目的：以穿戴裝置介入選手訓練，分析其跑步姿勢，並且給予反應回饋，讓跑者能夠立即做技術上的修正，提升訓練效果。方法：受試者為大專公開組中長跑選手共14人，依性別及項目隨機分配至2組進行實驗，皆配戴穿戴裝置進行8週有氧體能期訓練，實驗組每週進行步幅與垂直振幅數據回饋，而對照組則否。實驗開始前與結束後分別進行最大攝氧量、3000公尺跑步表現、步幅及垂直振幅檢測，以二因子變異數分析 (Two way ANOVA)分別觀察兩組在組內及組間之檢測參數差異，統計水準定為α = .05。結果：兩組在組內及組間比較最大攝氧量、3000公尺跑步測驗、3000公尺跑步垂直振幅及步幅後，無顯著差異及交互影響。結論：經由8週有無穿戴裝置回饋介入，對於大專公開組中長跑選手之訓練無明顯協助效果。

Purpose: Using wearable devices to assist athletes in training for improving training results. By analyzing athletes’ running postures and giving them feedback, athletes can immediately make corrections in running postures. Method: Fourteen middle and long distance runners from university division I were recruited and divided randomly into the experimental group (N = 7) and the control group (N = 7). Both groups were received eight-week running training with wearable device, and step stride and vertical oscillation were provided only for the experimental group as feedback. The outcomes including maximums oxygen volume, 3000 meter running performance, step stride and vertical oscillation were performed pre- and post-eight-week running training. Two-way ANOVA was performed to access the significant differences between and within two groups. The statistical significance was set as α = .05. Result: No significant differences between and within two group were noted in outcomes. No interaction was also found. Conclusion: After eight-week running training intervention, with or without feedback by wearable device, no obvious assistance effect for the training in university division I long distance runners was found.

王國慧、張可欣 (2012) 。過度訓練之監控、預防與恢復措施。文化體育學刊，14，67-72。

王順正、王鶴森、林正常 (1995) 。漸增強度運動測驗之臨界負荷與無氧閾值的關係研究。體育學報，19，145-156。 doi:10.6222/pej.0019.199508.1713

李運來 (2001) 。馬克操基本型。國際運動教練研討會，未出版講習會講義。台中市：國立臺灣體育運動大學。

何金樑 (2011) 。國家運動訓練中心行政法人化探析。國民體育季刊，40(2)，166。

吳思穎 (2016) 。以科技接受模式探討穿戴式裝置應用於運動訓練之知覺、態度與意圖－以GPS運動錶為例 (未出版碩士論文)。成功大學，臺南市。

吳思穎、周學雯 (2016) 。穿戴式裝置應用於運動訓練之探討－以GPS智慧運動錶為例。中華體育季刊，30(1)，39-48。

林信甫、莊泰源 (2003) 。跑步經濟性及其相關影響因素探討。中華體育季刊，17(3)，53-60. doi:10.6223/qcpe.1703.200309.2307

林宋以情 (2015) 。全大運/GPS手錶新科技輔助國體大男5千公尺包金銀銅。ETtoday東森新聞雲。
取自https://sports.ettoday.net/news/502212?redirect=1

相子元、石又、何金山 (2012) 。感測科技於運動健康科學之應用。體育學報，45(1)，1-12。

徐國峰、莊茗傑 (2016) 。跑者都該懂的跑步關鍵數據: 臺北市：臉譜出版.

徐敦傑 (2015) 。再談跑姿。網路運動筆記。
取自 http://tw.running.biji.co/index.php?q=news&act=info&id=89144

翁志成 (2006) 。田徑教材教學與訓練。臺北市：師大書苑。

陳淑芬 (2014) 。智慧手環、智慧手錶全球興起。禪天下，117，66-70。

陳韋伶、王令儀、孫苑梅、林國華 (2010) 。不同步幅短距離衝刺之運動生物力學特性探討。國際生物力學研討會。

楊語真、彭小惠、謝立文 (2017) 。路跑參與者涉入程度對運動穿戴式裝置購買意願之研究。臺灣體育學術研究，63，25-41。

盧威廷 (2016) 。預防退化性膝關節炎之創新穿戴裝置設計與評估 (未出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學，臺南市。

廖立同、相子元 (2009) 。身體不同位置加速度分析跑步機跑步身體活動量之研究。華人運動生物力學期刊，1，32-38。

鄭安城，林正常（1993）。登階測驗對最大耗氧量的預估研究。體育學報，16，327-339。

Abel, R., Schablowski, M., Rupp, R., & Gerner, H. (2002). Gait analysis on the treadmill-monitoring exercise in the treatment of paraplegia. Spinal Cord, 40(1), 17-22.

Aughey, R. J. (2011). Applications of GPS technologies to field sports. International Journal of Sports Physiologyl Performance, 6(3), 295-310.

Burgomaster, K. A., Hughes, S. C., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Bradwell, S. N., & Gibala, M. J. (2005). Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(6), 1985-1990.

Burgomaster, K. A., Heigenhauser, G. J., & Gibala, M. J. (2006). Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trail performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 100(6), 2041-2047.

