」研究觀點的探討－從人本主義地理學、行為地理學到都市意向學派。社會科教育研究，10：109-136。
32. 顏瓊芬、林妙徽、李 暉、蕭 戎（2007）。回歸地方的國際趨勢―原住民族科學教育的地方本位觀點。臺灣人文生態研究，9(1)，1-22。
33. Baloglu, R. (2001). Image variations of Turkey by familiarity index: information and experiential dimensions, Tourism Management, 22(2), 127-133.
34. Baker, M. & Knapp, C. (2005). Special focus on place-based education. The Journal of Experiential Education, 27(3), 265-266.
35. Bartosh, Oksana. (2003). Environmental Education: Improving Student Achievement. Thesis for a Masters in Environmental Studies, Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA.
36. Bogner, F. X. (1998). The influence of short-term outdoor ecology education on long-term variables of environmental perspective.The Journal of Environmental Education, 29(4), 17-29.
37. Bonaiuto, M., Carrus, G., Martorella, H., & Bonnes, M. (2002) Local identity processes and environmental attitudes in land use changes: The case of natural protected areas. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23: 631-653.
38. Bott, S., Cantrill, J.G. & Myers, O.E. (2003). Place and the promise of conservation psychology. Human Ecology Review ,10(2) ,100–112.
39. Brehma, J. M., Eisenhauerb, B. W. & Stedman, R. C. (2013).Environmental Concern: Examining the Role of Place Meaning and Place Attachment. Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal, 26(5). 40. Bricker, K.S., & Kerstetter, D.L. (2000). Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreation. Leisure Sciences, 22, 233-258.
6-3
41. Brown, B., Perkins, D. D., & Brown, G. (2003) Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood: Individual and block levels of analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23: 259-271.
42. Chawla, L. (1992). Childhood place attachments. In I. Altman & S.M. Low(Eds), Place attachment, 12, 63–86. New York﹕Plenum Press.
43. Cheng, T. M., Wu, H., & Huang, L. M. (2014). The influence of place attachment on the relationship between destination attractiveness and environmentally responsible behavior for island tourism in Penghu, Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(8), 1166-1187.
44. Cormack, P., B. Green, & Reid, J. A.(2008). Children’s understanding of place: Discursive constructions of the environment in children’s writing and artwork about the Murray-Darling Basin. In F. Vanclay, M. Higgins, & A. Blackshaw(Eds), Making sense of place: Exploring concepts and expressions of place through different sense and lenses (pp57–75). Canberra: National Museum of Australia Press.
45. Chawla L. (1998). Life paths into effective environmental action. Journal of Environmental Education, 31(1), 15-26.
46. Cuba, L., & Hummon, D. (1993). A place to call home: Identification with dwelling, community, and region. Sociology Quarterly, 34, 111−131.
47. Corcoran P. B. (1999). Formative influences in the lives of environmental educators in the United States. Environmental Education Research, 5(2), 207-220.
48. Culen, G. R. & Volk, T. L. (2000). Effects of an extended case study on environmental behavior and associated variables in seventh- and eighth- grad students. Journal of Environmental Education,31(2), 9-15.
49. de White, T. G., & Jacobson, S. K. (1994). Evaluating conservation education programs at a South American zoo. The Journal of Environmental Education, 25(4), 18-22.
50. Duerden, M.D., & Witt, P.A. (2010). The impact of direct and indirect experiences on the development of environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 379–92.
51. Eagles, P. F. J., & Demare, R. (1999). Factors influencing children’s environmental attitudes. The Journal of Environmental Education, 30(4), 33-37.
52. Engel, J.F. & Blackwell, R.D. (1982). Consumer behavior, Tokyo: Holt–Saunders International Editions.
53. Ernst, A. J., & Monroe, M.(2004). The effect of environment-based education on students’ critical thinking skills and disposition toward critical thinking. Environmental Education Research, 10(4), 507-522.
54. Falco, E. H.(2004). Environment-based education: Improving attitudes and academics for adolescents. Evaluation report for South Carolina Department of Education.
55. Frantz, C. M. ＆ Mayer, F. S. (2014). The importance of connection to nature in assessing environmental education programs. Evaluating Environmental Education, 41, 85–89.
56. Gifford, R., & Nilsson, A. (2014) Personal and social factors that influence pro-environmental concern and behavior: A review. International Journal of Psychology,49(3),141–157.
57. Green, B. C. & Chalip, L. (1997). Enduring involvement in youth soccer: The socialization of parent and child. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(1), 61-77.
58. Gruenewald, D.A., & G. Smith. (2008). Introduction: Making room for the local. In D.A.
6-4
Gruenewald & G.A. Smith(Eds), Place based education in the global age. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
59. Hailu, G., Boxall, C. P., & McFarlane, L. B. (2005) The influence of place attachment on recreation demand. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26: 581-598.
