簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 徐銘璟
Hsu Ming-Ching
論文名稱: 芬蘭師資培育制度之研究
指導教授: 王麗雲
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育學系
Department of Education
論文出版年: 2012
畢業學年度: 100
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 130
中文關鍵詞: 芬蘭師資培育制度
英文關鍵詞: Finland, teacher education
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:240下載:49
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討芬蘭師資培育制度,結合文獻分析、文件分析與訪談法等三種研究方法來瞭解芬蘭師資培育發展與現況,其中師資培育現況分為五大面向來加以說明,包含師資生甄選、職前教育課程、教育實習、教師資格取得與教師甄選,其研究發現如下:
    一、 培養以研究為基礎的教師。
    二、 有計畫性控管師資生的人數和品質。
    三、 師資生必須修畢碩士學位課程。
    四、 每間師資培育大學設有專屬的教師訓練學校,且每年實施實
    習課程。
    五、 完成碩士學位,即取得教師資格。
    六、 教職市場呈現平衡狀態。

    根據本研究之發現,歸納出芬蘭師資培育的特色如下:
    一、 有計畫性地培育師資生。
    二、 兼顧優秀的能力和教師人格特質。
    三、 以實務研究為本的師資培育。
    四、 彈性地師資培育課程。
    五、 重視教育學知識。
    六、 力行實作精神。
    七、 強調反省性思考。

    基於上述研究發現與討論,闡發對我國師資培育的些許啟示如下:
    一、 吸引優秀的人才。
    二、 宜規劃長遠的師資培育政策。
    三、 建立以實務研究為基礎的職前教育。
    四、 建立彈性且完善地師資培育課程結構。
    五、 儘早實施教育實習,建立輔導教師機制。

    The purpose of this study is to examine teacher education system in Finland and discuss its implications for Taiwan’s teacher education. Specific questions covered include the Finnish teacher education system, the recruitment of teacher students, teacher education program, and the apprenticeship stage. To address the research interests mentioned above, literature review, document analysis, interviews are used to collect information needed. The findings of this study are summarized as follows:

    1. The quantity and quality of student teachers are
    carefully monitored and controlled.
    2. Research-based education constitutes the main feature of
    Finnish teacher education.
    3. Teachers are required to have master degrees. The
    program of teacher education emphasizes a lot on
    reflective thinking, problem-solving, research skill,
    making it different from other teacher education
    program.
    4. Teacher training schools and universities work closely
    to provide quality teacher apprenticeship experiences
    for their student teacher during the teacher education
    process.
    5. Teacher qualifications are awarded towards those who
    finish teacher education program.

    As to the implications for Taiwan, it is suggested that the state needs to establish stable teacher education policy and recruit capable students to teacher education program. The curriculum of the teacher education program should emphasize the reflective and problem-solving abilities of the students and incorporate research-based training. The design of apprenticeship needs to evoke students’ understanding of themselves , the knowledge and skills they learn in teacher education program, and real world of teaching so that they can be better prepared for the job as teachers.

