簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 林青秀
Ching-Hsiu Lin
論文名稱: 青少年失落經驗、社會支持與自我傷害相關之研究
A Study of Loss Experiences, Social Supports, and Self-mutilation of the Adolescents
指導教授: 蔡順良
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2010
畢業學年度: 98
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 201
中文關鍵詞: 失落經驗社會支持自我傷害
英文關鍵詞: loss experiences, social supports, self-mutilation
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:362下載:43
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討青少年的失落經驗社會支持與自我傷害三者之間的關係。以臺北縣市七所公立國中的七、八年級學生為研究對象,共計1,117名。本研究採用問卷調查法進行資料收集,所使用的研究工具包括『失落經驗量表』、『社會支持量表』及『自我傷害量表』。調查所得資料分別以t考驗、典型相關、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料處理。本研究的主要發現如下:
    一、 失落經驗方面,在『互動關係失落』、『自我價值(評價)失落』的得分上,女生顯著高於男生。在『重要客體失落』的得分上,男女生則無顯著差異。
    二、 社會支持方面,在『情緒(感)支持』、『評價性/回饋性支持』及『訊息性/建議性支持』的得分上,女生皆顯著高於男生。
    三、 自我傷害方面,在『負面情緒』、『退縮/自我批評』的得分上,女生皆顯著高於男生。在『攻擊行為』及『自殘自傷』的得分上,男女生則無顯著差異。
    四、 青少年的失落經驗、社會支持與自我傷害有相關存在。失落經驗與自我傷害為低度正相關;社會支持與自我傷害為低度負相關。
    五、失落經驗中的『自我價值(評價)失落』、『互動關係失落』、『重要客體失落』與社會支持中的『情緒(感)性支持』、『評價性/回饋性支持』分量表可有效預測青少年自我傷害。其中,『自我價值(評價)失落』最能預測青少年的自我傷害。
    本研究根據以上的研究結果加以討論,並提出針對教育相關單位及親職上的應用與未來研究的建議。

    This study investigates the relationships among loss experiences , social supports and self-mutilation. The sample consisted of 1,117 students from the 7th and 8th grades from seven junior high schools in Taipei.
    Instruments used in this study include “The Loss Experiences Questionnaire”, “The Social Supports Questionnaire” and “The Self-mutilation Questionnaire”. Data obtained in this study are analyzed with the means of t-test, canonical correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis.
    The main findings are as follows:
    1.With regard to loss experiences, the scores of female students are higher than those of male students on interaction relationship loss and self-worth(self-evaluation) loss. There was no significant difference on
    important object loss.
    2.With regard to social supports, the scores of female students are higher than those of male students on emotional support, appraisal support, and informational support.
    3. With regard to self-injurious, the scores of female students are higher than those of male students on negative emotion, and withdrawal (self-criticism).
    There was no significant difference on aggressive behavior, and self-mutilation/ self-injury.
    4.The result of canonical correlation analyses reveals that self-mutilation is
    associated with loss experiences and social supports. Loss experiences are positively correlated with self-mutilation and social supports are negatively correlated with self-injurious.
    5. According to the result of regression stepwise analyses, self-worth(self-evaluation) loss, interaction relationship loss, important object loss , emotional support, and appraisal support seem to significantly
    predict self-mutilation, which accounted for 27.6% of the variance of the self-injurious.
    Based on the results, implications of this study for education-related organizations, and parenting are discussed, and suggestions for future research are proposed.
    Keywords: loss experiences, social supports , self-mutilation

    中文摘要............................................Ⅰ 英文摘要.........................................Ⅱ 目錄...............................................Ⅲ 表次.....................................................Ⅳ 圖次......................................................Ⅵ 第一章 緒論...........................................1 第一節 研究動機與目的.......................................................1 第二節 研究問題與假設....................................................................................6 第三節 重要名詞釋義........................................................................................8 第二章 文獻探討................................11 第一節 失落經驗的理論基礎與相關研究..........................11 第二節 社會支持的理論基礎與相關研究..........................41 第三節 自我傷害的理論基礎與相關研究..........................69 第三章 研究方法.......................91 第一節 研究架構與設計..............91 第二節 研究對象............................92 第三節 研究工具.............................94 第四節 實施程序.............................114 第五節 資料處理.............................116 第四章 研究結果.......................................119 第一節 青少年失落經驗、社會支持與自我傷害的現況...............119 第二節 不同性別青少年失落經驗、社會支持及自我傷害的差異情形....128 第三節 不同社會支持程度青少年在失落經驗與自我傷害的差異情形....131 第四節 青少年失落經驗、社會支持及自我傷害之典型相關結果........135 第五節 青少年失落經驗與社會支持對自我傷害之迴歸分析...........142 第五章 結果討論....................................155 第一節 青少年失落經驗、社會支持與自我傷害的現況之探討.........155 第二節 不同性別青少年在失落經驗、社會支持與自我傷害上的差異 情形探討162 第三節 不同社會支持程度的青少年在失落經驗、自我傷害上的差異 情形探討166 第四節 青少年失落經驗、社會支持與自我傷害的典型相關討論.......168 第五節 青少年失落經驗、社會支持預測自我傷害之結果討論.........170 第六章 結論與建議.................................173 第一節 結論......................................173 第二節 研究限制..............................174 第三節 建議.....................................175 參考文獻............................................179 中文部分..............................................179 西文部分..............................................185 附錄:青少年生活失落經驗、社會支持及感受反應研究問卷【正式用】..197

