野外實察是地理科教學不容忽視的必備課程，但是高中教師經常難以實施野外實察教學，碰到的阻礙因素包括：時間安排不易、學生人數眾多、缺乏協助人手‥等。為了改善野外實察教學面臨的困境，此研究應用行動科技成熟的技術，發展以PDA為平台的野外實察系統，讓學生在無教師引導的情況下，藉由此系統的輔助能夠獨立到達每個實察點，並完成學習任務。研究設計的野外實察教學採用探究式教學法，以都市水圳議題探討為核心，另外建置虛擬野外實察(virtual field trip, VFT)網站，作為學生實察前的準備工具及實察後的資源分享與作品展示平台。教學實驗邀請兩所高中共14位學生和3位合作教師參與，評估結果顯示學生在技能方面有顯著的學習成效，整個過程學生覺得獨立自主，既新鮮又印象深刻。教師則肯定行動裝置輔助的探究式野外實察設計比傳統導覽解說的方式能夠引起學生的興趣。

Fieldwork is always mentioned as an important means in geographical education. However, there are obstacles to high school fieldwork execution, such as coherent time management, exceeded student amount, lack of assistance manpower and many others. This study develops a mobile learning system trying to improve the above difficulties using two main supporting tools. One is a virtual fieldtrip website functioned as a platform to prepare students for fieldwork, share field logs, and display student works. The other is a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) program to guide students throughout fieldwork without teachers’ presence. Students with the mobile device can answer questions and collect data according to location-based message prompts. To make students become active learners, the overall system is designed with the inquiry-guided pedagogy. We utilized local irrigation channel issues as the fieldwork contents to implement the mobile learning system. We gathered results based on 3 teachers and 14 students from 2 local high schools. Students made significant improvements especially in transferable skills. They also obtained independent, new, and impressive learning experiences over the whole learning process. Teachers agreed that this kind of mobile learning fieldwork is more interesting than the traditional lecture-based fieldwork.

王仲淳、劉敬忠(2004)。PDA與其產業發展報告。電子月刋，10(3)，197-203。
阮斯堅(1996)。地理實察在專科地理教學之應用。新埔學報，14，59-73。
吳明遠、孫志鴻、張長義(2005)。SuperTour—行動式旅遊導覽系統之研發。2005年台灣地理資訊學會年會暨學術研討會，逢甲大學。
吳清山、林天祐(1997)。實作評量。教育資料與研究，15，68。
胡金印(1998)。校園附近中學地理實察教學之理論探討。雄中學報，1，71-86。
胡金印(1999)。我國中學地理實察教學之困境與可行之道：校園附近之實察教學。人文及社會學科教學通訊，9(6)，87-115。
陳哲銘(2003)。「虛擬」野外實察—讓野外實察更「真實」? 中等教育，54(5)，110-123。
陳哲銘(2005)。自導式地理野外實察教學設計Workshop。台北市政府教育局(主辦單位)，專業地理資訊軟體融入新課程教學之教師研習活動，台北市育成高中。
黃光雄(1996)。教學理論。高雄: 復文圖書出版社。
黃朝恩(1994)。地理科戶外環境教學之實驗研究。師大地理研究報告，21，173-207。
彭森明(1996)。實作評量(Performance Assessment)理論與實際。教育資料與研究，9， 44-47。
趙貞怡、姚清元、林靖苡、李曉嵐、陳浩敏(2004)。PDA在博物館行動數位導覽之應用與發展。美育，142，21-29。
劉曾旭(2003)。PDA (個人數位助理)。產業調查與技術，144，15-28。
藍淞地(2005)。自導式野外實察教學模組之設計。國立台灣師範大學地理學系碩士論文，台北市。
蘇祐毅(2003)。全球PDA發展現況與展望。連接器產業通訊，55，2-9。
蘇照雅、林秀美(2004)。PDA在行動學習的應用。黃埔學報，46，153-159。
Abrahamson, L. A., Hantline, F., Fabert, M., Robson, M. & Knapp, R. (1989). Electronic Classroom System Enabling Interactive Self-paced Learning [patent #5002491]. Patent and Trademark Office, United States of America, Washington, DC.
Bellan, J. M. & Scheurman, G. (1998). Actual and virtual reality: making the most of field trips. Social Education, 62(1), 35-40.
Chen, Y. S., Kao, T. C. & Sheu, J. P. (2003). A Mobile Learning System for Scaffolding Bird Watching Learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 347-359.
Colella, V. (2000). Participatory Simulations: Building Collaborative Understanding through Immersive Dynamic Modeling. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 9(4), 471–500.
Foskett, N. H. (1997). Teaching and learning through fieldwork. In Tilbury, D. & Williams,
M. (Eds.), Teaching and Learning Geography (pp. 189-201). London: Routledge.
Foskett, N. H. (2000). Fieldwork and the development of thinking skills. Teaching
Geography, 25(3), 126-129.
Gall, J. P., Gall, M. D., & Borg, W. R. (2005). Applying educational research: a practical guide. (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
Grant, W. C. (1993). Wireless Coyote: A Computer-supported Field Trip. Communications of the ACM, 36(5), 57–59.
Hoppe, H. U., Joiner, R., Milrad, M. & Sharples, M. (2003). Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 255-259.
Hurst, S. D. (1998). Use of “Virtual Field Trips in Teaching Introductory Geology. Computers & Geosciences, 24(7), 653-658.
Job, D. (1999). New directions in geographical fieldwork. London: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. (2000). Educational research: quantitative and qualitative approaches. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Kent, M., Gilbertson, D. D. & Hunt, C. O. (1997). Fieldwork in Geography Teaching: a critical review of the literature and approaches. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 21(3), 313-332.
Kemp, I. J., & Seagraves, L. (1995). Transferable Skills—Can Higher Education Deliver? Studies in Higher Education, 20(3), 315-328.
Kravcik, M., Kaibel, A., Specht, M., Terrenghi, L. (2004). Mobile Collector for Field Trips. Educational Technology & Society, 7, 25-33
Lee, V. S., Greene, D. B., Odom, J., Schechter, E. & Slatta, R. W. (2004). What is Inquiry-Guided Learning?. In Lee, V. S. (Ed.), Teaching and learning through inquiry: a guidebook for institutions and instructors (pp. 3-16). USA: Stylus Pub.
Leung, C. H. & Chan, Y. Y. (2003). Mobile Learning: A New Paradigm in Electronic Learning. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 2003, 76-80.
Magnussen, L., Ishida, D. & Itano, J. (2000). The Impact of the Use of Inquiry-Based Learning as a Teaching Methodology on the Development of Critical Thinking. Journal of Nursing Education, 39(8), 360-364.
May, S. & Cook, J. (1994). Fieldwork in Action 2: An Enquiry Approach. UK: Geographical Association.
Nundy, S. (1999). The Fieldwork Effect: The Role and Impact of Fieldwork in the Upper Primary School. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 8(2), 190-198.
Pascoe J., Morse D., Ryan N. (1998). Developing Personal Technology for the Field. Personal Technologies, 2(1), 28-36.
Perlesz, A. & Lindsay, J. (2003). Methodological triangulation in researching families: making sense of dissonant data, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 6(1), 25-40.

