研究生: |
梁秉義 Ping-Yi Liang |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
花蓮縣多元就業開發方案勞工失業經驗、族群 與健康生活型態相關研究 The Association of Unemployment Experience、Ethnicity and Health Lifestyle among Labors of the Multi-Employment Promotion Program in Hualien County |
指導教授: |
陳政友
Chen, Cheng-Yu |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
健康促進與衛生教育學系 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education |
論文出版年: | 2014 |
畢業學年度: | 102 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 141 |
中文關鍵詞: | 失業 、多元就業開發方案 、原住民 、健康生活型態 、職場健康促進 |
英文關鍵詞: | aborigines, healthy lifestyle, Multi-Employment Promotion Program, unemployment, worksite heath promotion |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:221 下載:28 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究主要目的在了解勞工失業經驗、族群與健康生活型態之關係,以作為職場健康促進推動之參考。研究採自填式結構問卷,以勞動部勞動力發展署2014年多元就業方案花蓮縣機構現職勞工為母群體,經分層隨機抽樣方式,共得有效樣本217份。本研究重要結果如下:
一、 研究對象「五年內失業次數」平均為1.2次、「前一次失業累積月份」平均為4.06月、健康生活型態各分量表單題平均值以「人際支持」表現最佳,而「健康責任」表現最差。
二、 經單因子多變量變異數分析,「健康生活型態」整體表現與「族群」有關;漢族在「健康責任」、「人際支持」、「運動」、「壓力處理」等表現皆優於原住民族。
三、 經典型相關分析,「健康生活型態」整體表現與「年齡」、「五年內失業經驗次數」有關。「年齡」越高者,其「營養」表現也越佳;「五年內失業經驗次數」越高者,其「健康責任」、「運動」、「營養」、「自我實現」、「壓力處理」等表現卻越差。
四、 經結構方程模式分析,「背景變項、「失業經驗」及「族群」可解釋「健康生活型態」總變異量21.2%,其中以「失業經驗」及「族群」為主要預測變項;各分項影響效果值中,最高的二項依序為「壓力處理」及「運動」,最低的二項依序為「人際支持」及「營養」;研究結果顯示為原住民族者、五年內失業經驗次數越高者,其「健康生活型態」表現越差。
本研究依結論建議衛政、勞政單位應加強推動原住民族地區職場健康促進,並降低失業、增加就業機會,以提高該地區勞工健康狀況。
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between a worker’s unemployment experience,ethnicity, and health lifestyle.
A questionnaire was administered to employees of the Multi-Employment Promotion Program in Hualien county by utilizing a stratified random sampling technique.273 copies of the questionnaires were distributed, and 217 valid responses were returned.The findings of this study are summarized as follows:
1.The average number of times a person was unemployed 1.2,whle the average duration that a person was unemployed 4.06 months.Among the six factors of the health lifestyle tested,the employees scored the highest in interpersonal support and the lowest in health responsibility.
2.One-way MANVOA technique determined,the relationship existed between a person’s ethnic background and health lifestyle. Individual of Han descent scored higher performance such as exercise, heath responsibility,interpersonal support,stress management than the aboriginal descent.
3.The canonical analysis determined,that a relationship existed between the age of an individual, health lifestyle,and the average number of times they had been unemployed. There was a positive correlation between the age of an individual and nutrition. There was a negative correlation between the average number of times a person was unemployed and exercise, health responsibility,self-actualization,stress management.
4.Structal equation modeling(SEM) determined that a person’s background, unemployment history, and ethnicity can predict the individual’s health lifestyle and explain for 21.2% of the variation in the equation. It was found the aborigines and high unemployed times had the least health lifestyle.
Based on the results of the study, suggestions and improvements have been proposed to the health and labor sector to provide employment opportunities to the unemployed and promote heath lifestyle to employed individuals in aboriginal areas.