60. Halpenny, E.A. (2010). Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors: The effect of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 409–21.
61. Hammitt, W. E., ＆ Cole, D. N. (1998). Wildland recreation: Ecology and management, 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley.
62. Hammitt, E. W., Backlund, A. E., & Bixler, D. R. (2004) Experience use history, place bonding and resource substitution of trout anglers during recreation engagements. Journal of Leisure Research, 36 (3), 356-378.
63. Hines, J. M.(1985）.An Analysis and Synthesis of Research on Responsible Environmental Behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
64. Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A metaanalysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8.
65. Hidalgo, C. M., & Hern#westeur034#ndez, B. (2001) Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273-281.
66. Hungerford, H. R., & Peyton, R. B. (1976). Teaching environmental education. Portland, ME: J. Weston Walch.
67. Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3), 8−21. 68. Jones, C.D., Patterson, M.E., & Hammitt, W.E. (2000). Evaluating the construct validity of sense of belonging as a measure of landscape perception. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(4), 383-395.
69. Jorgensen, S. B.,Stedman, C. R.(2001).Sense of place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners attitudes toward their properties.Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 233-248.
70. Kudryavtsev, A., Stedman, R. C.,& Krasny, M. E. (2012). Sense of place in environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 18(2), 229-250.
71. Kyle, G.,Graefe, A.,Manning, R.,Bacon, J.(2003).An examination of the relationship between leisure activity involvement and place attachment among hikers along the Appalachian trail.Journal of Leisure Research, 35(3), 249-273.
72. Kyle, G.,Graefe, A.,Manning, R.,Bacon, J.(2004).Effect of activity involvement and place attachment on recreationists` perceptions of setting density.Journal of Leisure Research, 36(2), 209-231.
73. Kyle, T. G & Mowen, A. J. (2005). An examination of the leisure involvement-Agency commitment relationship, 37(3), 342-363
74. Kaltenborn, B.P. (1998). Effects of sense of place on responses to environmental impacts: A study among residents in Svalbard in the Norwegian high Arctic. Applied Geography, 18(2), 169–89.
75. Knapp, C. E. (2005). The “I-Thou” relationship, place-based education, and Aldo Leopold, Journal of Experiential Education, 27(3), 277-285.
76. Leeming, F. C., Dwyer, W. O., Porter, B. E., & Cobern, M. K. (1993). Outcome research
6-5
in environmental education: A critical review. The Journal of Environmental Education, 24(4), 8-21.
77. Lieberman, G. A. & Hoody, L. (1998). Closing the Achievement Gap. San Diego, CA: State Education and Environment Roundtable.
78. Low, S. M. (1992). Symbolic Ties That Bind: Place Attachment in The Plaza, In S.M. Low & A. Irwin (Eds.), Place Attachment – Human Behavior and Environment Advances in theory and Research, 12,165-186. NY: Plenum Press.
79. McClaren, M.(2009). The place of the city in environmental education. In M. McKenzie, P. Hart, H. Bai, & B. Jickling(Eds), Fields of green:Restorying culture, environment, and education. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
80. Mitchell, M. Y., Force, J. E., Carroll, M. S., & McLaughlin, W. J. (1993). Forest places of the heart: Incorporating special places into public management. Journal of Forestry, 91(2), 32-37.
81. Manzo, L.C. 2003. Beyond house and haven: Toward a revisioning of emotional relationships with places. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 47–61.
82. Moore, R. L., & Graefe, A. R. (1994). Attachments to recreation settings: The case of rail-trail users. Leisure Sciences, 16(1), 17-31.
83. Moore, R.L., & Scott, D. (2003). Place attachment and context: Comparing a park and a trail within. Forest Science, 49(6), 877–84.
84. Monroe, M.C., Andrews, E. ,& Biedenweg, K. (2007). A framework for environmental education strategies. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 6(3), 205–216.
85. Morgan, M. (2009). Interpretation and place attachment: Implications for cognitive map theory. Journal of Interpretation Research ,14(1),47-59.
86. National Environmental Education Training Foundation (NEETF). (2000). Envi-ronment-based education: creating high performance schools and students. Washington, DC: Author.
87. Palmer, J. A. (1998).Environmental Education in the 21st Century：Theory, Practice, Progress and Promise. New York: Routledge.
88. Payton, M.A., Fulton ,D.C., & Anderson , D.H., (2005). Influence of place attachment and trust on civic action: A study at Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge. Society and Natural Resources, 18(6), 511–528.
89. Peter, J. P. & Olson, J. C. (1987). Consumer behavior: Marketing strategy perspectives. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
90. Proshansky, H.M.(1978). The city and self-identity. Environment & behavior, 10(7), 147-169.
91. Pretty, H. G., Chipuer, M. H., Bramston, P.(2003).Sense of place amongst adolescents and adults in two rural Australian towns: The discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology,23,273-287.