    第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 名詞釋義 5 第三節 研究取徑與步驟 6 第四節 研究範圍與限制 9 第二章 芬蘭國家與教育概述 11 第一節 芬蘭國家概述 11 第二節 芬蘭教育概述 17 第三章 研究設計與實施 27 第一節 研究架構 27 第二節 研究方法 28 第三節 訪談設計與實施程序 31 第四節 資料整理與分析 33 第五節 研究倫理 35 第四章 芬蘭師資培育發展與現況 37 第一節 芬蘭師資培育改革 37 第二節 師資生甄選 45 第三節 職前教育課程 60 第四節 教育實習課程 84 第五節 教師專業資格取得與甄選 100 第五章 芬蘭師資培育特色與啟示 105 第一節 芬蘭師資培育特色 105 第二節 芬蘭師資培育對我國之啟示 110 參考文獻 115 中文部分 115 西文部分 117 附錄 129 附錄一 國內芬蘭師資培育相關研究 129 附錄二 芬蘭教育文化部對各級教師的資格要求 130

    中華民國外交部領事事務局(無日期)。芬蘭。2011年12月20日,取自http://- www.boca.gov.tw/ct.asp?CuItem=649&mp=1
    王世英、張鈿富、葉兆祺、謝雅惠、吳美清、張雲龍(2007)。主要國家教育發展資料蒐集與分析。臺北市:國立教育資料館。
    吳明清(1991)。教育硏究 : 基本觀念與方法之分析。臺北市:五南。
    吳武典、楊思偉、周愚文、吳清山、高熏芳、符碧真、陳木金、方永泉、陳盛賢(2005)。師資培育政策建議書。教育部委託專案報告。臺北市:中華民國師範教育學會。
    吳祥輝(2006)。芬蘭驚艷:全球成長競爭力第一名的故事。臺北市:遠流出版社。
    吳清基、黃嘉莉、張明文(2011)。我國師資培育政策之回顧與展望。2011年12月11日,取自http://data.nioerar.edu.tw/public/Data/191518565171.pdf
    林天祐(無日期)。認識研究倫理。2012年1月31日,取自http://www.socialwor k.com.hk/artical/educate/gf15.htm
    林佩璇(2000)。載於中正大學教育研究所(主編),質的研究方法(頁239-262)。高雄市:麗文文化。
    林健次(2009)。芬蘭經濟的特質。臺灣國際研究季刊,5(4),25-48。
    朱雲鵬、吳進泰(2000)。知識經濟時代的傳統產業提升。載於高希均、李誠(主編),知識經濟之路(頁217-245)。臺北市: 天下遠見出版社。
    沈茹逸(2011)。芬蘭教育制度的啟發。2011年12月1日,取自http://eduexpres
    s.blogspot.com/2011/03/blog-post_6499.html
    高博銓(2002)。知識教育與經濟。中等教育,53(1),49-68。
    陳之華(2008)。沒有資優班:珍視每個孩子的芬蘭教育。新北市:木馬文化。
    陳幼慧(2011)。波隆納歷程與歐盟高等教育發展趨勢。2011年12月30日,http://gebookstore.nccu.edu.tw/coreschool/DownloadData/波隆納歷程與歐盟發展趨勢ppt-1105.pdf
    陳向明(2002)。社會科學質的研究。臺北市 : 五南。
    陳照雄(2008)。芬蘭教育制度。臺北市:心理。
    教育部(2007)。芬蘭駐日大使館介紹該國教育制度。2010年12月5日,取自http://epaper.edu.tw/e9617_epaper/windows.aspx?Win-dows_sn=50
    教育部(2009)。中小學教師素質提升方案。2010年12月12日,取自http://www.
    edu.tw/high-school/content.aspx?site_content_sn=22055
    教育部(無日期)。網路論壇-師資培育與專業發展說明。2011年3月22日,取自http://www.edu.tw/people_join_content2.aspx?sn=13&pages=1
    教育部中教司(2003)。中等學校、國民小學教師師資職前教育課程教育專業課程科目及學分。2011 年12月20日,取自http://www.edu.tw/high-school/content. aspx?site_content_sn=8449
    教育部中教司(2007)。推動師資培育「調量重質」目標。2011 年12月15日,取自http://140.111.34.116/e9617_epaper/topical.aspx?topical_sn=35
    張家倩(2007)。芬蘭國民教育現況探析。教育資料集刊,33,239-256。
    張家倩(2007)。芬蘭中等教育現況探究。教育資料集刊,34,247-260。
    國立高雄師範大學教育系(2010)。課程內容。2012年1月9日,取自http:// ww w.nknu.edu.tw/~edu/web/index.htm
    國立臺中教育大學教育系(2011)。課程規劃。2012年1月9日,取自http://edu.nt cu.edu.tw/course.php
    國際透明組織臺灣總會(2009)。組織介紹。2011年2月9日,取自http://www. tict.org.tw/c_tict.html
    黃源河、符碧真(2010)。芬蘭師資培育:研究為基礎的派典與課程實踐。教育研究集刊,56(3),105-137。
    溫明麗(2010)。芬蘭教育成就的啟示--找回臺灣教育的主體性。臺灣國際研究季刊,6(4),139-175。
    葉至誠(2000)。社會科學概論。臺北市:揚智文化。
    楊百世(2000)。師資培育的理論與實際。高雄市:高雄復文。
    楊洲松(2003)。修正「師資培育法」的檢視。2011年12月14日,取自http://w ww.ncu.edu.tw/~cge/4/culture/16/02.htm
    楊錦潭(2005)。ICALT2005:數位學習與知識分享實務。新北市:維科圖書。
    廖容辰(2010)。芬蘭小學職前教師素質管理機制之探究。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊,3(1),71-91。
    廖琬瑜(2000)。芬蘭中立政策研究:中立與不結盟。國立政治大學外交研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    齊若蘭(2002)。哪個國家學生閱讀力最強。2011年12月14日,取自http://ww w.lcenter.com.tw/inter/englandDetail.asp?no=4
    魏曼伊(2009)。芬蘭小學職前教育課程規劃之探究。教育資料集刊, 41,233-252。
    西文部分
    Aho, E., Pitkanen, K. & Sahberg, P. (2006). Policy development and reform pincipl-
    es of basic and secondary education in Finland since 1968. Retrieved January 9, 2011, from http://www.pasisahlberg.com/downloads/Education%20in%20Finlan
    d%202006.pdf
    Asunta, T. (n.d.). Development in Teacher Education in Finland:In-service Educ-
    ation and Training. Retrieved August 10, 2011, from http://www.see-educoop.ne
    t/education_in/pdf/workshop/tesee/dokumenti/monografija/Tula.pdf
