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研究生： 劉又慎
論文名稱： 華語母語者對粵語聲調之範疇類比研究
Categorical assimilation of Cantonese tones by native speakers of Mandarin
指導教授： 曾金金
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年： 2013
畢業學年度： 101
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 81
中文關鍵詞： 跨語言聲調感知 、範疇類比 、粵語 、普通話 、國語
英文關鍵詞： cross-language tonal perception, categorical assimilation, Cantonese, Putonghua, Taiwan Mandarin
論文種類： 學術論文
相關次數： 點閱：202  下載：22 
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    • 本研究針對華語母語者接觸非母語聲調的初期情形進行跨語言調查，招募來自中國大陸北方的普通話母語者與台灣的國語母語者，了解受試者對非母語之粵語聲調的感知與產出情形，並透過受試者對同一非母語聲調的不同範疇類比調查普通話與國語受試者的母語聲調範疇差異。本研究包含標記、辨認與發聲三項實驗；在標記實驗中，調查零起點華語母語者對粵語聲調的印象，了解受試者將粵語聲調類比至母語聲調的情形，之後透過辨認與發聲實驗，研究受試者區辨非母語聲調的難易程度和混淆情形，並於實驗結束後對受試者進行問卷調查，了解其語言背景與對實驗和粵語聲調的感想。除了報告華語母語者在學習粵語過程中可能出現的難點與混淆之外，本研究也試圖以 Best 的感知範疇模型來為結果提出解釋 （Perceptual Assimilation Model，PAM），顯示受試者語言變體與方言背景的差異可以對非母語聲調的感知與產出造成影響，應在進行相關研究時納入考量。

    The present study is a cross-language study on the non-native tonal experience of native speakers of Mandarin in the initial stage. The study takes possible dialectal influences into account and recruits speakers of two varieties of Mandarin, Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin, to conduct a two-way investigation into how subjects of both groups perceive and produce the non-native Cantonese tones, and how they interpret their own native tone categories during the categorical assimilation of non-native tones. A series of three tasks, Labeling, Identification, and Vocalization, are conducted in the study: the Labeling task is an impressionistic investigation on naïve native speakers of Mandarin to see how they assimilate non-native Cantonese tones to native Mandarin ones. Subjects are then primed with a brief introduction to the Cantonese tonal system before performing Identification and Vocalization tasks, where they discern and vocalize the newly-learnt Cantonese tones. Stimuli of these tasks comprise sets of tonal minimal pairs that differ in vowels and syllable structures, and are embedded in a carrier sentence. Subjects fill out a questionnaire in the end with regard to their language backgrounds, impression of Cantonese tones, and self-estimation of their performance. Results of the study show that variance in subjects' varieties and dialectal backgrounds, even within the same language, may have its influence on the perception and production of non-native tones and should be taken into account when undergoing similar investigations. Apart from reporting possible difficulties and common confusions that native speakers of Mandarin may encounter when learning Cantonese tones, the study also attempts to account for the results on the basis of Best’s Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM).

    CHINESE ABSTRACT II ABSTRACT III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV TABLE OF CONTENTS V LIST OF TABLES VII LIST OF FIGURES VIII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Learning Cantonese tones 1 1.2 Research questions 2 1.3 Thesis organization 2 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Cantonese, Mandarin, and Southern Min tones 4 2.1.1 Cantonese tones 4 2.1.2 Mandarin tones 5 2.1.3 Taiwanese tones 7 2.1.4 Entering tones in Mandarin, Cantonese, and Taiwanese 7 2.2 Models of Cross-language perception 8 2.3 Studies on cross-language tone perception 10 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 13 3.1 Overview 13 3.2 Subjects 13 3.3 Materials 15 3.4 Procedures 18 3.4.1 Labeling 18 3.4.2 Priming 18 3.4.3 Identification 19 3.4.4 Vocalization 20 3.4.5 Questionnaire 22 3.4.6 Administration 22 3.5 Instrumentation 23 3.6 Data analysis 23 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 25 4.1 Labeling 25 4.1.1 Overview 25 4.1.2 Subject groups 28 4.1.2.1 Categorization of Cantonese tones 28 4.1.2.2 Tone labels between subject groups 31 4.2 Identification 37 4.2.1 Overview 37 4.2.2 Subject groups 39 4.2.2.1 Accuracy 39 4.2.2.2 Confusions 40 4.3 Vocalization 46 4.3.1 Overview 46 4.3.2 Subject groups 48 4.3.2.1 Accuracy 48 4.3.2.2 Confusions 51 4.4 Questionnaire 57 4.4.1 Tasks 57 4.4.2 Tones 58 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION 61 5.1 Subjects of Putonghua versus subjects of Taiwan Mandarin 61 5.1.1 Difference between varieties: Mandarin Tone 3 in Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin 61 5.1.2 Differences between dialectal backgrounds: Taiwanese and northern vernaculars 62 5.1.2.1 The presence and absence of entering tones 62 5.1.2.2 F0 sensitivity: Contour tones versus level tones 63 5.2 Assimilation of tonal categories 64 5.2.1 Categorical assimilation of Cantonese tones 64 5.2.2 Non-native tonal contrasts on the basis of tonal assimilation 66 5.2.3 Tonal categories in production 68 CHAPER SIX: CONCLUSIONS 70 6.1 Summary 70 6.2 Contribution of the study 71 6.3 Limitations and future research 71 REFERENCES 73 APPENDICES 77

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