一、中文部分
中華民國統計資訊網 (2013) 。From http://www.stat.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=4
尹祚芊、林小玲、王怡婷 (2004) 。退休將領健康促進生活型態之研究。榮總護理,21(4) , 375-388。
王佳慧、李碧霞、鄭綺、高靖秋、楊勤熒、蔡仁貞 (2006) 。護理人員疲倦/活力度、健康促進生活型態與健康相關生活品質之研究。新臺北護理期刊,8(1) ,7-16。
吉慶萍、黃娟娟 (2012) 。國小教師健康促進生活型態、情緒管理與自覺疲勞感之相關研究-以臺中市為例。運動與健康研究,1(2) ,21-56。
江馥名、梁蕙芳、邱慧洳、鄭夙芬、黃美華 (2010) 。台灣東南亞籍女性配偶的健康概念、自覺健康狀態及健康促進生活型態之研究。長庚護理,21(1) ,12-24。
行政院主計總處 (2012a) 。受僱員工薪資統計速報。 from http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/3624842477RLWRM7Z.pdf
行政院主計總處 (2012b) 。主要國家製造業受僱員工平均每月、週工作時、日數。 from http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Attachment/3621164346YWQBV6Y9.xls
行政院主計總處 (2013) 。近20年我國失業人數與勞動力參與率趨勢。from http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=32985&CtNode=4943&mp=1
行政院主計總處 (2014) 。就業、失業統計-失業者按失業原因分。from http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=17144&ctNode=3246&mp=1
行政院原住民族委員會 (2011) 。民國九十九年臺灣原住民經濟狀況調查報告。from http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=C5FBC20BD6C8A9B0
行政院原住民族委員會 (2013) 。就業狀況調查統計。from http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=19F6DD25969C101D
行政院原住民族委員會 (2014a) 。100年原住民族人口及健康統計年報。from http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?currentPage=2&CID=217054CAE51A3B1A
行政院原住民族委員會 (2014b) 。部落3H動力工程專案計畫。from http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docDetail.html?CID=1F7DC464163E1579&DID=0C3331F0EBD318C292C1ACDBECBE179F
吳明隆、涂金堂 (2006) 。SPSS與統計應用分析(二版)。台北: 五南圖書出版社。
吳英枝 (2008) 。台東縣鹿野鄉不同族群老人健康促進生活型態之研究。未出版之碩士論文,國立臺東大學,台東縣。
李秀珍、李素幸、宋瑩珠 (2009) 。國中生健康促進生活型態及其影響因素之探討-以台南縣四所國中生爲例。學校衛生,(54) ,107-122。
李怡娟、陳慈立、吳淑芳 (2004) 。社區保健志工充能程度及其健康促進生活型態行爲之探討―以三芝鄕爲例。榮總護理,21(4) ,389-399。
李明憲、胡益進、方晴美 (2009) 。宜蘭縣國小教師工作價值觀與健康促進生活型態之關係研究。健康促進暨衛生教育雜誌,(29) ,35-55。
李美英、陳俊瑜 (2010) 。美髪從業人員工作壓力與健康促進生活型態之研究。耕莘學報,(8) ,41-55。
李麗晶、劉潔心、季力康、卓俊伶 (2008) 。學生運動員的健康促進生活型態:性別差異及相關變項。臺灣運動心理學報,(12) ,25-37。
林子淳、郭富舜 (2008) 。花蓮縣教師健康促進生活型態之研究。運動傳播學刊,(1) ,51-61。
林佩瑩、林金定 (2008) 。智能障礙者健康生活型態樣貌。身心障礙研究季刊,6(3) ,197-210。
林武雄 (1991) 。台北市國小學生健康生活型態研究: 師大書苑。
林思嫺、陳政友 (2006) 。宜蘭縣高中(職)教師健康促進生活型態及相關因素之研究。衛生教育學報,(26) ,33-53。
林美聲、黃松元 (2006) 。中小學學校護理人員健康促進生活型態之研-以宜蘭縣中小學學校護理人員為例。學校衛生,(48) ,1-17。
林進文 (2008) 。原住民中年婦女自覺健康狀況與健康促進生活型態之研究。未出版之碩士論文,國立臺東大學,台東縣。
林雅雯、游琇茜、翁政玉、黃于晏、楊琇惠、劉智綱 (2003) 。醫院員工健康促進生活型態及其決定因素之探討-以新竹某區域教學醫院為例。醫務管理期刊,4(4) ,77-90。
花蓮縣政府民政處 (2014) 。人口統計各式列表。from http://ca.hl.gov.tw/files/15-1004-41512,c3856-1.php
邱思慈、張家銘、連婉如、黃芳銘 (2011) 。大學男女新生在健康促進生活型態測量恆等性之研究。測驗學刊,58(3) ,453-478。
邱靜如、劉貴雲 (2003) 。職場員工對健康促進活動認知、態度、需求、參與情形與健康生活型態之現況及相關因素探討。健康促進暨衛生教育雜誌,(23) ,29-42。
洪升呈 (2012) 。大學生運動價值觀對健康生活型態之影響。雲科大體育,(14) ,63-71。
胡藍文、何雅芳、林碧珠 (2012) 。臨床護理人員健康促進生活型態及其相關因素。護理暨健康照護研究,8(4) ,257-268。
章英華、傅仰止 (2002) 。台灣地區社會變遷基本調查計畫-第四期第二次調查計劃執行報告:中央研究院民族學研究所。