    Berry, J., & Sahlberg, P. (2006). Accountability affects the use of small group learn-
    ing in school mathematics. Nordic Studies in Mathematics Education, 11(1), 5-
    31.
    Byman, R., Krokfors, L., Toom, A., Maaranen, K., Jyrhama, R., Kynaslahti, H. &Kansanena, P. (2009). Educating inquiry-oriented teachers: Students’ attitudes and experienc- es towards research-based teacher education. Educational Research and Evaluati- on, 15(1), 79-92.
    Darling–Hammond, L. (1990). Teachers and teaching signs of a changing profession. In W. R. Houston(Ed.), Handbook of research on teacher education.(pp.267-2
    90). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
    Decree on the Qualifications of Educational Staff 986/1998(1998).
    Eurydice(2011).Organisation of the education system in Finland 2009/2010. Retrie-
    ved December 30, 2011, from http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/docu
    ments/eurybase/eurybase_full_reports/FI_EN.pdf
    European Commission(2006). Progress towards the Lisbon objectives in education & training-report based on indicators and benchmarks. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/2010/doc/progressreport06.pdf
    European Commission(2007). Improving the Quality of Teacher Education. Retriev- ed August 10, 2011, from http://ec.europa.eu/education/com392_en.pdf
    European Commission(2011). Teacher Education. Retrieved August 10, 2011, from
    http://ec.europa.eu/education/school-education/doc832_en.htm
    Finnish National Board of Education(2010a). Teachers and educational staff. Retrie-
    ved July 7, 2011, from http://www.oph.fi/english/education/teachers
    Finnish National Board of Education(2010b). Teachers in General Education. Retrie-
    ved July 30, 2011, from http://www.oph.fi/english/education/teachers/teachers_in
    _general_education
    Finnish National Board of Education(2011a). General Upper Secondary Education. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://www.oph.fi/english/education/general_upp
    er_secondary_education
    Finnish National Board of Education(2011b). Teaching qualifications. Retrieved De- cember 9, 2011, from http://www.oph.fi/english/mobility/recogn ition/finnish_na tional_board_of_education_decisions_on_the_recognition_of_foreign_qualifications/teaching_qualifications
    Finnish National Board of Education(2011c). Education. Retrieved March 2, 2011, from http://www.oph.fi/english/education
    Finnish National Board of Education(2011d). Vocational Upper Secondary Educat- ion and Training. Retrieved March 2, 2011, from http://www.oph.fi/english/educ ation/vocational_upper_seconondary_education_and_training
    Finnish National Board of Education(2011e). Basic Education-the Curriculum. Retri
    eved March 2, 2011, from http://www.oph.fi/english/education/basic_education/c
    urriculum
    Finnish National Board of Education(2011f). Basic Education. Retrieved March 2, 2011, from http://www.oph.fi/english/education/basic_education
    Finnish National Board of Education(n.d.a). The Finnish National Board of Educ-
    ation (FNBE). Retrieved March 2, 2011, from http://www.oph.fi/English
    Finnish Teacher training schools(n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2011, from http://www. ftts.fi/index.html
    Gassner, O., Kerger, L., & Schratz, M.(2010).The First Ten Years after Bologna. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www.uni-kassel.de/einrichtungen/filea dmin/datas/einrichtungen/zlb/Akt_-_ENTEP_Book.pdf
    Government Decree on University Degrees 794/2004(2004).