Perry, B. (2003). The Invisible Ideas Project: Using Mobile Devices, Macromedia Flash, and Global Positioning Systems. Adobe. Retrieved January 1th, 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.adobe.com/devnet/devices/articles/invisible_ideas.html
Qiu, W. & Hubble, T. (2002). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Virtual Field Trips in Geoscience Education. The China Papers: Tertiary Science and Mathematics Teaching for the 21st Century, 1, 75-79.
Rieger, R. & Gay, G. (1997). Using Mobile Computing to Enhance Field Study. Proceedings of CSCL’97 (pp. 215-223). Toronto, Ontario: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.
Ritter, M. (1996, June 10). Guidelines for Virtual Field Trips and Studies. The Virtual
Geography Department. Retrieved April 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web:
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/projects/virtdept/guidel.html
Roschelle, J. (2003). Unlocking the learning value of wireless mobile devices. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(3), 260-272.
See Windows Mobile 2003 Software for Pocket PC. Microsoft Windows Mobile. Retrieved May 24, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/about/tours/ppc/2003/default.mspx
Shepherd, C. (2001). M is for Maybe. Fastrak Consulting Ltd. Retrieved January 1th, 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://www.fastrak-consulting.co.uk/tactix/features/mlearning.htm
Shroder, J. F., Bishop, M. P., Olsenholler, J. & Craiger, J. P. (2002). Geomorphology and the World Wide Web. Geomorphology, 47, 343-363.
Skeel, D. J. (1979). The Challenge of Teaching Social Studies in the Elementary School. (3rd ed.). Santa Monica, Calif.: Goodyear Pub.
Slatta, R. W. (2004). Enhancing Inquiry-Guided Learning with Technology in History Courses. In Lee, V. S. (Ed.), Teaching and learning through inquiry: a guidebook for institutions and instructors (pp. 93-102). USA: Stylus Pub.
Smith, G. (1999). Changing Fieldwork Objectives and Constraints in Secondary Schools In England. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 8(2), 181-189.
Spicer, J. I. & Stratford, J. (2001). Student perceptions of a virtual field trip to replace a real field trip. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 17(4), 345-354.
Stainfield, J., Fisher, P., Ford, B. & Solem, M. (2000). International Virtual Field Trips: a new direction?. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 24(2), 255-262.
Tai, Chia-Yu (2003). Temples of Taipei: A Handheld Tour Guide for Pocket PC. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
Trifonova, A. (2003). Mobile Learning - Review of the Literature. Technical Report #DIT-03-009. University of Trento.
Tuthill, G. & Klemm, E. B. (2002). Virtual Field Trips: Alternatives to Actual Field Trips, International Journal of Instructional Media, 29(4), 453-468.
Woerner, J. J. (1999). Virtual Field Trips in the Earth Science Classroom. Proceedings of the 1999 Annual International Conference of the Association for Education of Teachers in Science(pp. 1232-1244). Greenville NC: Association for the Education of Teachers in Science.