簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 吳宗儒
Wu, Tsung-Ru
論文名稱: The Effect of Job Previews on Role Clarity and Unmet Expectation: A Scenario-Based Quasi-Experimental Study
The Effect of Job Previews on Role Clarity and Unmet Expectation: A Scenario-Based Quasi-Experimental Study
指導教授: 葉俶禎
Yeh, Chu-Chen
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 國際人力資源發展研究所
Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt
論文出版年: 2017
畢業學年度: 105
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 70
中文關鍵詞: realistic job previewtraditional job previewunmet expectationsrole clarity
英文關鍵詞: realistic job preview, traditional job preview, unmet expectations, role clarity
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202203021
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:84下載:10
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 無中文摘要

    High turnover rate among employees in young generation and fresh graduates has been a continuous problem in job market. In order to prevent the long lasting problem, recruiters are considering recruiting better matched employees instead of attracting a lot of people to apply for the job. Before offering a job, recruiters provide a job preview for applicants which enables them to evaluate if the job does match their expectation and interest. In current study, there were five hypotheses proposed. Firstly, realistic job previews (RJPs) have a stronger effect on increasing individuals’ perception of unmet expectation and role clarity than traditional job previews (TJPs) do. Secondly, job preview has a positive effect on unmet expectations during pre-hire phase. Thirdly, job preview has a positive effect on role clarity during pre-hire phase. Fourthly, role clarity has a negative effect on unmet expectation. Lastly, role clarity mediates the relationship between job preview and unmet expectation. A quantitative study was conducted through a scenario-based quasi-experimental approach. The participants of the study were either students about to enter job market or current employees. There were 298 valid responses in the study. By presenting RJP video and TJP video to participants and comparing differences between responses in pre-test and post-test, it was found that both job preview videos increased role clarity and unmet expectation, and that role clarity had a negative effect on unmet expectation, although there was no mediating effect of role clarity between job preview and unmet expectation. No significant differences between RJPs and TJPs were found on their effect of increasing unmet expectation and role clarity.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT I TABLE OF CONTENTS II LIST OF TABLES IV LIST OF FIGURES VI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 Background of the Study 1 Problem Statement 3 Research Purpose 4 Research Questions 4 Scope of the Study 5 Definition of Key Terms 5 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 8 Job Preview 8 Unmet Expectations 14 Role Clarity 15 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 19 Research Framework 19 Research Hypotheses 20 Research Procedure 20 Research Design 21 Instrument 24 Measurement 26 Reliability and Validity 28 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 38 Pearson’s Correlation Analysis 38 T-test Analysis 36 Path Analysis 38 Sobel Test 40 Summary of Analyses Results 40 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 43 Conclusions 43 Discussion 44 Research Implications 45 Practical Implications 47 Limitations 48 Suggestions for Future Research 49 REFERENCES 50 APPENDIX A: ENGLISH COVER LETTER 60 APPENDIX B: ENGLISH QUESTIONNAIRE 61 APPENDIX C: CHINESE COVER LETTER 65 APPENDIX D: CHINESE QUESTIONNAIRE 66 APPENDIX E: JOB PREVIEW VIDEOS OUTLINE 70

    Bakar, A., Mohamed, S., & Kazilan, F. (2009). How confident are vocational trainees in making career decisions?. International Journal of the Humanities, 7(1), 93-100.

    Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.

    Barber, A. E. (1998). Recruiting employees: Individual and organizational perspectives. CA: Sage Publications.

    Beenen, G., & Rousseau, D. (2010). Getting the most from MBA internships: Promoting intern learning and job acceptance. Human Resource Management, 49(1), 3-22.

    Betz, N. E., Hammond, M. S., & Multon, K. D. (2005). Reliability and validity of five-level response continua for the career decision self-efficacy scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 13(2), 131-149.

    Breaugh J. A., & Starke, M. (2000). Research on employee recruitment: So many studies, so many remaining questions. Journal of Management, 26(3), 405–434.

    Bretz, R. D. Jr., & Judge, T. A. (1998). Realistic job previews: A test of the adverse self-selection hypothesis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 330-337.

    Brief, A. P., & Aldag, R. J. (1981). The “self” in work organizations: A conceptual review. Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 75-88.

    Brown, C., Glastetter-Fender, C., & Shelton, M. (2000). Psychosocial identity and career control in college student athletes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(1), 53–62.