    Groom, B., & Maunonen-Eskelinen, I(2006). The use of portfolios to develop ref- lective practice in teacher training: A comparative and collaborative approach between two tea-cher training providers in the UK and Finland. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://csaweb114v.csa.com/ids70/view_record.php?id= 2&recnum =40&log=from_res&SID=8qu31in08mp0bhc6sdr4k154b7
    Hämeenlinnan Normaalikoulu(n.d.). In English. Retrieved November 3, 2011, from http://www.uta.fi/hnk/www/?In_English
    Helsingin Normaalilyseo(n.d.). The Normal Lyceum of Helsinki. Retrieved Novem- ber 4, 2011, from http://www.norssi.helsinki.fi/index.php?page=in-english
    Jauhiainen, A., Kivirauma, J., Rinne, R.(1998).Status and Prestige through Faith in Education:the successful struggle of Finnish primary school teachers for univer-
    sal university training. Journal of Education for Teacher, 24(3),261-272.
    Joensuu Normaalikoulu(n.d.). The school. Retrieved November 2, 2011, from htt p://jnor.joensuu.fi/index.php?id=1&lang_id=1
    Jyrhämä, R.(n.d.). Academic Class Teacher Education in Finland. Retrieved July 2, 2011, from http://192. 87.182.47/web/actueel/assets/Jyrh%C3%A4m%C3%A4%
    20Finnish%20CTE.pdf
    Jyväskylän normaalikoulu(n.d.). University of Jyväskylä Teacher Training School. Retrieved November 2, 2011, from https://www.norssi.jyu.fi/esittely-ja-ytheystied ot/info-1/university-of-jyvaeskylae-teacher-training-school-normaalikoulu
    Kansanen, P. (2003). Teacher education in Finland: Current models and new develop-
    ments. In B. Moon, L. Vlăsceanu, & C. Barrows (Eds.), Institutional approaches
    to teacher education within higher education in Europe: Current models and ne-
    w developments. (pp. 85-108). Bucharest, Romania: UNESCO-CEPES.
    Kivinen,O.,&Rinne, R.(1994). The Thirst for Learning, or Protecting One's Niche? The shaping of teacher training in Finland during the 19th and 20th centuries. Br- itish Journal of Sociology of Education, 15(4), 515-527.
    Koskenniemi, M.(1972). The new teacher education system in Finland. International review of education, 18(1), 212-216.
    Laukkanen,R.(2006). Finnish strategy for high-level education for all. Retrieved September 20, 2011, from http://crg.ym.edu.tw/competence/workshop/PPT/Lauk kanen/Reijo%20Laukkanen%20Taiwan%202006.pdf
    Lavonen, J.(2011). How Do We Get Great Teachers? – Part I:Finnish Teacher Edu-
    cation Model. Retrieved July 2, 2011, from http://www.google.com.tw/url?sa=t
    &rct= j&q=national+level%E2%80%93district%E2%80%93school%E2%80%9
    3families+Finland&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDMQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hks.harvard.edu%2Fpepg%2Fconferences%2Fpresentations%2FV_Lavonen.ppt&ei=4jcZT-boGYqbmQWMh_2WCg&usg=AFQjCNHqqIo7Ee9qEJ59rCJnFsCGLb_HDg&sig2=lShKcs40CUrlGCMQMd_Eig&cad=rja
    Lavonen, J., & Krzywacki, H.(2011). Teachers’ professional knowledge in Finnish secondary teacher education. Paper presented at the International Conference on Teacher Education, Taichung, Taiwan.