許家得、黃憲鐘、莊宜達 (2010) 。網球選手健康生活型態研究。輔仁大學體育學刊,(9) ,181-192。
陳妮婉、張彩秀、張淑萍、宋琇鈺 (2011) 。護理人員健康促進生活型態與生活品質之關係探討。澄清醫護管理雜誌,7(2) ,27-37。
陳明惠、陳清惠、顏妙芬 (2006) 。接受經皮冠狀動脈血管成型術之出院病患健康生活型態之探討。實證護理,2(3) ,210-218。
陳昭伶、陳政友、羅惠丹 (2009) 。基隆地區高中職學生健康促進生活型態及相關因素探討。健康促進與衛生教育學報,(31) ,129-152。
陳秋蓉、江東亮、鄭雅文 (2004) 。勞工失業與勞工健康情形探討。台北: 行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所。
陳美燕、周傳姜、黃秀華、王明城、邱獻章、廖張京棣 (1997) 。健康促進的生活方式量表中文版之修訂與測試。長庚護理,8(1) ,14-24。
陳素芬、黃松元 (2005) 。台北縣林口鄉國小高年級學生健康生活型態之研究。學校衛生,(47) ,1-24。
陳敏麗、黃松元 (2005) 。某社區民眾糖尿病篩檢中血糖值與糖尿病高危險因子及健康促進生活型態之探討。衛生教育學報,(24) ,1-23。
勞動部 (2012) 。101年度人力資源調查提要分析。from http://statdb.mol.gov.tw/statis/jspProxy.aspx?sys=100
勞動部勞動力發展署 (2011) 。多元就業開發方案作業手冊。from http://www.wda.gov.tw/home.jsp?pageno=201310280030&acttype=view&dataserno=201304260007
曾明郎、邵心平、張維嶽、謝偉雄 (2006) 。體適能與健康生活型態之研究-以中華大學學生為例。中華人文社會學報,(4) ,234-265。
曾淑芬、郭芳瑜、李姿嫻、廖恩宜、劉雅欣、孫伶萱 (2008) 。大高雄地區國小學童不利健康生活型態及其相關因素探討。嘉南學報(人文類,(34) ,567-581。
二、英文部分
Abate, N., & Chandalia, M. (2007). Ethnicity, type 2 diabetes & migrant Asian Indians. Indian J Med Res, 125(3), 251-258.
Anthony, D., Baggott, R., Tanner, J., Jones, K., Evans, H., Perkins, G., & Palmer, H. (2012). Health, lifestyle, belief and knowledge differences between two ethnic groups with specific reference to tobacco, diet and physical activity. J Adv Nurs, 68(11), 2496-2503.
Arkwright, P. D., Beilin, L. J., Rouse, I., Armstrong, B. K., & Vandongen, R. (1982). Effects of alcohol use and other aspects of lifestyle on blood pressure levels and prevalence of hypertension in a working population. Circulation, 66(1), 60-66.
Artazcoz, L., Benach, J., Borrell, C., & Cortes, I. (2004). Unemployment and mental health: understanding the interactions among gender, family roles, and social class. Am J Public Health, 94(1), 82-88.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). A New Incremental Fit Index for General Structural Equation Models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316.
Bolton, K. L., & Rodriguez, E. (2009). Smoking, drinking and body weight after re-employment: does unemployment experience and compensation make a difference? BMC Public Health, 9, 1-12.
Bourne, P. A. (2009). Impact of poverty, not seeking medical care, unemployment, inflation, self-reported illness, and health insurance on mortality in Jamaica. N Am J Med Sci, 1(3), 99-109.
Brown, D. R., & Gary, L. E. (1988). Unemployment and Psychological Distress among Black American Women. Sociol Focus, 21(3), 209-221.
Chen, Y. C., Wu, H. P., Hwang, S. J., & Li, I. C. (2010). Exploring the components of metabolic syndrome with respect to gender difference and its relationship to health-promoting lifestyle behaviour: a study in Taiwanese urban communities. J Clin Nurs, 19(21-22), 3031-3041.
