研究生: |
韋欣 Welch, Christine |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
十七世紀臺灣文學中對異己/性別再現--
以平埔族女祭司為例 Gendered Representations of the Other in Seventeenth Century Taiwanese Travel Journals |
指導教授: | 許俊雅 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
國文學系 Department of Chinese |
論文出版年: | 2016 |
畢業學年度: | 104 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 120 |
中文關鍵詞: | 遊記 、性別 、異己 、再現 、平埔族 、女祭司 |
英文關鍵詞: | travel literature, gender, the Other, shaman, priestess, 17th Century Taiwan |
DOI URL: | https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202205093 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:158 下載:30 |
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十七世紀的世界是一段混亂的時期,特別是在臺灣,這個被稱為福爾摩沙的島嶼,已經歷了深深的改變,包括西班牙、荷蘭與中國殖民政府的換替。仍存之十七世紀文獻,都是男性掌權者的記錄,統治者眼中的「異己」圖像,被撰寫成遊記、書信、賦、西方旅遊見聞錄等文類。
因為殖民統治者一律都俱有父權社會文化背景,其面對臺灣原住民複雜多樣的社會組織時,其性別書寫免不了顯得與現實有差距,充滿強烈的父權意識形態。不論是明清中國文人的遊記、荷蘭 VOC 牧師或長官的書信、德國、蘇格蘭、法國遊人日記,甚至西班牙神父留下的報告,即使語言、文化很不同,在其再呈現「異己」之書寫當中,其共同父權觀念使得態度與性別規範非常雷同。
本論文以東方主義以及性別學理論為基礎。Louisa Schein 「內部東方主義」(internal orientalism)的觀念,非常適用於十七世紀臺灣文學的分析,因為歐洲和中國掌權者對邊疆領域,都將此地「再現」為奇異、不文明或野蠻。女性是另外一種「異己」。在父權社會中,女性是附屬的,女性被界定為男性的附屬品,在社會與政治上扮演的只是配角,被男性「主體」定義為「異己」。然而 Joan Scott 提供了一種文學理論架構,概括如何去探討文學當中的性別政治,並以四種面向進行探析:文化、哲學、神話、宗教等象徵系統如何「再現」性別圖像 (representations)、性別規範 (normative concepts)、社會機關與關係 (societal structures) 以及主體性 (subjectivity),也就是女男如何自我詮釋。
透過遊記作者意識形態、思想體系以及文化背景的分析,十七世紀臺灣文獻之書寫策略顯得更加鮮明。平埔族女祭司被再現為「巫婆」、「老婦人」、如古希臘般「預言家」及中國傳說之「狐狸精」。雖然男性作者的「再現」方式極為負面,文獻當中也存在著「強大女人」的形象,可證明平埔族女祭司在村落中是重要的領導人。本論文對平埔族性別政治進行分析,歸納出十七世紀臺灣遊記與旅遊文學當中,男女之間的權利關係與性別規範。筆者也希望可以挖掘女祭司之主體性 (subjectivity),探討平埔族女性當時如何自我詮釋。十七世紀父權社會之外來男性作者如何形容「終極異己」平埔族女性?其書寫當中,仍存平埔族女祭司之主體性嗎?透過福柯權利理論,再加上 Judith Butler「性別為表演」說,筆者希望理解福爾摩沙「薩滿」文學再現以及挖掘其如何自我詮釋。
The seventeenth century was globally a period of rapid change, and the South Asian island Taiwan, or Formosa, was no exception. The island saw a succession of conquerers and colonizers, Spanish, Dutch, and Chinese, all within the span of one hundred years. The writings still existent, written by the male power holders of the time, are images of "the Other,” frozen in time and reproduced in the genres of fu, the travel journal, travelogue, Chinese youji, letters, local gazetteers, and other historical documents.
Since these upper class male leaders were all members of patriarchal societies, yet the aborigine societies which they faced and conquered were a mixture of matriarchal, matrilineal, and patriarchal societies with vastly different definitions of gender and gender roles, it might come as no surprise that "the Other" represented in their writings is a confused picture, infused with layers of patriarchal ideology and value judgements. From the Ming writings of Chen Di "Dong Fan Ji," to the De Dagregisters, official documents and records kept by the Dutch, to unofficial travel accounts kept by VOC employees of various nationalities, writing during the Ming Zheng period, Shen Guangwen's "Taiwan Fu," to the Small Sea Travel Diaries, written by Yu Yonghe—although written in different languages and from different cultural perspectives, seventeenth century Taiwanese literature portrayed gender in interestingly similar ways, with many shared normative concepts due to the shared cultural patriarchal system of the authors.