92. Randler, C., Ilg, A., & Kern, J. (2005). Cognitive and emotional evaluation of an amphibian conservation program for elementary school students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 37(1), 43-52.
93. Raymond, C. M., Brown, G., and Webber, C. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of
6-6
Environmental Psychology, 30,422-434.
94. Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. London: Pion.
95. Rioux, L. (2011). Promoting pro-environmental behavior: Collection of used batteries by secondary school pupil. Environmental Education Research, 17(3), 353–373.
96. Roth, R. E. (1970). Fundamental concepts for environmental management education (K−16). The Journal of Environmental Education, 1, 65-74.
97. Ryan, R.L. (2005). Exploring the effects of environmental experience on attachment to urban natural areas. Environment and Behavior, 37(1), 3–42.
98. Ramkissoon, H. L. D., Smith, G., & Weiler, B .(2013).Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviours: A structural equation modelling approach. Tourism Management.
99. Raymond, C. M., Brown, G., & Robinson, G. M. (2011). The influence of place attachment, and moral and normative concerns on the conservation of native vegetation: A test of two behavioural models. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31, 323-335.
100. Scannell, L. and Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30,1-20.
101. Semken, S. (2005). Sense of place and place-based introductory geoscience teaching for American Indican and Alaska Native undergraduates. Journal of Geoscience Education, 53(2), 149–57.
102. Semken, S., & C. Butler Freeman. (2007). Cognitive and affective outcomes of a Southwest place-based approach to teaching introductory geoscience. Paper presented at the National Association for Research in Science Teaching 2007 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana.
103. Shumaker, S.A., & Taylor, R.B. (1983). Toward a clarification of people–place relationships, A model of attachment to place. In N.R. Feimar & E.S. Geller (Eds.), Environmental psychology, Directions and perspectives, (pp.219–251). NY: Praeger.
104. Smith, G. A. (2002). Place-based education: Learning to be where we are. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(8),584-594.
105. Sobel, D. (2004). Place-based education: Connecting classrooms and communities, MA: The Orion Society.
106. Stedman, R.C. (2003). Sense of place and forest science: Toward a program of quantitative research. Forest Science, 49(6), 822–9.
107. Stokowski, P.A. (2002). Languages of place and discourses of power: Constructing new senses of place. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 368–82.
108. Sward, L.L.(1999). Significant life experiences affecting the environmental sensitivity of EI Salvadoran environmental professionals. EnvironmentalEducation Research, 5, 201-206.
109. Smith-Sebasto, N. J. & D’Costa, A. (1995). Designing a linkert-type scale to predict environmentally responsible behavior in undergraduate students: a multistep process, Journal of Environmental education,27(1), 14-20.
110. Smaldone, D. (2006). The role of time in place attachment.Paper presented at the northeastern recreation research symposium.Bolton Landing, New York.
111. Tonge, J., Ryan, M. M., Moore, S. A., Beckley, L. E. (2014).The effect of place attachment on pro-environment behavioral intentions of visitors to coastal natural area
6-7
tourist destinations. Journal of Travel Research.
112. Trentelman, C.K. (2009). Place attachment and community attachment: A primer grounded in the lived experience of a community sociologist. Society and Natural Resources, 22(3), 191–210.
113. Tuan, Y. F. (1977). Space and place: the perspective of experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
114. Tanner T. (1980). Significant life experiences: A new research area in environmental education. Journal of Environmental Education, 11(4), 20-24.
115. Vaske, J. J., & Kobrin, C. K.(2001).Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior.The Journal of Environmental Education, 32(4), 16-21.
116. Vorkinn, M., & Riese, H. (2001). Environmental concern in a local context: The significance of place attachment. Environment and Behavior, 33(2), 249–63.
117. Walker, G.J., & Chapman, R(2003). Thinking like a park: The effects of sense of place, perspective-taking, and empathy on pro-environmental intentions. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 21(4), 71–86.
118. Westra, K. E. (2003). Measuring more than right answers. Principal Leadership, 4(1), 60-63.
119. Wilson, R.(1997). A sense of place. Early Childhood Education Journal, 24(3), 191–204.
120. Williams, D. R., & Vaske, J. J. (2003). The measurement of place attachment: Validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. Forest Science, 49, 830-840.
121. Williams, D. R., & Roggenbuck, J. W. ( 1989). Measuring place attachment: Some preliminary results. Paper presented at the Symposium on Outdoor Recreation Planning and Management, NRPA Symposium on Leisure Research, San Antonio, TX.
122. Zelezny, L. C. (1999). Educational interventions that improve environmental behaviors: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 31(1), 5-14.