Comino, E. J., Harris, E., Chey, T., Manicavasagar, V., Penrose Wall, J., Powell Davies, G., & Harris, M. F. (2003). Relationship between mental health disorders and unemployment status in Australian adults. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 37(2), 230-235.
Cottrell, R. R., Girvan, J. T., & McKenzie, J. F. (2002). Principles & foundations of health promotion and education (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
D'Arcy, C., & Siddique, C. M. (1985). Unemployment and health: an analysis of "Canada Health Survey" data. Int J Health Serv, 15(4), 609-635.
Dasgupta, P., & Ray, D. (1986). Inequality as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Unemployment, I. Theory. Economic Journal.
Dave, D. M., & Kelly, I. R. (2010). How Does the Business Cycle Affect Eating Habits? National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 16638.
Dever, G. E. A. (1976). An Epidemiological Model for Health. Policy Social Indicators Research, 2, 453-466.
Dew, M. A., Penkower, L., & Bromet, E. J. (1991). Effects of unemployment on mental health in the contemporary family. Behav Modif, 15(4), 501-544.
Dragun, A., Russo, A., & Rumboldt, M. (2006). Socioeconomic stress and drug consumption: unemployment as an adverse health factor in Croatia. Croat Med J, 47(5), 685-692.
Dwyer, T., Calvert, G. D., Baghurst, K. I., & Leitch, D. R. (1981). Diet, other lifestyle factors and HDL cholesterol in a population of Australian male service recruits. Am J Epidemiol, 114(5), 683-696.
Enarson, D. A., Ferreira, P., Hammond, M., & Chan-Yeung, M. (1984). Routine urinalysis in a male working population: effects of some personal and lifestyle factors. Clin Invest Med, 7(1), 7-11.
Giatti, L., Barreto, S. M., & Cesar, C. C. (2008). Informal work, unemployment and health in Brazilian metropolitan areas, 1998 and 2003. Cad Saude Publica, 24(10), 2396-2406.
Gibney, M. J., & Lee, P. (1993). Patterns of food and nutrient intake in a suburb of Dublin with chronically high unemployment. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 6(1), 13-22.
Gillis, A. J. (1993). Determinants of a health-promoting lifestyle: an integrative review. J Adv Nurs, 18(3), 345-353.
Gold, R. S., & Miner, K. R. (2002). Report of the 2000 Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology. Journal of School Health, 72(1), 3-7.
Goldsmith, A. H., Veum, J. R., & Darity, W. (1997). THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL ON WAGES. Economic Inquiry, 35(4), 815-829. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01966.x
Hagquist, C., & Starrin, B. (1996). Youth unemployment and mental health – gender differences and economic stress. Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare, 5(4), 215-228.
Hair, J., Tatham, R., Anderson, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th Edition): Prentice Hall.
Hammarstrom, A. (1994). Health consequences of youth unemployment--review from a gender perspective. Soc Sci Med, 38(5), 699-709.
Hammarstrom, A., Janlert, U., & Theorell, T. (1988). Youth unemployment and ill health: results from a 2-year follow-up study. Soc Sci Med, 26(10), 1025-1033.
Heal, L. W., & Chadsey-Rusch, J. (1985). The Lifestyle Satisfaction Scale (LSS): assessing individuals' satisfaction with residence, community setting, and associated services. Appl Res Ment Retard, 6(4), 475-490.
Herr, E. (1989). Career development and mental health. Journal of Career Development, 16(1), 5-18.
Huang, Y. H., & Chiou, C. J. (1996). [Assessment of the health-promoting lifestyle profile on reliability and validity]. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 12(9), 529-537.
Hui, W. H. (2002). The health-promoting lifestyles of undergraduate nurses in Hong Kong. J Prof Nurs, 18(2), 101-111.
Isaksson, K. (1989). Unemployment, mental health and the psychological functions of work in male welfare clients in Stockholm. Scand J Soc Med, 17(2), 165-169.
Jackson, P. R., & Warr, P. B. (1984). Unemployment and psychological ill-health: the moderating role of duration and age. Psychol Med, 14(3), 605-614.
Jin, R. L., Shah, C. P., & Svoboda, T. J. (1995). The impact of unemployment on health: a review of the evidence. CMAJ, 153(5), 529-540.
