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研究生: 洪玉倫
Hung, Yu-Lun
論文名稱: 從認知負荷理論檢視文字型前導組織對聽力理解的效果
The Effects of Different Written Advance Organizers on Listening Comprehension from the Perspective of Cognitive Load Theory
指導教授: 林至誠
Lin, Chih-cheng
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2015
畢業學年度: 103
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 93
中文關鍵詞: 前導組織聽力理解認知負荷量
英文關鍵詞: advance organizers, listening comprehension, cognitive load
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:140下載:8
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  • 許多研究指出前導組織對於增進聽力理解有正面的效益。但因為每個研究的研究方法和實驗設計不同,所以無法切卻得知前導組織能夠影響聽力理解到什麼程度,以及哪一種類型的前導組織對聽力最有幫助。再者,前導組織的效益往往只取決於學習者的聽力表現,而非深入探討學習者的認知系統使否有因前導組織而改變。而檢視教學設計是否對學習者的認知系統有所效益的方法之一是測量認知負荷量。因此,本研究採用認知負荷理論來解釋三種文字型前導組織增進聽力理解的效益。
    受試者為60位九年級的國中生。他們將會在閱讀三種不同的前導組織後接受聽力測驗,此三種文字型前導組織分別為單字、句子和問題。此外,他們也會在沒有前導組織的狀況下接受聽力測驗,視為對照組。閱讀完前導組織後,受試者會接受聽力測驗並完成一份認知負荷量的問卷。此外,每一次的測驗後將會訪問兩位學生對於前導組織增進聽力理解的態度與看法。
    根據重複量數單因子變異數分析的結果,問題型前導組織對於增進學習者的聽力理解有顯著的影響。而單字型前導組織與對照組和句子型前導組織之間並無顯著差異。至於測得的認知負荷量,重複量數單因子變異數分析的結果顯示學習者閱讀問題型前導組織後再接受聽力測驗所測得的認知負荷量最低;相反地,沒有閱讀任何前導組織而直接接受聽力測驗的對照組所承受的認知負荷量最高。最後,根據本研究的發現,文末提供有關前導組織對於聽力理解的應用與設計之建議,以及對未來研究的建議。

    A great deal of research has reported the effectiveness of advance organizers (AO) in enhancing listening comprehension. To what extent an AO can facilitate listening comprehension and which type of AOs is more effective remains inclusive due to the separate nature of previous studies. Moreover, the effectiveness of AOs were mainly determined by comparing learners’ listening performance rather than probing into learners’ cognitive system in the learning context. Therefore, the present study attempts to use cognitive load theory (CLT) to interpret the effects of three written AOs on listening comprehension.
    The participants were 60 9th graders in junior high school. They were required to listen to passages under three written AOs conditions, namely, vocabulary previewing, sentences previewing, and questions previewing. They also listened to a passage without the presence of AO prior to listening as a control condition. After each treatment, the learners took a listening comprehension test and completed a questionnaire which measured the imposed cognitive load on learners. Moreover, an oral interview was conducted after each test with AOs to further investigate learners’ perception of AOs.
    The results of the one-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that the students performed significantly better on the listening test when previewing test questions prior to listening. No significant difference was found between vocabulary previewing and no AO treatment, neither between vocabulary previewing and sentences previewing. With respect to cognitive loads, the learners experienced the lowest cognitive load when they could preview questions, and perceived the highest cognitive load when no AO was available. Finally, the limitation of the present study and some pedagogical implications would be discussed to shed lights on further research.

    中文摘要 i ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Research Questions 6 1.3 Significance of the Present Study 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Advance Organizers in Learning 9 2.1.1 Theoretical Framework of Advance organizers 9 2.1.2 Empirical Evidence Supporting AOs in FL/L2 Listening 11 2.1.2.1 Written Advance Organizers in FL/L2 Listening 12 2.1.2.2 Visual and Aural Advance Organizers in FL/L2 Listening 14 2.1.3 An Overview of Advance Organizers in FL/L2 listening 17 2.2 Cognitive Load Theory 19 2.2.1 Cognitive Load Construct and the Sources of Cognitive Load 20 2.2.2 Approaches to Measuring Cognitive Load 23 2.2.3 Empirical Studies on Cognitive Load in Language Learning 27 2.3 The Present Study 29 CHAPTER THREE METHODS 33 3.1 Research Design 33 3.2 Participants 33 3.3 Materials 34 3.3.1 Listening Passages 34 3.3.2 Types of Advance Organizers 35 3.4 Instruments 36 3.4.1 Measurement of English Listening Proficiency (Pre-test) 37 3.4.2 Listening Comprehension Test 37 3.4.3 Subjective Cognitive Load Survey 38 3.4.4 Interview 39 3.5 Procedure 40 3.6 Data Analysis 41 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS 43 4.1 Immediate Listening Posttests Result —the First and the Second Round 43 4.2 Estimated Cognitive load—the First and the Second Round 47 4.3 Results of English Listening Proficiency Pretest and Delayed Posttest 50 4.4 Analysis of the Interviews 52 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION 54 5.1 Effects of Varied AOs on Listening Comprehension 54 5.1.1 Summary of the Results of the Immediate Listening Posttests 54 5.1.2 Effects of AOs on Immediate Listening Comprehension Test 55 5.2 Estimated Cognitive Load of Different types of AOs 59 5.2.2 Effects of Different Types of AOs on Moderating Imposed Cognitive Load 60 5.3 Effects of AOs on the Posttest 63 5.4 Summary of Chapter Five 64 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION 65 6.1 Summary of Major Findings 65 6.2 Pedagogical Implications 66 6.3 Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for Future Research 68 REFERENCES 71 APPENDICES 77 Appendix 1: Listening text 77 Appendix 2: Advance Organizers 81 Appendix 3: Listening Comprehension Test 84 Appendix 4: Survey on Cognitive Load (English Version) 92 Appendix 5: Survey on Cognitive Load (Chinese Version) 93

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