    Lavonen, J., & Laaksonen, S.(2009). Context of teaching and learning school science in Finland: Reflections on PISA 2006 results. Journal of Research in Science Te-
    aching, 46(8), 922-944.
    Malaty, G. (2004). Mathematics Teacher Training in Finland. Retrieved January 12, 2011, from http://ferrari.dmat.fct.unl.pt/personal/mle/DocMesBol/DocsFormaPro
    fs/MalatyGB.pdf
    Mikkola, A.(2010). Research-based teacher education in Finland . In O. Gassner, L. Kerger, & M. Schratz(Eds.), The first ten years after Bologna.(pp. 115-120). Bucureşti: Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti.
    Ministry of Education(2006). Education and Science in Finland. Retrieved March 5, 2011, from http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Julkaisut/2006/liitteet
    /eng_opm15.pdf?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.a). The Ministry directs Finnish edu
    cational and cultural policy. Retrieved September 20, 2011, from http://www.mi
    nedu.fi/OPM/Ministerioe_ja_hallinnonala/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.b). History of the Ministry. Retrieved September 20, 2011, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Ministerioe_ja_hallinnona la/historia/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.c). Education. Retrieved November 5, 2010, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.d). Agencies subordinate to the Mini
    stry. Retrieved September 20, 2011, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Ministerio
    e_ja_hallinnonala/hallinnonala/virastot_laitokset_ja_yhtioet/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.e). Advisory councils and boards. Re-
    trieved September 20, 2011, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Ministerioe_ja_hal
    linnonala/hallinnonala/neuvostot_ja_muut_asiantuntijaelimet/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.f). The Finish Matriculation Exami-
    nation. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http://www.ylioppilastutkinto.fi/en/inde
    x.html
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.g). Education System in Finland. Re-
    trieved September 30, 2011, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/Koulutu
    sjaerjestelmae/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.h).Vocational education and training in Finland. Retrieved December 30, 2011, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Kou
    lutus/ammatillinen_koulutus/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.i). General upper secondary educa-
    tion. Retrieved March 30, 2011, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/yleis
    sivistaevae_koulutus/lukiokoulutus/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.j). General education in Finland. R-
    etrieved March 31, 2011, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Koulutus/yleissivisvi
    staevae_koulutus/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.k). Library network in Finland. R-
    etrieved January 31, 2012, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Kirjastot/kirjastove rkosto/?lang=en
    Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland(n.d.l). Statistics on Public Libraries. R-
    etrieved January 31, 2012, from http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Kirjastot/tilastot/?la ng=en
    Näätänen, M.(2005). PISA –survey, Finnish schools, teacher training and math. Ed- ucation. Retrieved November, 18, 2011, from http://www.google.com.tw/url?sa= t&rct=j&q=PISA-survey%2CFinnish+schools%2Cteacher+training+and+math.&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCkQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unavarra.es%2FVIIRDYDM%2Fpdf%2FPISA%2520-survey%2C%2520Finlandia.doc&ei=wHPGTo_kIa2QiQfK0tXzDw&usg=AFQjCNHMWEiHiYCJhZKq0ESv_m0SqYHXUA&cad=rja
    National Commission on Teaching & America’s Future (1996). What matters most: T-
    eaching for America’s future. Retrieved September 20, 2011, from http://ww w.er ic.ed.gov/PDFS/ED395931.pdf
    Naukkarinen, A.(2010). From discrete to transformed?Development inclusive pri- mary school teacher education in a Finnish teacher education department. Journ- al of Research in Special Educational Needs, 10(1), 185-196.