Johnson, R. L. (2002). The relationships among racial identity, self-esteem, sociodemographics, and health-promoting lifestyles. Res Theory Nurs Pract, 16(3), 193-207.
Johnson, R. L. (2005). Gender differences in health-promoting lifestyles of African Americans. Public Health Nurs, 22(2), 130-137.
Kason, Y., & Ylanko, V. J. (1984). FANTASTIC Lifestyle Assessment: Part 5 Measuring Lifestyle in Family Practice. Can Fam Physician, 30, 2379-2383.
Ko, S. H., & Chen, C. H. (2010). Comparison of health-promoting lifestyles between postnatal han taiwanese and indigenous women. J Nurs Res, 18(3), 191-198.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Kumanyika, S., & Bonner, M. (1985). Toward a lower-sodium lifestyle in black communities. J Natl Med Assoc, 77(12), 969-975.
Lai, J. C., Chan, R. K., & Luk, C. L. (1997). Unemployment and psychological health among Hong Kong Chinese women. Psychol Rep, 81(2), 499-505.
Lalonde, M. (1974). A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians: A Working Document: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
Lazer, W. (1963). Life Concepts and Marketing, Toward Scientific Marketing.
Leeflang, R. L., Klein-Hesselink, D. J., & Spruit, I. P. (1992). Health effects of unemployment--I. Long-term unemployed men in a rural and an urban setting. Soc Sci Med, 34(4), 341-350.
Linn, M. W., Sandifer, R., & Stein, S. (1985). Effects of unemployment on mental and physical health. Am J Public Health, 75(5), 502-506.
Lobo, J. A. F. (1999). Late career unemployment : impacts on self, family and lifestyles / Francis Lobo and Stanley Parker. Williamstown, Vic. :: HM Leisure Planning Pty Ltd.
Lusk, S. L., Kerr, M. J., & Ronis, D. L. (1995). Health-promoting lifestyles of blue-collar, skilled trade, and white-collar workers. Nurs Res, 44(1), 20-24.
MacCallum, R. C., & Browne, M. W. (1993). The use of causal indicators in covariance structure models: some practical issues. Psychol Bull, 114(3), 533-541.
Marmo, N. A. (1975). Discovering the lifestyle of the physically disabled. Am J Occup Ther, 29(8), 475-478.
McIntosh, M. C., & Sellers, E. M. (1983). Drug use as a lifestyle in the 1980s. Can Fam Physician, 29, 1876-1877.
Mewes, R., Rief, W., Martin, A., Glaesmer, H., & Brahler, E. (2013). Job Insecurity versus Unemployment: Unequal in Socioeconomic Status but Comparable Detrimental Effects on Mental Health and Health Care Utilization. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol, 63(3-4), 138-144.
Miller, M. A., & Rahe, R. H. (1997). Life changes scaling for the 1990s. J Psychosom Res, 43(3), 279-292.
Morosco, G. J., & Goeringer, G. C. (1980). Lifestyle factors and cancer of the pancreas: a hypothetical mechanism. Med Hypotheses, 6(9), 971-985.
Morrell, S. L., Taylor, R. J., & Kerr, C. B. (1998). Jobless. Unemployment and young people's health. Med J Aust, 168(5), 236-240.
O'Dea, K. (1984). Marked improvement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic Australian aborigines after temporary reversion to traditional lifestyle. Diabetes, 33(6), 596-603.
Olafsson, O., & Svensson, P. G. (1986). Unemployment-related lifestyle changes and health disturbances in adolescents and children in the western countries. Soc Sci Med, 22(11), 1105-1113.
Pender, N. J. (1979). The influence of personal attitudes and the expectations of others on the occurrence of health-promoting behaviors in adults. ANA Publ(D-67), 3.
Pender, N. J., Murdaugh, C. L., & Parsons, M. A. (2006). Health promotion in nursing practice: Prentice Hall.
Pender, N. J., & Pender, A. R. (1986). Attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions to engage in health behaviors. Nurs Res, 35(1), 15-18.
Pickett, J. P. (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Powell, M. (1999). New Labour, New Welfare State? Bristol: Polity.
Price, R. H., Friedland, D. S., & Vinokur, A. D. (1998). Job Loss: Hard Times and Eroded Identity. In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook (pp. 303-316). Philadelphia: Taylor&Francis.