Burgomaster, K. A., Howarth, K. R., Phillips, S. M., Rakobowchuk, M., Macdonald, M. J., McGee, S. L., et al. (2008). Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans. Journal of Physiology , 586(1),151-160.

Bento, T., Cortinhas, A., Leitao, J. C., & Mota, M. P. (2012). Use of accelerometry to measure physical activity in adults and the elderly. Revista de Sau ́de Pu ́blica, 46, 561-570.

Caird, S.J., McKenzie, A.D., & Sleivert, G.G. (1999). Biofeedback and relaxation techniques improves running economy in sub-elite long distance runners.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,31(5),717-22.

Cummins, C., Orr, R., O’Connor, H., & West, C. (2013). Global positioning systems (GPS) and microtechnology sensors in team sports: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 43(10), 1025-1042.

Cavanagh, PR and Williams, KR. (1982). The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14, 30–35.

Cavanagh, PR, Pollock, MJ and Landa, J. (1997). A biomechanical comparison of elite and good distance runners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 301, 328–345.

Cavanagh, P. R., Morag, E., Boulton, A. J., Young, M. J., Deffner, K. T., & Pammer, S. E. (1997). The relationship of static foot structure to dynamic foot function. J Biomech, 30(3), 243-250.

Cavanagh, P. R., Pollock, M. L., & Landa, J. (1977). A biomechanical comparison of elite and good distance runners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 301(1), 328-345.

Creer, A. R., Ricard, M. D., Conlee, R. K., Hoyt, G. L., & Parcell, A. C. (2004). Neural,metabolic, and performance adaptations to four weeks of high intensity sprintinterval training in trained cyclists. International Journal of Sport Medicine, 25, 92-98.

Cuddihy T. F., Pangrazi, R. P. & Tomson, L. M., (2005). Pedometers: Answers to FAQs from teachers. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 76(2), 36-40, 55.

Chen, K. Y., & Bassett, D. R. (2005). The technology of accelerometry-based activity monitors: current and future. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(11), S490.

Di Rienzo, M., Rizzo, F., Parati, G., Brambilla, G., Ferratini, M., & Castiglioni, P. (2005). MagIC system: A new textile-based wearable device for biological signal monitoring. Applicability in daily life and clinical setting. Paper presented at the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Shanghai, China.

De Wit, B., De Clercq, D., & Aerts, P. (2000). Biomechanical analysis of the stance phase during barefoot and shod running. Journal of biomechanics, 33(3), 269-278.

Esfarjani, F., & Laursen, P. (2007). Manipulating high-intensity interval training: Effects on VO2max, the lactate threshold and 3000 m running performance in moderately trained males. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 10, 27-35.

Firstbeat Technologies Ltd. (2014) Automated fitness level (VO2max) estimation with heart rate and speed data. (White Paper). Finland: Firstbeat Technologies Ltd.

Fernandez, F. J., Zimek, R., Wiewelhove, T., & Ferrauti, A. (2012). High-intensity interval training vs. repeated-sprint training in tennis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(1), 53-62.

Gregor, R. J., & Kirkendall, D. (1978). Performance efficiency of world class female marathon runners. Biomechanics VI-B, 40-45.
Graser, S. V., Groves, A., Prusak, K. A., & Pennington, T. R. (2011). Pedometer steps-per-minute, moderate intensity, and individual differences in 12-14-year-old youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(2), 272-278.

Gibala, M. J., & McGee, S. L. (2008). Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: a little pain for a lot of gain? Exerciseand Sport Sciences Reviews, 36(2), 58-63.

Hinrichs, R. N., Cavanagh, P. R., & Williams, K. R. (1987). Upper extremity function in running I: Center of mass and propulsion considerations. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 3, 222-241.
Hansen, B. H., Kolle, E., Dyrstad, S. M., Holme, I., & Anderssen, S. A. (2012). Accelerometer-determined physical activity in adults and older people. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44, 266–272.
Hasegawa, H., Yamauchi, T., & Kraemer, W. J. (2007). Foot strike patterns of runners at the 15-km point during an elite-level half marathon. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 888.
Hoffman, M. T., Brown, M. W., Weast, A. B., Capozzi, M., Lakovic, T., Molyneux, J., & Cobbett, J. R. (2010). GPS features and functionality in an athletic watch system. US Patent No. 20,110,032,105. Washington, DC: US Patent and Trademark Office.
Hamlin, M. J., Draper, N., Blackwell, G., Shearman, J. P., & Kimber, N. E. (2012). Determination of Maximal Oxygen Uptake Using the Bruce or a Novel Athlete-Led Protocol in a Mixed Population. Journal of Human Kinetics, 31, 97– 104.

Jakeman, J., Adamson, S., & Babraj, J. (2012). Extremely short duration high-intensity training substantially improves endurance performance in triathletes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 37(5), 976-981.

Jennings, D., Cormack, S., Coutts, A. J., Boyd, L. J., & Aughey, R. J. (2010). Variability of GPS units for measuring distance in team sport movements. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5, 565-569.

Kyröläinen, H., Belli, A., & Komi, P. V. (2001). Biomechanical factors affecting running economy. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(8), 1330-1337.

Karp, J. R. (2011). Five Lessons I Have Learned from Physiology and How They Can Make You a Faster Runner. Olympic Coach Magazine, 23(2), 4-10.

Kressig, R. W., & Beauchet, O. (2006). Guidelines for clinical applications of spatio-temporal gait analysis in older adults. Aging clinical and experimental research, 18(2), 174-176.

Lavin, K. M., Guenette, J. A., Smoliga, J. M., & Zavorsky, G. S. (2015). Controlled‐ frequency breath swimming improves swimming performance and running economy. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 25(1), 16-24.

Lee, B. Y., Yoo, S. D., Lee, S. A., Chon, J., Kim, D. H., Jeong, Y. S., . . . Kim, E. H. (2016). Biomechanical Parameters in Arch Building Gait Measured by Gait Analysis System with Pressure Sensor. The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(1), 36-42.

Lieberman, D. E., Venkadesan, M., Werbel, W. A., Daoud, A. I., D’Andrea, S., Davis,I. S., ... & Pitsiladis, Y. (2010). Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners. Nature, 463(7280), 531-535.

Leech, K. A., Kinnaird, C. R., Holleran, C. L., Kahn, J., & Hornby, T. G. (2016). Effects of Locomotor Exercise Intensity on Gait Performance in Individuals With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Physical Therapy, 96(12), 1919-1929.

Lymberis, A. (2003). Smart wearable systems for personalised health management: Current R&D and future challenges. Paper presented at the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Cancun, Mexico.

Laumakis, P. J., & McCormack, K. (2014). Analyzing exercise training effect and its impact on cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular Fitness. Journal of Statistics Education, 22(2), 1-23.

Laursen, P. B., & Jenkins, D. G. (2002). Thescientific basis for high-intensity interval training. Sports Medicine, 32(1), 53-73.

McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2014).Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition and human performance (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

Macpherson, R. E., Hazell, T. J., Olver, T. D., Paterson, D. H., & Lemon, P. W. (2011). Run sprint interval training improves aerobic performance but not maximal cardiac output. Medicine Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(1), 115-122.

Novacheck, T. F. (1998). The biomechanics of running. Gait & posture, 7(1), 77-95.

Prusak K. A., & Darst, P. W. (2002). Effects of types of walking activities on actual choices by adolescent female physical education students. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 21, 230-241.

Paavolainen, L, Hakkinen, K, Hamalainen, AN and Rusko, H. (1999). Explosive-strength training improves 5 km run time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86, 1527–1533.

Patel, S., Park, H., Bonato, P., Chan, L., & Rodgers, M. (2012). A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 9(1), 1.

Root, G. M., & Van Hoorn, F. (2000). Athlete's GPS-based performance monitor. US Patent No. 6,013,007. Washington, DC: US Patent and Trademark Office.

Rothney, M. P., Schaefer, E. V., Neumann, M. M., Choi, L., & Chen, K. Y. (2008). Validity of physical activity intensity predictions by actigraph, actical, and RT3 accelerometers. A Research Journal of Obesity, 16(8), 1946-1952.

Santos, T. M., Rodrigues, A. I., Greco, C. C., Marques, A. L., Terra, B. S., & Oliveira, B. R. R. (2012). Estimated VO2 max and its corresponding velocity predict performance of amateur runners. Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, 14(2), 192-201.

Smolander, J., Ajoviita, M., Juuti, T., Nummela, A., & Rusko, H. (2011). Estimating oxygen consumption from heart rate and heart rate variability without individual calibration.

Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 3(4), 266-271.
Smoliga, J. M. (2007). Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the legs, torso, and arms during an exhaustive run. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.

Saunders, P. U., Pyne, D. B., Telford, R. D., & Hawley, J. A. (2004). Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Medicine, 34(7), 465-485.

Tjelta, L. I., Tjelta, A. R., & Dyrstad, S. M. (2012). Relationship between velocity at anaerobic threshold and factors affecting velocity at anaerobic threshold in elite distance runners. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 24(1), 8-17.

Tanisho, K., & Hirakawa, K. (2009). Training effects on endurance capacity in maximal intermittent exercise: Comparison between continuous and interval training.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(8), 2405-2410.

Takeda, R., Tadano, S., Todoh, M., Morikawa, M., Nakayasu, M., & Yoshinari, S. (2009). Gait analysis using gravitational acceleration measured by wearable sensors. Journal of biomechanics, 42(3), 223-233.

Tadano, S., Takeda, R., & Miyagawa, H. (2013). Three dimensional gait analysis using wearable acceleration and gyro sensors based on quaternion calculations. Sensors, 13(7), 9321-9343.

Vanhelst, J., Theunynck, D., Gottrand, F., & Béghin, L. (2010). Reliability of the RT3 accelerometer for measurement of physical activity in adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(4), 375-379.

Williams, K. R., & Cavanagh, P. R. (1987). Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63(3), 1236-1245.

Westerterp, K. R. (1999). Physical activity assessment with accelerometers. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 23, S45-49.