    Niemi, H. (2011). Teacher education in Finland-current trends and future scenarios. R-
    etrieved September 18, 2011, from http://www.programacrece.cl/documentos/Nie
    mi2011.pdf
    Niemi, H. & Jakku-Sihvonen, R.(2011). Teacher Education in Finland. Retrieved
    September 25, 2011, from http://www.pef.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/Datoteke/Zalozba/pd
    f/Zuljan_Vogrinc_Teacher_education.pdf
    Niemi, H. & Jakku-Sihvonen, R. (n.d.a). In the front of the Bologna process:Thirty
    years of research-based teacher education in Finland. Retrieved September 20,
    2011, from http://www.see-educoop.net/education_in/pdf/workshop/tesee/dokumen
    ti /monografija/Finland.pdf
    Niemi, H. & Jakku-Sihvonen, R. (n.d.b). Teacher Education Curriculum of Secondary
    School Teachers. Retrieved September 26, 2011, from http://www.revistaeducacion. mec.es/re350/re350_08ing.pdf
    OECD (2001). Knowledge and Skills for Life:First Results from PISA 2000. Retriev
    ed January 10,2011, from ttp://www.oecd.org/document/46/0,3746,en_3225235
    1_32236159_33688686_1_1_1_1,00.html
    OECD(2003). Attracting, Developing and Retaining Effective Teachers. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/15/5328720.pdf
    OECD (2004). Learning for tomorrow’s world:First results from PISA 2003. Retrie-
    ved January 10, 2011, from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/1/60/34002216.pdf
    OECD(2007). PISA 2006 : Science competencies for tomorrow’s world. Retrieved January 10, 2011, from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/13/39725224.pdf
    OECD(2011). Education at a Glance 2011- OECD indicators. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/61/2/48631582.pdf
    Ositinelli, G. (2009). Teacher Edication in Italy, Germany, England, Sweden and Fin-
    land. European Journal of Education, 44(2), 291-308.
    Oulun Normaalikoulu(n.d.). Front page. Retrieved January 29, 2011, from https://no rssiportti.oulu.fi/index.php?id=3682&lang_id=1
    Pekkarinen, T., Pekkala, S., & Uusitalo, R. (2006). Education policy and intergenea-
    rational income mobility:Evidence from the Finnish comprehensive school refor-
    m. Retrieved January 10, 2011, from http://www.econstor.eu/dspace/bitstrea
    m/10419/34028/1/51474703X.pdf
    Rauman Normaalikoulu(n.d.). Rauma Teacher Training School. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from http://www.edu.utu.fi/laitokset/rnk/en/
    Sahlberg, P.(2007). Education policies for raising student learning: the Finnish approach. Journal of Education Policy, 22(2), 147-171.
    Sahlberg, P. (2009). A short history of educational reform in Finland. Retrieved Mar
    ch 5,2011, from http://192.192.169.112/filedownload/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%
    AD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2/A%20short%20history%20of%20educational%20reform%20in%20Finland%20FINAL.pdf
    Sahlberg, P.(2010). Becoming a Teacher in Finland-Traditions, Reforms and Policies. Unpublished manuscript.
    Sahlberg, P.(2011). Developing Effective Teachers and School Leaders: The Case of Finland. In L. Darling-Hammond & R. Rothman(Eds.), Teacher and Leader Effectiveness(pp. 13-22). Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education and Stanford, CA: Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education.
    Savonlinna Normaalikoulu(2011). Teaching Practice. Retrieved November 2, 2011, from http://snor.fi/en/teaching-practice/
    Simola, H., Rinne, R., & Kivinen, O. (1997). Didactic closure: Professionalization and pedagogic knowledge in Finnish teacher education. Teaching and teacher e-
    ducation, 42(4), 325-338.
    Simola, H.(2002). From exclusion to self-selection:examination of behaviour inFinnish primary and comprehensive schooling from the 1860s to the 1990s. Re-
    trieved January 9, 2011, from http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/his mola/From%
    20exclusion%20to%20self-selection%2002.pdf
    Simola, H. (2005). The Finnish miracle of PISA: Historical and sociological remarks on teaching and teacher education. Comparative Education, 41(4), 455 – 470.
    Statistics Finland (2011). Finland in Figures-Trade. Retrieved March 1, 2011, from http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_kotimaankauppa_en.html
    Transparency International (n.d.). Annual reports. Retrieved November 1, 2010, fro-
    m http://www.transparency.org/publications/annual_report
    Tryggvason, M. T.(2009). Why is Finnish teacher education successful?Some goals Finnish teacher educators for their teaching. European Journal of Teacher Educ-ation, 32(4), 369-382.