Rew, L. (1990). Correlates of health-promoting lifestyle and sexual satisfaction in a group of men. Issues Ment Health Nurs, 11(3), 283-295.
Rodriguez, E., Allen, J. A., Frongillo, E. A., Jr., & Chandra, P. (1999). Unemployment, depression, and health: a look at the African-American community. J Epidemiol Community Health, 53(6), 335-342.
Ruhm, C. J. (2003). Healthy Living in Hard Times. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 9468.
Schutgens, C. A. E., Schuring, M., Voorham, T. A. J., & Burdorf, A. (2009). Changes in physical health among participants in a multidisciplinary health programme for long-term unemployed persons. BMC Public Health, 9, 1-11.
Schwefel, D. (1986). Unemployment, health and health services in German-speaking countries. Soc Sci Med, 22(4), 409-430.
Scutchfield, F. D. (2004). A third public health revolution: an editorial. Am J Prev Med, 27(1), 83-84.
Seo, H. M., & Hah, Y. S. (2004). A study of factors influencing on health promoting lifestyle in the elderly--application of Pender's health promotion model. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 34(7), 1288-1297.
Sharratt, J. K., Sharratt, M. T., Smith, D. M., Howell, M. J., & Davenport, L. (1984). FANTASTIC Lifestyle Survey of University of Waterloo Employees. Can Fam Physician, 30, 1869-1872.
Shultz, C. M. (1984). Lifestyle assessment. A tool for practice. Nurs Clin North Am, 19(2), 271-281.
Simmons, S. J. (1993). Explaining health-promoting lifestyles of Navy personnel. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Mil Med, 158(9), 594-598.
Simons, L. A., & Simons, J. (1984). Health lifestyle education in high schools. A three-year follow-up study. Med J Aust, 141(3), 158-162.
Sinnett, P., & Whyte, M. (1978). Lifestyle, health and disease: a comparison between Papua New Guinea and Australia. Med J Aust, 1(1), 1-5.
Terris, M. (1983). The complex tasks of the second epidemiologic revolution: the Joseph W. Mountin lecture. J Public Health Policy, 4(1), 8-24.
Thompson, M. L., Daugherty, R., & Carver, V. (1984). Alcohol education in schools: toward a lifestyle risk-reduction approach. J Sch Health, 54(2), 79-83.
Tucker, L. A. (1985). Physical, psychological, social, and lifestyle differences among adolescents classified according to cigarette smoking intention status. J Sch Health, 55(4), 127-131.
Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., de Witte, H., & Feather, N. T. (2005). Understanding unemployed people's job search behaviour, unemployment experience and well-being: A comparison of expectancy-value theory and self-determination theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44(2), 269-287.
Virtanen, P., Janlert, U., & Hammarstrom, A. (2013). Health status and health behaviour as predictors of the occurrence of unemployment and prolonged unemployment. Public Health, 127(1), 46-52.
W.H.O. (1986). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, from http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/
W.H.O. (1998). Definition of Health., from
http://www.who.int/about who/en/definition.html
Wadsworth, M. E., Montgomery, S. M., & Bartley, M. J. (1999). The persisting effect of unemployment on health and social well-being in men early in working life. Soc Sci Med, 48(10), 1491-1499.
Walker, S. N., Sechrist, K. R., & Pender, N. J. (1987). The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile: development and psychometric characteristics. Nurs Res, 36(2), 76-81.
Wang, H. H. (1999). Predictors of health promotion lifestyle among three ethnic groups of elderly rural women in Taiwan. Public Health Nurs, 16(5), 321-328.
Wei, C. N., Yonemitsu, H., Harada, K., Miyakita, T., Omori, S., Miyabayashi, T., & Ueda, A. (2000). A Japanese language version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi, 54(4), 597-606.
Wilson, S. H., & Walker, G. M. (1993). Unemployment and health: a review. Public Health, 107(3), 153-162.
Xu, X., & Kaestner, R. (2010). The Business Cycle and Health Behaviors. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 15737.
Zhang, S. C., Wei, C. N., Fukumoto, K., Harada, K., Ueda, K., Minamoto, K., & Ueda, A. (2011). A comparative study of health-promoting lifestyles in agricultural and non-agricultural workers in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med, 16(2), 80-89.
Zunzunegui, M. V., Forster, M., Gauvin, L., Raynault, M. F., & Douglas Willms, J. (2006). Community unemployment and immigrants' health in Montreal. Soc Sci Med, 63(2), 485-500.