    Brown, S. P., Ganesan, S., & Challagalla, G. (2001). Self-efficacy as a moderator of information-seeking effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 1043-1051.

    Bubić, A., & Ivanišević, K. (2016). The role of emotional stability and competence in young adolescents’ career judgments. Journal of Career Development, 43(6), 498-511.

    Chen. (2016, October). 42% of Millennials changed jobs every 1 to 3 years. SmartM. [text in Chinese] Retrieved from https://www.smartlinkin.com.tw/article/2567

    Chiesa, R., Massei, F., & Guglielmi, D. (2016). Career decision-making self-efficacy change in Italian high school students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(2), 210-224.

    Colarelli, S. M. (1984). Methods of communication and mediating processes in realistic job previews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(4), 633-642.

    Cunningham, K., & Smothers, A. (2014). The effect of career cruising on the self-efficacy of students deciding on majors. NACADA Journal, 34(2), 16-25.

    Davis, T. R., & Luthans, F. (1980). A social learning approach to organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 5(2), 281-290.

    Dean, R. A., & Wanous, J. P. (1984). Effects of realistic job previews on hiring bank tellers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 61-68.

    Diamantopoulos, A., Siguaw, J. A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Introducing LISREL. London: Sage Publications.

    Dilla B. L. (1987). Descriptive versus prescriptive information in a realistic job preview. Journal of Vocational Review, 30(1), 33–48.

    Dugoni, B. L., & Ilgen, D. R. (1981). Realistic job previews and the adjustment of new employees. Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), 579-591.

    Dunnette, M. D., Arvey, R. D., & Banas, P. A. (1973). Why do they leave. Personnel, 50(3), 25-39.

    Earnest, D. R., Allen, D. G., & Landis, R. S. (2011). Mechanisms linking realistic job previews with turnover: A meta-analytic path analysis. Personnel Psychology, 64(4), 865-897.

    Fang, M. (2016). The effect of organization brand and website contents on organizational attractiveness (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.
    Fisher, C. D., Ilgen, D. R., & Hoyer, W. D. (1979). Source credibility, information favorability, and job offer acceptance. Academy of Management Journal, 22(1), 94-103.

    Gati, I., Ryzhik, T., & Vertsberger, D. (2013). Preparing young veterans for civilian life: The effects of a workshop on career decision-making difficulties and self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 373-385.

    Gaugler B. B., Thornton G. C., III. (1990). Matching job previews to individual applicants’ needs. Psychological Reports, 66(1), 643–652.

    Gaylor, L., & Nicol, J. J. (2016). Experiential high school career education, self-efficacy, and motivation. Canadian Journal of Education, 39(2), 1-24.

    Gianakos, I. (1999). Patterns of career choice and career decision-making self- efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 244-258.

    Gruman, J. A., Saks, A. M., & Zweig, D. I. (2006). Organizational socialization tactics and newcomer proactive behaviors: An integrative study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 90–104.

    Gushue, G. V., Scanlan, K. R., Pantzer, K. M., & Clarke, C. P. (2006). The relationship of career decision-making self-efficacy, vocational identity, and career exploration behavior in African American high school students. Journal of Career Development, 33(1), 19-28.

    Hassan, S. (2013). The importance of role clarification in workgroups: Effects on perceived role clarity, work satisfaction, and turnover rates. Public Administration Review, 73(5), 716-725.

    Heneman III, H. G., Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2015). Staffing organizations. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Education.

    Highhouse, S., Lievens, F., & Sinar, E. F. (2003). Measuring attraction to organizations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(6), 986-1001.

    Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53- 60.
    Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: A multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.

    Irving, P. G., & Montes, S. D. (2009). Met expectations: The effects of expected and delivered inducements on employee satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(2), 431-451.

    Ivancevich, J. M., & Donnelly, J. H. (1974). A study of role clarity and need for clarity for three occupational groups. Academy of Management Journal, 17(1), 28-36.

    Jones, F., Harris, P., Waller, H., & Coggins, A. (2005). Adherence to an exercise prescription scheme: The role of expectations, self‐efficacy, stage of change and psychological well‐being. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10(3), 359-378.

    Katzell, M. E. (1968). Expectations and dropouts in schools of nursing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 52(2), 154-157.

