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研究生: 張欽德
Cin-De Jhang
論文名稱: 應用於極座標發射機封包調變之六位元置中型數位脈波寬度調變器的設計與實現
Design and Implementation of a 6-Bit Center-Aligned Digital Pulse-Width Modulator for Envelope Modulation of Polar Transmitters
指導教授: 郭建宏
Kuo, Chien-Hung
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年: 2014
畢業學年度: 102
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 120
中文關鍵詞: 數位脈波寬度調變器LTE極座標發射器封包調變器
英文關鍵詞: Digital Pulse Width Modulator, LTE polar modulation transmitter, Envelope modulatior
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:171下載:3
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  • 在傳統的發射機應用中,常見的兩種封包調變器架構為三角積分調變器、與脈波寬度調變器。雖然DSM架構實現容易,但在LTE寬頻的要求下,多位元的輸出往往會增加後續PA在實現上的難度。PWM架構雖然有輸出諧波的困擾,但若能提高取樣操作頻率,及實現的脈波寬度線性度,其單位元的輸出將可大大降低PA實現的複雜度,解決諧波失真也只要在功率放大器後端增加帶通濾波器來濾除諧波失真。

    為了提高脈波寬度調變器的信號線性度,我們將輸出的脈波置中對齊。相較於靠邊型PWM,置中型減少許多諧波失真,提高整體發射機效能。本論文以6位元置中型的PWM為例,其結果比靠邊型PWM有較佳的調變性能展現,而採用混合型的脈波寬度調變器架構,能減少不必要的延遲元件以及降低高速的計數器切換。

    應用於LTE極座標發射器封包調變的脈波寬度調變器,設計全數位式置中混合型脈波寬度調變器。在所提出的調變器中,我們藉由延遲鎖定迴路所提供的128個相位,合成64種置中型脈波寬度的輸出,完成6 位元LTE信號的調變器要求。為了降低多重相位延遲鎖定迴路的延遲元件數目,我們使用一個簡單的計數器將相位輸出區分為上升及下降兩類。並將輸入脈波轉換成脈衝,以便環繞multi-phase VCDL來得到128個相位的輸出。最後經由多工器的選取,以及邊緣合成器合成64種寬度的置中型脈波。本論文採用TSMC 90 nm 1P9M量測輸入92.16 MHz在1.2 V的電源電壓下,量測的功率為22.05mW,而使用TSMC 90nm GUTM 模擬結果在122.88 MHz供應電壓為1 V以下,功率為30.82mW。

    The pulse-width modulation (PWM) and delta-sigma modulation (DSM) are two popular approaches used for the realization of the envelope modulator in traditional polar transmitters. Although DSM provides an easy structure for implementation, multi-bit outputs due to the requirements of linearity and wide bandwidth in modern communications would make the design of post-PAs difficult to be realized. Fortunately, if the operational frequency of PWM could be appropriately increased, the annoying harmonic effect would be easily attenuated by the post-bandpass filter.

    In this thesis, a hybrid digital PWM (DPWM) having counter and delay cells is devised to compromise between area cost and operational speed. To increase the linearity of DPWM, the center-aligned pulse technology is adopted in the presented modulator. Sixty-four different pulse widths of outputs corresponding to the 6-bit input signal are designed in the presented modulator. The center-aligned output pulses exhibits lower noise floor near the interest band than the edge-aligned counterpart.

    This thesis presents a center-aligned hybrid digital pulse-width modulator for the envelope modulation of polar transmitters. To obtain better noise figure of the outputs, a 128-phase delay-locked loop is used to generate center-aligned output pulses having 64 different pulse widths for 6-bit signal input. To reduce the number of delay cells in the multi-phase DLL, a simple counter is used to separate the output phases of DLL into rise and fall parts. The proposed digital pulse-width modulator is measured in TSMC 90nm 1P9M RF process. The power consumption is 22.05 mW at a 92.16 MHz input reference frequency and a supply voltage of 1.2 V, and the other simulated in TSMC 90nm 1P9M GUTM process. The power consumption is 36.82 mW at a 122.88 MHz input reference frequency and a supply voltage of 1 V.

    摘  要 i ABSTRACT iii 致  謝 v 目  錄 ix 表 目 錄 xiii 圖 目 錄 xiv 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景 1 1.2 研究目的 7 1.3 研究步驟 8 1.4 論文組成 9 第二章  適合極座標發射器之封包調變器 11 2.1 極座標發射器 11 2.2 極座標封包調變器之需求 12 2.3 封包調變器使用脈波寬度調變 14 2.4 置中型脈波寬度調變器規格數探討 18 2.5 多相位脈波寬度調變器探討 20 2.6 脈波寬度調變器系統探討 23 2.6.1 非線性誤差 23 2.6.2 線性度 24 第三章  脈波寬度調變器之架構探討 26 3.1 簡介 26 3.2 計數器型數位脈波寬度調變器 27 3.3 延遲線型數位脈波寬度調變器 29 3.4 混合型數位脈波寬度調變器 31 3.4.1 非自震式混合型數位脈波寬度調變器 31 3.4.2 自震式混合型數位脈波寬度調變器 34 3.5 分段式數位脈波寬度調變器 36 3.6 FPGA型數位脈波寬度調變器 39 第四章  置中型混合型脈波寬度調變器之設計 43 4.1 使用循環式電壓控制延遲線之多相位延遲鎖定迴路 44 4.1.1 電路描述 46 4.1.1.1 延遲元件設計 46 4.1.1.2 相位頻率偵測器 49 4.1.1.3 充電汞 49 4.1.1.3 鎖定偵測器 50 4.1.1.4 開關控制以及脈衝產生器 51 4.2 六位元92.16 MHz置中型脈波寬度調變器 52 4.2.1 實現方式 52 4.2.2 電路描述 56 4.2.2.1 八對一對稱多工器 56 4.2.2.2 三位元上下數計數器 57 4.2.2.3 分離器 60 4.2.2.4 數位比較器 62 4.2.2.5 邊緣合成器 64 4.3 六位元122.88 MHz置中型脈波寬度調變器 65 4.3.1 四組延遲元件建構之循環式延遲鎖定迴路 65 4.3.1.1 電路描述 66 4.3.1.1.1 延遲元件 66 4.3.2 實現方式 67 4.3.3 電路描述 70 4.3.3.1 四對一對稱多工器 70 4.3.3.2 八位元強森計數器 72 4.3.3.2 可程式化邏輯電路 74 4.3.3.3 數位比較器 75 4.3.3.4 分離器 77 4.4 模擬結果與晶片佈局圖 79 4.4.1 六位元92.16 MHz置中型脈波寬度調變器 79 4.4.2 六位元122.88 MHz置中型脈波寬度調變器 85 第五章  置中混合型脈波寬度調變器之量測 91 5.1 六位元92.16 MHz 置中混合型脈波寬度調變器量測 91 5.1.1 晶片量測環境 91 5.1.2 電壓調節電路 93 5.1.3 濾波槽電路 94 5.1.4 輸入信號電路 94 5.1.5 量測環境 95 5.1.6 量測結果 97 5.2 六位元122.88 MHz 置中混合型脈波寬度調變器量測 102 5.2.1 晶片量測環境 102 5.2.2 電壓調解電路 103 5.2.3 電阻陣列電路 104 5.2.4 量測環境電路 105 5.2.5 量測結果 106 第六章  結論與未來展望 111 6.1 總結 111 6.2 未來展望 112 參 考 文 獻 114 自 傳 119 學 術 成 就 120

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