    Turun Normaalikoulu(2007). Mission Statement. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from http://www.tnk.utu.fi/index.php?id=140&lang_id=1
    Universities Act 558/2009(2009).
    University of Helsinki(2006a). Subject teacher education- Presentation. Retrieved A-
    ugust 5, 2011, from http://www.helsinki.fi/teachereducation/education/subjecttea
    cher/index.html
    University of Helsinki(2006b). VOKKE-project. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from http://www.helsinki.fi/vokke/english/index.htm
    University of Helsinki(2006c). Class teacher education- Presentation. Retrieved Au-
    gust 5, 2011, from http://www.helsinki.fi/teachereducation/education/classteache
    r/index.html
    University of Helsinki(2011a). Curriculum for class teacher education 2008-. Retr- ieved August 30, 2011, from http://www.helsinki.fi/teachereducation/educ ation/ classteacher/curriculum%20for%20class%20teacher%20education%202008.pdf
    University of Helsinki(2011b). Admission Requirements for the Subject Teacher Edu-
    cation Programme in English (STEP) in the Academic Year 2012–2013. Retriev-
    ed August 5, 2011, from http://www.helsinki.fi/teachereducation/step/informatio
    n/admissionrequirements/STEP_admission_requirements_2012_separate%20selection%20students.pdf
    University of Helsinki(2011c) . Pedagogical Studies for Teachers geared for Basic a-
    nd General Upper Secondary Education-Subject Teacher Education Programme in English (STEP) :Degree Requirements for the Academic Year 2011-12. Retri- eved August 5, 2011, from http://www.helsinki.fi/teachereducation/step/informat ion/STEP%20Degree%20Requirements.pdf
    University of Helsinki(n.d.).Teacher qualifications. Retrieved August 5, 2011, from http://www.helsinki.fi/palmenia/kotka/opettajaksi/eng_screen.pdf
    University of Jyväskylä(2009). The curriculum (2007-2009) of the Department ofTeacher Education. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from https://www.jyu.fi/edu/laito
    kset/okl/en/curriculum
    University of Lapland(n.d.a). Teacher Training School. Retrieved November 12,2011, from http://www.ulapland.fi/InEnglish/Units/Teacher_Training_School.iw3
    University of Lapland(n.d.b). Class Teacher Practice. Retrieved November 12, 2011, from http://www.ulapland.fi/InEnglish/Units/Teacher_Training_School/Te ac hing_Practice.iw3
    University of Tampere(n.d.). Faculty of Education. Retrieved January 29, 2011, fromhttp://www10.uta.fi/opas/tiedekunta.htm?opsId=83&uiLang=en&lang=en&lvv=2010
    Välijärvi, J. (2004). The System and How Does it Work- Some curriculum and pedag-
    ogical characteristics of the Finnish comprehensive school. Retrieved July 23, 20
    10, from http://hkier.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/journal/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/ej_v31
    n2-v32n1_31-55.pdf
    Valijarvi, J. & Sahlberg, P.(2008). Should a 'failing' student repeat a grade? Journal of Educational Change, 9(4), 385-389.
    Viikki Normaalilyseo(n.d.). The Viikki Teacher Training School. Retrieved Novem-
    ber 3, 2011, from http://www.vink.helsinki.fi/pop.php?id=74
    VisitFinland(n.d.). About Finland. Retrieved December 6, 2010, from http://www.
    visitfinland.com/en/web/guest/finland-guide/about-finland/overview
    Westbury, I., Hansen, S. E., Kansanen, P, & Björkvist, O. (2005). Teacher Education for Research-based Practice in Expanded Roles: Finland’s experience. Scand-
    inavian Journal of Education Research, 49(5), 475-485.
    World Economic Forum (n.d.). Global Competitiveness Report. Retrieved November 2, 2010, from http://www.weforum.org/reports-results?fq=report^report_type%3
    A%22Risks%20Reports%22
    Yin, R. K.(1994). Case study research : design and methods. Thousand Oaks : Sage.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE