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研究生: 侯捷仁
Chieh-Jen Hou
論文名稱: 老年人背向行走之生物力學分析
Biomechanic Analysis of Backward Walking in The Elderly
指導教授: 劉錦璋
Liu, Gin-Chang
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 體育學系
Department of Physical Education
論文出版年: 2005
畢業學年度: 93
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 55
中文關鍵詞: 運動生物力學背向行走肌電圖
英文關鍵詞: Biomechanics, Backward Walking, EMG
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 過去研究證實背向行走對於下肢肌肉的訓練及復健有顯著的功效,但卻未對老年人在背向行走下肢肌肉的作用方式進行研究 (Cipriani, 1995;Grasso, 1998;Van Deursen, 1998),本研究以9位老年人為實驗組(平均年齡72.78±3.36歲),9位年輕人為對照組(平均年齡21.1±1.6歲)進行前進行走與背向行走之生物力學分析,受試者在兩種步行方式各進行3次測試,擷取每次測試當中一個完整的步態週期(Gait cycle),將此一步態週期資料經由KWON3D 3.01影像分析軟體及Dazy Lab 6.0肌電圖分析軟體進行處理,而得到步態參數及肌電圖資料,以統計軟體SPSS10.0軟體進行混和設計二因子變異數分析,統計顯著水準定為α=.05;本研究主要研究目的在比較老年人與年輕人在背向行走與前進行走之間的步態參數差異以及下肢肌電訊號差異。
    本研究主要結論如下:
    1.老年人背向行走之步行速度與跨步長皆較年輕人背向行走小。
    2.背向行走的步行速度、跨步長、步頻與前進行走相較皆較小,且步態週期時間也小於前進行走。
    3.老年人背向行走的雙支撐期占步態週期百分比大於前進行走,表示老年人背向行走可增加下肢肌肉的穩定性。
    4.脛骨前肌在老年人背向行走支撐期的作用順序較優先,顯示背向行走與前進行走徵召肌肉作用順序不同,對脛骨前肌的肌力有所幫助
    5.股直肌在背向行走支撐期,其平均肌電振幅較前進行走增加,顯示股直肌在背向行走得到更多的激發及訓練,股直肌主要作用在穩定膝關節,背向行走能訓練股直肌力量,提供膝關節更佳的穩定性,建議老年人及受傷欲進行復健者可進行背向行走訓練,以增強股直肌的肌肉力量。

    關鍵詞:背向行走、運動生物力學、肌電圖

    Previous studies used to improve that backward walking was helpful to the lower limbs training (Cipriani, 1995;Grasso, 1998;Van Deursen, 1998). However, the function of backward walking in the elderly was not as clear as adults’. The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) the differences between ages (elderly and young) and directions (forward and backward) in gait parameters (2) the differences between ages and directions in electromyograpic (EMG) parameters.
    The subjects participated in this study were divided into two groups (elderly and young). There are nine male subjects in elderly group with age 72.78 ± 3.36 years, height 163.54 ± 4.78 cm and weight 66.4 ± 8.07 kg, and nine male subjects in young group with age 21.1 ± 1.6 years, height 173.04 ± 4.9 cm and weight 69.91 ± 8.06 kg. Each subject performs six walks (including three forward walks and three backward walks in the most suitable speed) in about six meters. A Redlake high-speed camera (60Hz) was used to 2D cinematograph analysis at sagittal plane, and the Biovision EMG system (1200Hz) was used to collect kinetic data from four lower limb muscles (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius ). Cinematograph data was processed with KWON3D 3.01 motion analysis system and EMG data was processed with DASY LAB 6.0 system. The selected variables were tested by 2-way ANOVA mixed design. Statistical significance was set at α=.05.
    According to the results analyzed, we concluded that:
    (1) The walking velocity and stride length of the elderly in backward walking were significantly decreased than forward walking.
    (2) The walking velocity, stride length, cadence and gait cycle of all subjects in backward walking were all significantly decreased than forward walking.
    (3) In the elderly, the double support phase percentage of gait cycle in backward walking was significantly decreased than forward walking.
    (4) Tibialis anterior’s acting order in support phase of backward walking was early than forward walking.
    (5) In the elderly, greater EMG activities are observed on rectus femoris in backward walking.

    Key words: Biomechanics, Backward Walking, EMG

    老年人背向行走之生物力學分析 目次 口試委員與系主任簽字證書 …………………………………………Ⅰ 授權書 …………………………………………………………………Ⅱ 中文摘要 ………………………………………………………………Ⅲ 英文摘要 ………………………………………………………………Ⅳ 謝誌 ……………………………………………………………………Ⅴ 目次 ……………………………………………………………………Ⅵ 表次 ……………………………………………………………………Ⅸ 圖次 ……………………………………………………………………XI 第壹章 緒論 第一節、 前言……………………………………………………1 第二節、 問題背景………………………………………………2 第三節、 研究目的………………………………………………4 第四節、 研究範圍………………………………………………4 第五節、 研究限制………………………………………………5 第六節、 名詞操作性定義………………………………………6 第貳章 文獻探討 第一節、 背向行走與前進行走比較文獻探討…………………8 第二節、 背向行走肌電圖(EMG) 文獻探討 …………………10 第三節、 其它背向行走相關文獻探討 ………………………11 第四節、 結語 …………………………………………………12 第參章 研究方法與步驟 第一節、 研究對象 ……………………………………………13 第二節、 實驗時間與地點 ……………………………………14 第三節、 實驗儀器與設備 ……………………………………14 第四節、 場地佈置 ……………………………………………15 第五節、 實驗說明與流程 ……………………………………18 第六節、 資料蒐集 ……………………………………………20 第七節、 資料處理 ……………………………………………23 第八節、 統計分析 ……………………………………………25 第肆章 結果與討論 第一節、 步態基本資料分析 …………………………………26 第二節、 步態週期比較探討 …………………………………31 第三節、 肌電圖資料分析 ……………………………………39 第伍章 結論與建議 一、結論 ………………………………………………………48 二、建議 ………………………………………………………50 引用文獻 …………………………………………………………51 附錄一 受試者需知及參與同意書 …………………………………54 附錄二 受試者基本資料 ……………………………………………55

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    黃子庭、廖秀珠 (1993):台北市北投區社區居家老人跌倒的情形及其相關因素之探討。公共衛生,20 (3) ,234-245。

    林中寶、吳新凡 (2003):背向行走訓練對老年平衡能力研究。澳門理工學報,1 (3) ,129-139。

    二、 英文部分:
    Bohannon, R.W. (1997). Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years; reference values and determinants. Age and Aging, 26, 15-19.

    Cipriani, D.J., Armstrong,C.W. & Gaul, S. (1995). Backward walking at three levels of treadmill inclination: an electromyographic and kinematic analysis. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 22, 95-102.

    Cram, J. R., Kasman, G. S., & Holtz, J. (1998). Introduction to surface electromyography. Maryland. Aspen Publishers.

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    Duffy, M.J., Martin, D.F., Cannon, D.W., Craven, T. & Messier S.P. (2000). Etiologic factors associated with anterior knee pain in distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 32, 1825-1832.

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    Grasso, R., Bianchi, L.& Lacquaniti, F. (1998). Motor patterns for human gait: backward versus forward locomotion. Journal of Neurophysiology, 8, 1868-1885.

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    Laufer, Y. (2003). Age-and gender-related changes in the temporal-spatial characteristics of forwards and backwards gaits, Physiotherapy Research International, 8, 131-142.

    Mackie, J.W. & Dean, T.E. (1984). Running backward training effects on upper leg musculature and ligament instability of injured knees. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 16, 151(abstract).

    Samson, M.M., Crowe, A., de Vreede Pl, Dessens, J.A.G, Duursma, S.A. & Verhaar,H.J.J. (2001). Differences in gait parameters at a preferred walking speed in healthy subjects due to age, height and body weight. Aging Clinical Experimental research, 62, 105-114.

    Threlked, A.J., Horn, T.S., Wojtowicz, G.M., Rooney, J.G. & Shapiro, R. (1989). Kinematic ground reaction force and muscle balance produce by backward running. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 11, 56-63.

    Thorstensson, A. (1985). How is the normal locomotor program modified to produce backward walking? Experimental Brain Research, 61, 664-668.

    Van Deursen, R.W., Flynn,T.W., McCrory,J.L. & Morag,E. (1998). Does a single control mechanism exist for both forward and backward walking? Gait and Posture, 7, 214-224.

    Vilensky, J.A., Gankiewicz, E. & Gehlsen, G. (1987). A kinematic comparison of backward and forward walking in humans. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 13, 29-50.

    Winter, D.A., Patia, A.E., Frank, J.S. & Walt, S.E. (1990). Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and health elderly, 70, 340-347.

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