This paper is grounded in the theories of orientalist and gender studies. Louisa Schein's theories of internal orientalism are very useful in this context, because European and Chinese power holders similarly portrayed "the Other" as exotic, uncivilized, or savage, simultaneously sharing a confused notion of cultural relativism. The female is the ultimate “Other." In patriarchal societies a woman is defined with reference to the man, and is therefore merely an inessential supporting actor, defined by the male subject. Joan Scott's contribution to the field of gender studies has been a theoretical framework upon which to model gender studies of literature, dividing one's analysis into four basic areas, symbolic gendered representations, drawn from religion, mythology, philosophy, legend, etc., normative concepts, social structures, and subjective identities.
Through the lens of the different ideologies of the travel journal authors—Catholicism, Protestantism, Confucianism—different rhetorical strategies become evident. Female Pingpu aborigines were represented as witches, “old wives,” priestesses akin to the Greek tradition, and even similar to Chinese “fox spirits,” imbued with evil power, bewitching the minds of their community members. Although many of these representations were negative in tone, the very existence of the “powerful female” trope in the writings of the patriarchal authors is proof that the Pingpu priestesses were leaders in their communities. Through a detailed analysis of the gender politics represented in these foreign journals and letters, this paper hopes to rediscover some measure of Pingpu female subjectivity, which was almost completely destroyed during the colonial period. Using the theories of power developed by Foucault, in addition to theories of the performativity of gender advanced by Judith Butler, this thesis seeks to understand both the literary representation of female Formosan shamans, and to excavate their subjectivity buried in this foreign prose.
一、臺灣文獻史料
(明)陳第著,沈有容輯: 〈東番記〉(《閩海贈言》臺北市 : 臺灣銀行經濟研究室,臺灣研究叢刊第56種,1959年)。
(清)沈光文:《沈光文全集及其研究資料彙編》(新營:台南縣文化中心,1998)。
(清)郁永河原著,許俊雅校釋:《裨海紀遊》(台北市:國立編譯管,2009)。
(清)高拱乾著:《臺灣府志》(南投市 : 臺灣省文獻委員會,1993)。
(清)蔣毓英著:《臺灣府志》(南投市 : 臺灣省文獻委員會,1993)。
Blussé, Leonard and Marius P. H. Roessingh. “A Visit to the Past: Soulang, a Formosan Village Anno 1623.” 《蕭龍記》 Archipel. Vol. 27, 1984.
Blusse, Leonard, Natalie Everts, and Evelien Frech. The Formosan Encounter. 《遇見福爾摩沙》Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines, 1999.
Campbell, William. Formosa under the Dutch. 《荷蘭人下的福爾摩沙》London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Truener & Co., 1903.
Churchill, John. A Collection of Voyages and Travels. 《遊記與旅遊集》London: Awnsham and John Churchill, 1744.
Harrison, Henrietta. Natives of Formosa : British Reports of the Taiwan Indigenous People, 1650-1950. 《福爾摩沙的原住民:關於臺灣原住民之英國報告》Taipei: Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines, 2001.
Mateo, J E B. Spaniards in Taiwan: (Documents). 1582 - 1641. 《西班牙人在臺灣》Taipei: SMC Publ., 2001.
Schmalkalden, Caspar. Die Wundersamen Risen des Caspar Schmalkalden each West- und Ostindien 1642-52 [The Marvelous Travels of Caspar Schmalkalden to the West and East Indies]. Wolfgang Joost, ed. Leipzig: Acta Humaniora, 1983. 譯文出於鄭維中著,《製作福爾摩沙》(台北:如果出版,2006)頁133-4。
Struys, John. The Perilous and Most Unhappy Voyages of John Struys. 《Struys之險遊》London: 1683.
二、專書
黃美玲:《明清時期臺灣遊記研究》(台北:文津出版社,2012)。
黃晨淳編著:《媽祖的故事》(台北:好讀出版,2005)。
de Beauvoir, Simone. Constance Borde trans. The Second Sex. 《第二個性別》New York: Vintage Books, 2011.
Bell, Catherine. Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. 《儀式:其角度與層次》Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. 《性別麻煩》 London: Routledge, 1990.
Chiu, Hsin-hui(邱馨慧). The Colonial 'Civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624-1662. 《荷蘭治時期的殖民「文明化運動」: (1624-1662)》TANAP Monographs on the History of Asian-European Interaction, Vol. 10. Leiden: Brill, 2008.
Eliade, Mircea. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. 《薩滿:狂喜的古老技術》New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1964.
Fischer-Lichte, Erika. The Transformative Power of Performance: A New Aesthetics. 《表演之演化力量》London: Routledge, 2008.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish. 《紀律與懲罰》London: Peregrine Books, 1978.
Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. 《性別歷史》London: Allen Lane, 1979.
Franklin, Sarah, Celia Lury, and Jackie Stacey. Global Nature, Global Culture. 《全球性格、全球文化》London: Sage, 2000.
Goffman, Erving. Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. 《日常生活中呈現自我》New York: Random House, 1959.
Huntington, Rania. Alien Kind. 《異類》Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.
Kallendorf, H. Exorcism and Its Texts: Subjectivity in Early Modern Literature of England and Spain. 《驅魔及其文獻》Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.
Ko, Dorothy (高彦頤). Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth Century China. 《十七世紀中國女性及其文化》Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
de León, Luis. La Perfecta Casada. 《理想的婦人》ed. Elizabeth Wallace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1903.
Martin, D B. Inventing Superstition: From the Hippocratics to the Christians. 《發明迷信》Boston: Harvard University Press, 2009.
McNay, Lois. Foucault and Feminism: Power, Gender and the Self.《福柯與女性主義》 Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992.
Millett, Kate. Sexual Politics.《性別政治》 Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1970.
Nelson, Sarah. Shamanism and the Origin of States. 《薩滿與國家的興起》New York: Routledge, 2008.
Poska, A M. Women and Authority in Early Modern Spain: The Peasants of Galicia. 《近代時期西班牙之女性及其權威》Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes. 《帝國的眼睛》London: Routledge, 1992.
Said, Edward. Orientalism. 《東方主義》London: Penguin, 1977.
Schechner, Richard. Performance Theory. 《表演裡理論》London: Routledge, 2004.
Shepherd, John. Marriage and Mandatory Abortion among the 17th Century Siraya. 《西拉雅十七世紀婚禮強制墮胎系統》Arlington: American Ethnological Society, 1995.
Simons, Jonathon. Foucault and the Political. 《福柯與政治學》London: Routledge, 2013.
Stewart, Pamela and Andrew Strathern. Ritual. 《儀式》London: Ashgate, 2010.
Teng, Emma Jinhua(鄧津華). Taiwan's Imagined Geography. 《想像台灣:中國殖民旅遊書寫與圖像》 Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004.
Vives, J L, trans. Fantazzi, C. The Education of a Christian Woman: A Sixteenth-Century Manual. 《基督教女信徒的教育》Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Waite, G K. Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. 《近代時期歐洲之異端教、魔法與巫婆》New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Winkelman, Michael. Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing. 《薩滿說:治療與知覺之生育、敬神與社會範式》Santa Barbara: Praiger, 2010.
三、一般單篇論文及學術會議論文
方豪著:〈郁永河及其裨海紀遊〉,《大陸雜誌》,第1卷第6期,1950年9月,頁12-17。
宋澤萊著,評郁永河:〈《裨海紀遊》──並論台灣文學史上的傳奇時代〉,《台灣學研究通訊》,2006年10月,頁108-128。
林秀珍:〈沈光文詩文集中建構的臺灣圖像〉,《正修通識教育學報》,第11期,2014年6月,頁59-84。
林茂賢:〈臺灣媽祖傳說及其本土化現象〉《國家與教育》,第1卷,2007年3月,頁87。
林淑慧:〈臺灣清治前期旅遊書寫的文化義藴〉,《中國學術年刊》,第27期,2005年,頁245-280。
周婉窈:〈山在瑤波碧浪中:總論明人的台灣認識〉,《台大歷史學報》,第40期,2007年12月,頁93-148。
周婉窈:〈陳第〈東番記〉—十七世紀初台灣西南地區的實地調查報告〉,《故宮文物月刊》,第241卷,2003年4月,頁2-45。
莊雅仲:〈《裨海紀遊》:徘徊於自我與異己之間〉,《新史學》,第4卷第3期 ,1993年9月,頁59-79。
胡台麗:〈排灣古樓祭儀的元老經語與傳說〉《民族學研究所資料彙編》,第20卷,2007年,頁39–63。
陳芷凡:〈從東番到 Formosa—試探[(明)陳第著]〈東番記〉、〈福爾摩沙報告〉[by G. Candidius]中的性別書寫〉,《臺灣文學研究學報》,2008年4月,頁75-101。
陳嘉琳:〈郁永河〈臺灣竹枝詞〉之研究〉,《華醫社會人文學報》,第14卷,2006年12月,頁115-126。
許俊雅:〈陳第與〈東番記〉〉,《中國學術年刊》,第13期,1992年4月,頁237-261。
康培德著:〈環境、空間與區域:地理學觀點下十七世紀中葉「大肚王」統治的消長〉,《臺大文史哲學報》第59期,2003年11月,頁108。
康培德:〈「文明」與「野蠻」—荷蘭東印度公司對臺灣原住民的認知與地理印象〉,《新史學雜誌》,第 25卷第1期,2014年3月。
黃文德:〈郁永河《裨海紀遊》:從臺灣自然人文的探奇到認同的調適〉,《全國新書資訊月刊》,第152期,2011年8月,頁53-56。
Adams, Julia. “The Rule of the Father: Patriarchy and Patrimonialism in Early Modern Europe.” 〈近代歐洲之父權社會〉Max Weber’s Economy and Society: A Critical Companion. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005.
Bial, Henry. “What is Performance?” 〈表演是什麼?〉 Performance Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Frye, Northrop. “‘The Archetypes of Literature.’” The Kenyan Review. Vol. 13, No. 1.
Ge, Sun. “How Does Asia Mean?” 〈亞洲是如何定義的〉 Inter Asia Cultural Studies. Volume 1, Issue 1, 2000, pp. 14.
Gladney, Dru C. "Representing Nationality in China: Refiguring Majority/Minority Identities." 〈在中國再現國籍:重整大眾與少數族群之形象〉 The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 1, No. 97, pp. 16.
Hsia, Li Ming and Ethan Yorgason. "Hou Shan in Maps: Orientalism in Taiwan's Geographic Imagination." 〈 地圖當中的「後山」〉 Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, Vol. 2, December 2008.
Kershaw, Baz. “Performance, Community, Culture.” 〈表演、社會與文化〉The Routledge Reader in Politics and Performance. London: Routledge, 2002.
Said, Edward. “Foucault and the Imagination of Power.” 〈福柯與權利的想像〉Foucault: A Critical Reader. London: Blackwell, 1986.
Schein, Louisa. "Gender and Internal Orientalism in China." 〈中國的性別與內部東方主義〉 Modern China. Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 69-98.
Scott, Joan W. "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis." 〈性別: 一個有用的範疇〉The American Historical Review, Vol. 91, No. 5., pp. 1053-1075.
Sutton, Donald. “Shamanism in the Eyes of Ming and Qing Chinese Elites.” 《明清文人眼中的薩滿》Heterodoxy in Late Imperial China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004, p. 4-24.
Turner, Victor, and Edie Turner. “Performing Ethnography.” 〈演出民族志〉Performance Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 2004.
四、學位論文
林淑慧:《臺灣清治時期散文發展與文化變遷》(國立臺灣師範大學國文系博士論文,2005)。
郭侑欣:《憂鬱的亞熱帶:郁永河《裨海紀遊》的台灣圖像及衍異》(靜宜大學中文研究所碩士論文,2000年)。
陳虹如:《郁永河《裨海紀遊》研究》(國立臺灣師範大學國文研究所碩士論文,1999年)。
黃瀞儀:《平埔族婦女形象與角色的變遷(1603-1895)》(國立暨南國際大學歷史系碩士論文,2007)。
五、網路資料
林昌華:〈殖民背影下的宣教一一十七世紀荷蘭改革宗教會的宣教師與西拉雅族〉(平埔文化資訊網,http://www.ianthro.tw/p/101)。