    Khattak, A. N., Rehman, S., & Rehman, C. A. (2014). Realistic job preview (RJP): It’s efficiency in recruitment in pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan. Abasyne Journal of Social Sciences, 6(10), 64-77.

    Lapointe, É., Vandenberghe, C., & Boudrias, J. S. (2014). Organizational socialization tactics and newcomer adjustment: The mediating role of role clarity and affect-based trust relationships. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(3), 599-624.

    Larson, S. A., & Hewitt, A. S. (2005). Staff recruitment, retention, & training strategies for community human services organizations. Minnesota: University of Minnesota.

    Lent, R. W., Ezeofor, I., Morrison, M. A., Penn, L. T., & Ireland, G. W. (2016). Applying the social cognitive model of career self-management to career exploration and decision- making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 93(1), 47-57.

    Li. (2011, August). Not resigning for three years. Cheers, 119. Retrieved from http://www.cheers.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5021848 [text in Chinese]

    Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1349). Chicago, IL: Rand MeNally.

    Louis, M. R. (1980). Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Administrative science quarterly, 25(2), 226-251.

    Lyons, T. F. (1971). Role clarity, need for clarity, satisfaction, tension, and withdrawal. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6(1), 99-110.

    MacCallum, R. C., Brown, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149.

    Meglino, B. M., DeNisi, A. S., Youngblood, S. A., & Williams, K. J. (1988). Effects of realistic job previews: A comparison using an enhancement and a reduction preview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 259-266.

    Meglino, B. M., Denisi, A. S., & Ravlin, E. C. (1993). Effects of previous job exposure and subsequent job status on the functioning of a realistic job preview. Personnel Psychology, 46(4), 803-822.

    Meglino, B. M., Ravlin, E. C., & DeNisi, A. S. (1997). When does it hurt to tell the truth? The effect of realistic job previews on employee recruiting. Public Personnel Management, 26(3), 413-422.

    Meglino, B. M., Ravlin, E. C., & DeNisi, A. S. (2001). A meta-analytic examination of realistic job preview effectiveness: A test of three counterintuitive propositions. Human Resource Management Review, 10(4), 407-434.

    Miceli, M. P. (1985). The effects of realistic job previews on newcomer behavior: A laboratory study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 26(3), 277-289.

    Michael, R., Cinamon, R. G., & Most, T. (2015). What shapes adolescents’ future perceptions? The effects of hearing loss, social affiliation, and career self- efficacy. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 20(4), 399-407.

    Miles, R. H., & Petty, M. M. (1975). Relationships between role clarity, need for clarity, and job tension and satisfaction for supervisory and nonsupervisory roles. Academy of Management Journal, 18(4), 877-883.

    Moser, K. (2005). Recruitment sources and post‐hire outcomes: The mediating role of unmet expectations. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 13(3), 188-197.

    Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Peterson, S. (2009). Career decision-making self-efficacy, integration, and the likelihood of managerial retention in governmental agencies. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 20(4), 451-475.

    Preacher, J. K., & Leonardelli, J. G. (2017). Calculation for the sobel test: An interactive calculation tool for mediation tests. Retrieved from
    http://quantpsy.org/sobel/sobel.htm

    Premack, S. L., & Wanous, J. P. (1985). A meta-analysis of realistic job preview experiments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(4), 706–719.

    Phillips, J. M. (1998). Effects of realistic job previews on multiple organizational outcomes: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 41(6), 673–690.

    Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.

    Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1973). Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 80(2), 151-176.

    Reilly, R. R., Brown, B., Blood, M. R., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1981). The effects of realistic previews: A study and discussion of the literature. Personnel Psychology, 34(4), 823-834.

    Reilly, R. R., Tenopyr, M. L., & Sperling, S. M. (1979). Effects of job previews on job acceptance and survival of telephone operator candidates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64(2), 218–220.

    Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 574-599.

    Ross, I. C., & Zander, A. (1957). Need satisfactions and employee turnover. Personnel Psychology, 10(3), 327-338.

    Saks, A. M. (1994). A psychological process investigation for the effects of recruitment source and organization information on job survival. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 225-244.

    Saks, A. M. (1995). Longitudinal field investigation of the moderating and mediating effects of self-efficacy on the relationship between training and newcomer adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(2), 211–25.

    Saks, A. M., & Cronshaw, S. F. (1990). A process investigation of realistic job previews: Mediating variables and channels of communication. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(3), 221–236.

    Saks, A., Wiesner, W., & Summers, R.J. (1994). Effects of job previews on self-selection and job choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44(3), 297-316.

    Saks, A. M., Wiesner, W. H., & Summers, R. J. (1996). Effects of job previews and compensation policy on applicant attraction and job choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(1), 68-85.

    Scott, A. B., & Ciani, K. D. (2008). Effects of an undergraduate career class on men's and women's career decision-making self-efficacy and vocational identity. Journal of Career Development, 34(3), 263-285.

    Shoemaker, M. E. (1999). Leadership practices in sales managers associated with the self- efficacy, role clarity, and job satisfaction of individual industrial salespeople. The Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 19(4), 1-19.

    Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13(1), 290-312.

    Spitzmuller, C., Neumann, E., Spitzmuller, M., Rubino, C., Keeton, K. E., Sutton, M. T., & Manzey, D. (2008). Assessing the influence of psychosocial and career mentoring on organizational attractiveness. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16(4), 403-415.

    Steers, R. (1981). An introduction to organizational behavior. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear.

    Suszko, M. K., & Breaugh, J. A. (1986). The effects of realistic job previews on applicant self-selection and employee turnover, satisfaction, and coping ability. Journal of Management, 12(4), 513-523.

    Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New York: Allyn and Bacon

    Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22(1), 63-81.

    Teas, R. K., Wacker, J. G., & Hughes, R. E. (1979). A path analysis of causes and consequences of salespeople's perceptions of role clarity. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(3), 355-369.

    Terborg, J. R. (1981). Interactional psychology and research on human behavior in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 6(4), 569-576.

    Turban, D. B. (2001). Organizational attractiveness as an employer on college campuses: An examination of the applicant population. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(2), 293- 312.

    Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). Research Re-examining the effects of psychological note contract violations: Unmet expectations and job dissatisfaction as mediators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(1), 25-42.

    Vroom,V. H. (1966).Organizational choice: A study of pre- and post-decision processes. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1(2), 212-225.

    Wang, P., Sang, J., Li, P., & Zhao, J. (2016). How to make a newcomer happy? The mediating role of career commitment on the relationship between unmet expectations and job satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 127(1), 401-412.

    Wanous J. P. (1973). Effects of a realistic job preview on job acceptance, job attitudes, and job survival. Journal of Applied Psychology, 58(3), 327–332.

    Wanous, J. P. (1980). Organizational entry: Recruitment, selection, and socialization of newcomers. MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Wanous, J. P. (1992). Organizational entry: Recruitment, selection, and socialization of newcomers (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Wanous, J. P., Poland, T. D., Premack, S. L., & Davis, K. S. (1992). The effects of met expectations on newcomer attitudes and behaviors: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(3), 288-297.

    Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8(1), 84-136.

    Weitz, J. (1956). Job expectancy and survival. Journal of Applied Psychology, 40(4), 245-247.

    Wiesner, W. H., Saks, A. M., & Summers, R. J. (1991). Job alternatives and job choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38(2), 198–207.

    Yes123 Job Bank. Survey on fresh graduate in August, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.yes123.com.tw/admin/white_paper/index_detail.asp?id=20160823141750 [text in Chinese]

    104 Job Bank. 45% of fresh graduates born in late 1980s resigned within three months, 2010. Retrieved from https://www.104.com.tw/area/freshman/book/articlecontent/id/167/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%9A%E5%BE%8C%E6%AE%B5%E3%80%8C%E6%96%B0%E9%81%8A%E7%89%A7%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%81++%E4%B8%8A%E4%BB%BB%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%89%E5%80%8B%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%96%B0%E9%AE%AE%E4%BA%BA%E9%9B%A2%E8%81%B7%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E9%AB%98%E9%81%9445+ [text in Chinese]

    104 Job Bank. 73% of enterprises reported difficulty in recruiting fresh graduates, 2011. Retrieved from https://www.104.com.tw/area/freshman/book/articlecontent/id/220/7%E6%88%903%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%98%86%E6%96%B0%E9%AE%AE%E4%BA%BA%E9%9B%A3%E6%89%BE%EF%BC%8C%E9%81%8E%E5%8D%8A%E8%81%B7%E7%BC%BA%E4%BB%8D%E6%9C%AA%E8%A3%9C%E9%BD%8A [text in Chinese]

    下載圖示
    QR CODE