    一、中文部分
    井敏珠(民81):已婚職業婦女生活壓力與因應策略、社會支持與工作適應之關係。國立政治大學社會學研究所。
    內政部統計處(民88 ):中華民國八十八年臺閩地區青少年身心狀況調查報告。
    王如(民86):大學生自殺意念相關因素之研究-自殺意念預測模式初探。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。

    王美文(民96):國中生自我傷害行為及相關影響因素之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系所碩士論文。

    王修平、陸汝斌 (民81):自殘行為。國防醫學,14卷,1期,89-92頁。
    王家麟(民89):校園自我傷害防治及危機處理。高中教育,15卷,18-19頁。
    王純琪(民88):重症兒童對死亡的覺察、情緒經驗及其父母的反應之研究─以罹患白血病兒童為例。國立高雄師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。

    王慶福,王郁茗(民96):分手的認知及調適之評量研究。中華心理衛生學刊,20卷,205-233頁。(TSSCI)(國科會NSC-90-2413-H-040-001-SSS, NSC-91-2413-H-040-001)
    朱士炘(民77):青少年的生活壓力與適應之研究。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。
    行政院主計處(民92):『青少年狀況調查』。2003年1月20日,取自http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/censun~n/four/youth.doc。

    行政院青年輔導委員會(民97):學童自殘。2008年6月12日,取自 http://www.youthhub.tw/news/content_p1.php?pg_serial=2894。

    吳曲輝 譯(民81):社會學理論的結構。臺北:桂冠圖書公司。
    吳秀碧(民84):哀傷治療工作坊活動手冊。國立彰化師範大學學生輔導中心。
    吳秀碧(民90):國中階段青少年哀傷諮商人員的訓練。『臺灣地區國中生生死教育教學研討會』論文資料暨大會手冊。
    吳宜寧(民85):青少年的日常生活壓力、社會支持與因應策略之探討─以高中職學生為例。東吳大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
    吳金水(民79)。國中生的「自殺傾向」實態調查及其與「自我概念」之關係研究。臺南師範學院初等教育學報,2期,181-249 頁。
    吳秋月(民88):子女知覺父母婚姻暴力經驗、社會支持及共依附之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩土論文。

    吳紅鑾 譯(民90):Corr C.A. & Balk D.E.著(1999)。死亡與喪慟-青少年輔導手冊。臺北:心理。
    吳英璋、金樹人、許文耀 (民83):校園自我傷害防治計劃執行報告。教育部訓委會。
    吳靜吉(民73):誰來支持我?張老師月刊,84期,60~62頁。
    呂孟真(民96): 自我傷害動機、負向情緒、經驗迴避、情緒調節與青少年自我傷害行為之關係探索。國立政治大學心理學系碩士論文。
    李佩怡(民84):學校如何協助學生面對死亡的失落事件(上)。輔導季刊,31(4),49-53頁。
    李佩怡(民85):臺灣地區大學生失落事件、失落反應與調適行為之描述性研究— 以北部四所大學為例。中華心理衛生學刊,9(1),27-54頁。
    李茂興 譯(民85),Gerald Corey 著。諮商與心理治療的理論與實務。臺北:揚智文化。
    李開敏、林方皓、章玉仕、葛書倫 譯,(民84):悲傷輔導與悲傷治療。譯自Worden, J. W. (1991). Grief Counseling and grief therapy: a handbook for the mental health practitioner (2nd ed.). 臺北:心理。
    李雅玲(民78):癌症死亡兒童的母親其哀傷反應及調適行為之研究。國立臺灣大學護理學系碩士論文。
    李開敏、林方皓、張玉仕、葛書倫(譯)(民84):J. W. Worden 著。悲傷輔導與悲傷治療。臺北市︰心理。
    兒童福利聯盟文教基金會(2008)。2008「哎喲喂呀」兒童專線來電分析報告。2008年3月,取自 http://www.children.org.tw/
    周梅琴(民86):支持性團體諮商對於喪親悲傷的大學生影響效果之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。

    周淑如(民96):家庭暴力經驗、社會支持與國中生偏差行為之關聯性研究。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
    屈寧英(民93):高中生生活壓力、社會支持、行為模式與幸福感相關性之研究---以臺北市立某女子高級中學為例。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所。
    林玉華、樊雪梅譯(民93),《當代精神分析導論—理論與實務》。Anthony Bateman & Jeremy Holmes著,臺北:五南。
    林杏真(民91):自傷青少年生活壓力、社會支持與自我強度的發展及其關係研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。

    林金蟬(民83):後天性顏面傷殘成人悲傷反應之特徵及因應之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。

    林柏廷(民95):國中學生依附關係、自尊、完美主義與生活適應關係之研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
    林家塋(民88):喪失子女的父母失落與悲傷反應及復原歷程之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。

    林錦定(民83):無喉者生活適應與社會支持之探討。國防醫學院護理學研究所碩士論文。
    林麗玲(民83):燒燙傷兒童社會支持統與福利需求之研究。東吳社會工作研究所碩士論文。
    邱珮怡(民89): 國中轉學生社會支持、控制信念與學校適應關係之研究。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
    邱珮怡(民89):國中轉學生社會支持、控制信念與學校適應關係之研究。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
    邱瓊慧(民77):社會支持與國中學生的生活壓力及生活適應之相關研究。國立臺灣師大教心與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    施雅薇(民93):國中生生活壓力、負向情緒調適、社會支持與憂鬱情緒之關聯。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。

    洪玲茹(民91):社教機構員工工作壓力、社會支持與專業承諾關係之研究—以高雄市公立社教機構為例。屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
    胡淑媛(民81):青少年自殺傾向相關因素之研究。中華文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。

    唐子俊、郭敏慧 譯(民91):D. Simeon & E. Hollander著。自我傷害的評估與治療。臺北市:五南。
    徐偉雄、夏一新、江漢光(民84):自傷行為的探討。國防醫學雜誌,20期,159-163頁。
    高明珠(民89):國小兒童依附關係、內外控人格特質、社會支持與其生活及學習適應相關之研究。國立臺南師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
    高迪理(民80):社會支持體系概念之架構之探討。社區發展季刊,54期,24-31頁。
    高靜懿、陳智倫 執編(民84):校園自我傷害防治處理手冊。臺北:教育部。
    涂爾幹(Durkheim,A.,1897/1990):『自殺論』 。黃秋隆 譯 自G. Simpson (Trans., 1897/1961)):臺北:結構群。
    高雄市政府教育局主編(民87)。生死教育手冊。高雄市:教育局。
    張明麗(民90):單親兒童憂鬱與社會支持之研究。中華技術學院學報,22期,272-284頁。
    張春興(民80):現代心理學。臺北:東華書局。

    張郁芬(民90):國小教師工作壓力、社會支持與身心健康之研究。嘉義大學國民教育研究所碩士論文。
    張淑美(民88):失落與悲傷的面對與超克。生死學研究通訊,3卷,1-4頁。
    張馨濤 譯(民91):校園中的女學生:探究年輕女孩自尊與自信的缺口。臺北:女書文化。
    教育部(民84):校園自我傷害防治處理手冊。臺北:教育部。
    梁美寬(民72):一位蒙古症新生兒母親失落與悲傷的反應。護理雜誌,30(3),頁39-45。
    莊榮俊(民91):國中學生自我概念、生活適應與自我傷害關係之研究。南華大學生死學研究所碩士論文。
    許文耀,吳英璋,胡淑媛,翁嘉英(民83)自我傷害行為與身心健康的關係。中華輔導學報,2期, 160-179頁。
    許文耀、吳英璋(民84):『自傷行為徵兆評估量表』編製計劃,第一年計劃期末報告。臺北:教育部訓育委員會。
    許文耀、吳英璋、胡淑媛、翁嘉英 (民83):自我傷害行為與身心健康的關係。中華輔導學報,2卷,160-179頁。
    陳文棋 譯 (民80):S. A. Kaiser 著。失落感(初版九刷):臺北市︰遠流。
    陳怡君(民94):國中生網路使用行為、同儕關係與自我概念之研究。中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文。
    陳苑茹(民95): 挫折復原力、自我概念與社會支持對國軍士兵自傷行為傾向關係之探究。政治作戰學校軍事社會行為科學研究所碩士論文。 

    陳皎眉(民75):少年十五二十時。臺北:桂冠。
    陳毓文(民90):青少年自傷行為分析及其因應對策。行政院青年輔導委員會。
    陳毓文(民95):一般在學青少年自殘行為之相關環境因素初探。中華心理衛生學刊,19(2),95-124頁。
    陳毓文、鄭麗珍(民90):青少年自我傷害行為分析及其因應對策(初版)。臺北市:行政院青年輔導委員會。
    陳瑩珊(民89):國小學童依附關係、失落經驗與生活適應之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。

    章薇卿譯(民96):走在失落的憂谷─悲傷因應指引手冊。Neimeyer, R. A (1998)Lessons of loss: A guide to coping. 臺北:心理。
    單延愷(民84):青少年自殺行為危險因子與危險警訊之探討。中原大學心理學研究所碩士學位論文。

    黃仁峰(民92):老榮民鄰里社會網絡支持、社區意識與臺灣地區意識關係之研究。南華大學生死學研究所。
    黃河南(民76):失落的紋身藝術。臺北:龍和。
    黃秉輝(民90):犯罪少年刺青行為相關因素之研究。國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。

    黃曼婷(民90):家庭主婦志願工作者社會支持、婚姻滿意度、親子關係之研究。國立政大學社會學系碩士論文。

    黃淑清(民87):失落的因應歷程之探討—以青少年時期父(母)親過世的成人為例。國立政治大學教育學系碩士論文。
    黃雅羚(民92):青少年自傷經驗之分析研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
    黃禎貞(民91):青少年死亡概念、失落經驗及其教育需求之研究。學校衛生,41期,46-68。
    黃慧涵(民81):青年學生對父母過世的哀傷反應、調適行為與家庭關係之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。
    葉在庭(民90):青少年情緒調適、焦慮、社會支持及生活事件與自殺意念的關係。中華輔導學報,10卷,151-178。
    董氏基金會(民93):青少年日常生活、網路使用與憂鬱傾向之相關性調查。2007年6月17日,取自http://www.jtf.org.tw/psyche/melancholia/survey.asp?This=64&Page=1。

    鄔佩麗(民85):從失落經驗看單親家庭因應策略之研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫報告。NSC 83-0301-H-003-023。
    廖淳婉(民75):臺北地區高職學生生活壓力與適應之研究。國立臺灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
    廖進安(民92):社會支持與國中生犯罪被害恐懼感之相關研究—以臺北市國民中學學生為例。南華大學教育社會學研究所碩士論文。
    熊英君(民95):國中生之內外控、社會支持、情緒智力與學業成就之相關研究-以板橋市國中為例。私立銘傳大學教育研究所碩士論文。
    趙若男、嚴育玲(民87):專訪高雄師範大學輔導研究所楊瑞珠教授—談失落與悲傷的輔導也是生命教育的一環。輔導通訊,55卷,1-5頁。
    趙慧敏(民94):青少年分手後的個人因應、社會支持與心身健康之關聯性探討。東吳大學心理學系碩士論文。
    劉美華(民85):大一學生之因應行為、社會支持與身心困擾的相關性研究。長庚護理學所碩士論文。
    劉素琴(民95)。高中職學生人際困擾求助態度與求助策略之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系研究所碩士論文。
    劉麟祥(民98):臺東小學女生集體割腕自殘 稱做了件很轟動的事。2009年6月2日,聯合報新聞。
    蔡文佩(民84):入伍新生社會支持與其身心困擾之相關因素探討。國防醫學院護理研究所碩士論文。
    蔡宜玲(民91):自殺意念青少年復原行為之探討:復原力之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。
    蔡美雪(民95):生活壓力、制握信念、社會支持與青少年偏差行為之關係。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
    蔡素玲(民86):青少年依附品質、社會支持與自殺傾向之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。
    蔡嘉慧(民87):國中生的社會支持、生活壓力與憂鬱傾向之相關研究。高雄:國立高雄師範大學研究所碩士論文。
    鄭丞斌(民93):國中階段自傷青少年成長歷程、自我概念、自傷經驗之研究。中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
    鄭宇彣(民93):與父母分離-個體化、貴人經驗與國中生的人我知覺、人際互動模式之關係研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    鄭美玲(民86):青少年癌症患者的住院經驗。私立高雄醫學院護理學系碩士論文。

    鄭惠文(民89):失業青年之生活壓力、休閒支持、休閒決心與身心健康之關係研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所。
    鄭惠萍(民91):雙親教養態度、人格特質、社會支持、生活事件與青少年心. 理健康。國立成功大學醫學院護理學系碩士論文。
    鄭照順(民86):高壓力青少年所知覺之家庭、社會支持及其因應效能之研究。學生輔導,47卷,128-142頁。
    鍾思嘉(民88):存在失落:一個大學生災後心理輔導的課題。輔導季刊,35(3),37-39頁。
    聶慧文(民93):大學生經歷失落事件的悲傷迷思、因應行為與至今復原程度之關聯性研究。國立交通大學教育研究所。
    羅國英(民85):青少年前期的同儕關係:親子關係的延續、競爭或彌補? 東吳社會工作學報,4卷,35—78頁。

    蘇俊賢(民96):了解自殘行為,遠離自我傷害。2007年6月8日,取自KingNet國家網路醫院http://hospital.kingnet.com.tw。
    蘇彙珺(民87):社會支持、自我效能與國中學生壓力因應歷程中認知評估及因應策略的相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    蘇慧君、劉玲君(民85):青少年對自傷行為之看法與態度。學生輔導通訊。 42期,110-120頁
    龔慧珠(民81):面對轉換與失落。學生輔導通訊,22期,56-61頁。

    二、西文部分
    Adam, K. S. (1994). Suicidal behavior and attachment: A developmental model. In M. B. Sperling, & W. H. Berman(Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspective. New York: The Guiford Press.
    Andrez, M., Bernardes, S., & Afonso, H. (2003). Perceived social support as an offshoot of attachment style. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(3), 485-501.
    Argyle, M. (1967).Psychological and interpersonal Behavior, London: Pelican Co..
    Bennett, D. and Morris, I. 1983 "Suppor and Rehabilitation." F. N. Watts and D. H. Bennett(Eds.), Theory and Practice of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd: 189-211.
    Bennum,I.(1983).Depression and hostility in self-mutilation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior , 13, 71-84.
    Besser, A., Priel, B., & Wiznitzer, A. (2002). Childbearing depressive symptomatology in high-risk pregnancies : the roles of working models and social support. Personal relationships, 9, 395-413.
    Block, J., Gjerde, P. F., & Block, J. H. (1991). Personality antecedents of depressive tendencies in 18-year old: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 726-738.
    Boekhout, B., Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (2000). The loss of loved ones: The impact of relationship infidelity. In John H. Harvey & Eric D. Miller (Eds.), Loss and Trauma: General and close relationship perspectives (pp. 358-374). PA: Brunner-Routledge.
    Bowlby, J. (1958). The Nature of The Child's Tie To His Mother. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 39, 350-373.
    Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books.
    Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
    Bowlby, J.(1980). Attachment and loss: Vol.3. Loss, sadness, and depression. New York Basic Books.
    Brammer, L. M. (1993). The helping relationship process and skills. New York: Allyn and Bacon.
    Brent, D.A.(1995). Risk factors for adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior:Mental and substance abuse disorders, family environmental factors, and life stress. Suicide and Life-Threating Behavior,25(S),52-63.
    Brown, B. H., Richards, H. C., & Wilson, C. A.(1996). Pet bonding and pet bereavement among adolescents. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74( 5), 505-509.
    Brown, Y. (1993). Perinatal loss: A framework for practice. Health care for women international, 15, 469-479.
    Budman, S. H. & Gurman, A. S.(1988). Theory and practice of brief therapy. New York: Guilford.
    Burke, R. J., & Weir, T.(1978).Sex differences in adolescent life stress, social support, and well being. Journal of psychology, 98, 277-288.
    Caplan, G.(1974). Support systems. In G. Caplan( ED.), Support systems and community mental health. New York:Basic Books.
    Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affects: A control-process view. Psychology Review, 97(1), 19-35.
    Cheng, C. (1998). Getting the right kind of support: functional differences in the types of social support on depression for Chinese adolescents. Journal of clinical psychology, 54(6), 845-849.
    Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 300-314.
    Cohen, S. & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(21), 310-357.
    Colvin, M. F., Cullen, T.&Thomas V. V. (2002).Coercion, Social Support, and Crime:An Emerging Theoretical onsensus.Criminology, 40, 19-42。
    Cook, A. S., & Dworkin, D. S. (1992). Helping the bereaved. N Y.: Basic Books.
    Cooley, C. H. (1972). Social organization: A study of the larger mind. New York: Schocken Books.
    Cooper AM: The narcissistic-masochistic character, in Masochism, NJ, Analytic Press,1988,pp.117-138.
    Cornwell, B.(2003). The dynamic properties of social support: Decay, growth, and staticity, and their effects on adolescent depression. Social Forces, 82(3), 953-978.
    Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (l990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B.R. Satason, I.G. Sarason, & G.R.Pierce. (Eds.), Social support: An Interactional view (pp.319-366). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    D`Andrea, M. and others.(1990). Testing the validity of a four-factor model of personal loss. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 322 488)
    Daley, S. E. & Hammen, C. (2002). Depressive symptoms and close relationships during the transition to adulthood: perspectives from dysphoric women, their best friend, and their romantic partners. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 129-141.
    Dodge, K. A. (1993). Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 559-584.
    Dudley, J., (1995). When grief visits school. ED 312563.
    Dusek, J. B.(1987). Adolescent development and behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
    Dyregrov, A.(1991). Grief in children: A handbook for adults. London and Bristol, Pennsylvania: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
    Emily, S. H.(1991). Adolescent bereavement following the death of a parent: An Exploratory Study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 214(4), 267-345.
    Erikson, E. H. (1950/1953). Childhood and Society. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
    Favazza, A. R., & Conterio, K. (1989). Female habitual self-mutilators. Acta Psychiatry Scand, 79, 283-289.
    Favazza, A., & Simeon, D. (1995). Self-mutilation. In E. Hollander, & D. J. Stein (Eds.), Impulsivity and aggression (x ed.) (pp. 185; 372-200). Oxford, England: John Wiley and Sons.
    Favazza,A.R.(1996). Bodies under siege ---self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry(2nd ed.).The Johns Hopkins University Press Ltd., London
    Favazza,A.R.,& Conterio,K. (1989).Female habitual self- mutilators. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavica ,79, 283-289.
    Finkelsten, H.(1988). The long -term effects of early parent death: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(1), 3-9.
    Folkman , S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219-239.
    Folkman, S. , & Lazarus, R. S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York : Springer Publishing Company.
    Fondacaro, M. R. & Moos, R. H. (1987). Social support and coping: a longitudinal analysis. American journal of community psycholog,15, 653-673.
    Frankl, V. E.(1959). Man’s search for meaning. New York: Pocket.
    Freud, S. (1957). On transience. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud: Vol. 14. London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1917)
    Friedman, M., Glasser, M., Laufer, E., Laufer, M., & Wohl, M. (1972). Attempted suicide and self-mutilation in adolescence: Some observations from a psychoanalytic research project. British Journal of Psychoanalysis, 53, 179-183
    Garbarino, J.,& Plantz, M.C.(1984). Troubled Youth, Troubled Families: Understanding Families at Risk for Adolescent Maltreatment. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
    Gilbert, K.R. (1997). Couple coping with death of a child. In C. R. Figley & B. E. Bride (Eds.), The tranmatology of grieving (pp. 101-121). Washington D.C.: Taylor & Francis.
    Glass, Jr., & Conrad, J. (1991). Death,loss,and grief among middle school children : Implications for the school counselor. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 26(2), 139-148.
    Gore, S. (1981). Stress-buffering functions of social support: An appraisal and clarification of research models. In: B.S. Dohrenwend & B.P. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events and their contexts (pp. 202-222). New York, NY: Prodist.
    Gottlieb, B. H. (1981). Social networks and social support in community mental health. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.). Social networks and social support. CA: Sage. Handbook of Bereavement (pp. 44-61). Cambridge University Press.
    Harris Clemes, Reynold Bean, Aminah Clark(1994)。怎樣建立青少年的自尊?(賈芸隸譯)。台北:東方出版社。
    Harter, S. (1982). Development perspectives on the self-esteem. Handbook of Child Psychology. (pp275-385). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
    Hawton,K.,& Fagg,J.(1992) .Deliberate self-poisoning and self-injury in adolescents: A study of characteristics and trends in Oxford,1976-1989.British Journal of Psychiatry,161,816-823.
    Helene, M.(1990). How children grieve: Implications for counseling. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 326 789)
    Heller, K. & Mansbach, W. E.(1984). The Multifaceted Nature of Social Support in a community sample of elderly women. Journal of Social Issues,40(4),99-112.
    Himber, J.(1994).Blood rituals : Self-cutting in female psychiatric patients. Psychotherapy,31 ,620-631.
    Hobfoll, S. E., & Stokes, J. P. (1988). The process and mechanics of social support. In S. Duck (Ed.). Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    Homans(1961) “Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms”, New York, Hartcourt, Brace and World.
    House, J. S.(1981). Work Stress and Social Support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
    House,J.,& Kahn,R.L.(1985).”Measures and Concepts of Social Support, ”In S.Cohen,& S.LSyme(Eds),Social support and Health,Orlando:Academic press,pp.89-108.
    Humphrey, G. M., & Zimpfer, D. G.,(1996). Counseling for grief and bereavement. London :Sage.
    Ivanoff,A.,Smyth,N.J.,Grochowski,S.,Sung,J.J.,&Klein,K.E.(1992).Problem solving and suicidality among prison inmates:Another look at state versus trait. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60,970-973
    Janoff-Bulman, R. & Frantz, C. M. (1996). The loss of illusions: The potent legacy of trauma. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 1, 133-150.
    Jessor, R., & Jessor, S.L. (1977).Problem Behavior and psychosocial Development:a Longitudinal Study of youth. New York:Academy press.
    John H. Harvey & Eric D. Miller (2001).Loss and Trauma: General and Close Relationship Perspectives. USA:BRUNNER-ROUTLEDGE.
    Jong, M. L. (1992), Attachment, individuation ,and risk of suicide in late adolescence,.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21(3), 357-373.
    Kandel, D. B., Ravies, V. H.,& Davis, M. (1991). Suicidal ideation in adolescence:Depression, substance use, and other risk factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 289–309.
    Kirmayer,L.J.,&Carroll, J.(1987)A neurobiological hypothesis on the nature of chronic self-mutilation. Integrative Psychiatry,5,212-213.
    Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J. and Buswell, B. N., 1999, ”Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis,” Psychological Bulletin, 125, 470-500.
    Kubler-Ross(1969).On Death and Dying.N.Y.:Macmillan.
    Laakso, H. & Paunonen-Ilmonen, M. (2002). Mothers’ experience of social support following the death of a child. Journal of clinical nursing,11,176-185.
    Lagrand, L. E.(1986). Coping with separation and loss as a young adult. Illinois: Charles C Thomas Publosher.
    LaGrande, L. (1989). Youth and the disenfranchised breakup. In K. Doka (Ed.), Disenfranchised grief: Recognizing hidden sorrow (pp.173-185).
    Lawrence, D. (1988). Enhancing self-esteem in the classroom. London: St. Edmundsbury Press.
    Ledezma, M. L.(1994). Dying and death: Helping children cope. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 370 037)
    Leibenluft, E., Gardner, D. L., & Cowdry, R. W. (1987). Special feature. The inner experience of the borderline self-mutilator. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1(4), 317–324.
    Leick, N. & Davidsen-Nielsen. (1991). Healing pain: Attatchment, loss and grief therapy. N. Y.: Routledge.
    Lewinsohn , P. M. , Rohde , P. , & Seeley , J. R.(1993). Psychosocial characteristics of adolescents with history of suicide attempt . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 60-68
    Lindermann, E. (1994). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, (6, suppl), 155-160. (Original work published 1944)
    Linehan,M.M.,Camper,P.,Chiles,J.A.,Strosahl,K.,&Shearin,E.(1987).Interpersonal problem solving and parasuicide. Cognitive Therapy and Research ,11,1-12.
    Lipschitz, D. S., Wingegar, R. K., Nicolaou, A. L., Hartnick, E., Wolfson, M., & Southwick,S. M. (1999). Perceived abuse and neglect as risk factors for suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 32-39.
    Malecki, C.K. & Demaray, M.K. (2003). What type support do they need ?investigating student adjustment as related to emotional, informational, appraisal and instrumental support. School psychology quarterly, 18(3), 231-252.
    Mallinckrodt, B. S., Leomg, F. T. L., & Fretz B. R.(1983). Stress management, sopport and resource groups for graduate students.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED240426)
    Marta, S. Y.(1996). When death or divorce occur: Helping children cope with loss. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 402 023)
    McWhirter, Benedict T. (1990). “Loneliness: A Review of Current Literature, With Implications for Counseling and Research,” Jouranl of Counseling & Development,Vol.68, p.417-421.
    Meshot, C. M., & Leitner, L. M.(1993). Adolescent mourning and parental death. Omega, 26(4), 287-299.
    Middleton, W., Raphael, B., Martinek, N., & Misso, V. (1993). Pathological grief reactions. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.),
    Miller, D. (1994). Using literature to build self-esteem in adolescents with learning and behavior problems. The Clearing House, 67(4), p207
    Miller, E. D., & Omarzu, J. (1998). New directions in loss research. In John H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook(pp.3-20). Washington D.C.: Taylor & Francis
    Morano, C. D. & Cisler, R. A. & Lemerond,J.(1993).Risk factors for adolescent suicide behavior:Loss、insufficient familial support and hopeless. Adolescence,28﹙112﹚851-866.
    Neimeyer, R. A. (1998). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
    Oatley, K. & Bolton, W. (1985). A social-cognitive theory of depression in reaction to life events. Psychological Review, 92(3), 372-388.
    Olson, L. A. & Shultz, K. S. (1994). Gender differences in the dimensionality of social support. Journal of applied social psychology, 24(14), 1221-1232.
    Osterweis, M. & Townsend, J.(1988). Helping bereaved children: A booklet for school personnel. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 314 650)
    Parks, C. M. (1970). The first year of bereavement: A longitudinal study of the reaction of London widows to death of husbands. Psychiatry, 33, 444-467.
    Pattison,E.M.,& Kahan,J.(1983) .The deliberate self-harm syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry,140,867-872.
    Pfeffer, C. R. (1986).The suicide child. NewYork :The Guildford Press.
    Procidano, E.M. & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friend and family: three validation studies. American journal of community psychology, 11, 1-24.
    Rando, T. A.(1984). Grief, dying and death. Illinois: Research press Company.
    Robert, K., & Angelo, K. (2001). Organizational behavior (5th ed.). The New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Romanoff, B. D. (1993). When a child dies: Special considerations for providing mental health counseling for bereaved parents. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 15, 384-393.
    Rosenblatt, P. C. (1993). Grief: The social context of private feelings. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Rosenthal, R. (1989). ‘A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect’. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 75, 708-712.
    Ross, R .R.,& Mckay, H.B.(1979). ‘Self-mutilation. Lexington’ .MA: DC Heath and Company.
    Ross, S., & Heath, N. (2002). A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 67-77.
    Russel,D.,Booth,B.,Reed,D.,& Laughlin,P.R.(1997).Personality, Social network,and perceived social support among alcoholics: a stucture eduation analysis. Journal of personality.65, 650-692.
    Sable, P.(1992). Attachment, loss of spouse, and disordered mourning. Families in Society: the Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 73(5), 266-273.
    Sanders, C. M.(1988). Risk factors in bereavement outcome. Journal of Social Issues, 44(3), 97-111.
    Sandler and Joffe (1965): helpless about losing something essential to self-esteem。《動力取向精神醫學》,第四版,李宇宙等 譯,臺北:心靈工坊
    Sarafino, E. P. (1990). Health Psychology (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
    Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R.(1983). Assessing social support: The social supportquestionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,44,127-139.
    Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B .R., & Shearin ,E.N. (1986). Social support as an individual difference variable: its stability origins, and relational aspect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 50, 845-855.
    Schaefer, C., Coyne, J. C., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981). The health-related functions of social support. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 381-406.
    Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (1992). Life crises and personal growth. In B. Carpenter (Ed.), Personal coping: Theory research, and application (pp.149-170). Westport, CT: Praeger.
    Schotte ,D.E.,&Clum,G.A.(1987).Problem-solving skills in suicidal psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology ,55,49-54.
    Shinn,M., Lehmann,S., & Wong,N.W.(1984).Social interaction and social support. Journal of Social Issuse,40,55-76.
    Silverman, P. R., & Klass, D. (1996). Introduction: What’s the problem? In D. Klaas, P. R. Silverman, & S. L. Nickman (Eds.), Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis.
    Simpson, M. A. (1980). Self-mutilation as indirect self-destructive behavior. In N. L. Farberow (Ed.), The many Faces of suicide: Indirect self-destructive behavior (pp. 257–283). New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Staker, J. (1986). Methodological and Conceptual Issues in Research on Social Support. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 37(5), 485-489
    Stanwood, D. L. (1992). Grief and process of recovery. Journal of Reality Therapy, Fall, 11-18.
    Stokes, J.P. & Wilson, D.G. (1984). The inventory of socially supportive behaviors: dimensions, prediction, and gender differences. American journal of community psychology, 12, 53-69
    Stroebe, M. S., & Schut, H.(2001). Meaning making in the dual process model of coping with bereavement. In R.A. Neimeyer(Eds), Meaning reconstruction & the experience of loss(pp. 55-73). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
    Stroebe, M., Schut, H. & Stroebe, W.(1998).Trauma and Grief:Acomparative. In J. H.Harvey, Perspective on Loss:A Sourcebook (pp. 81-96). Philadephia:Brunner/Mazel.
    Stroebe, W. and Stroebe, M. S. (1987). Bereavement and health: The psychological and physical consequences of partner loss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xii, 288.
    Stroebe, W., & Stroebe, M. S.(1992).Bereavement and health: Process of adjusting to the loss of a partner. In L. Mortada, S.H. Filipp & M.J. Lerner(Eds.). Life crises and experiences of loss in adulthood. Hillsdale: LEA.
    Sullivan HS: Personal Psychopathology. New York, Norton and Co.,1965, pp. 222-223.
    Sutherland, E.H. (1939). White-Collar Criminology. American Sociological Review 5.
    Suyemoto, K. L., & MacDonald, M. L.(1995). Self-cutting in female adolescents. Psychotherapy, 32(1), 162-171.
    Swindle, R. W.(1983). Social networks, perceived social support and coping with stress. Preventive psychology:Theory, research and practice in community intervention(pp. 87—103). New York:Pergramon.
    Tardy, C. H. (1985) “Social Support Measurement”, American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 13, No 2, pp. 187-202.
    Taylor, R. J.(1986). Receipt of support from family among black Americans:Demographic and familial differences. Journal of Marriage and the Family , 48 , pp.67-77.
    Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L.A. & Sears, D. O.(1994).Social Psychology(8th edition).Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma & transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage Publications, Inc.
    Thoits, P. A. (1982). Direct, indirect, and moderating effects of social support on psychological distress and associated conditions. In H. B. Kaplan(Ed.), Psychological stress: Trends in theory and research. New York: Academic Press.
    Thoits, P. A. 1985. Social support and Psychological well-being: Theoretical possibilities. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason(Eds.), Social Support: Theory, Research and applications, 51-72.
    Thompson, M., Kaslow, N. J., Lane, D. B., & Kingree, J.B. (2000). Childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and suicidal behavior among african american females. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(1), 3-15.
    Toth, P. L. (1997). A short-term grief and loss therapy group: Group members’ experiences. Journal of Personal & Interpersonal Loss, 2, 83-103.
    Turner, R. J.(1983).Direct,indirect,and moderating effects of social support on psychological distress and associated conditions. In Psychosocial Stress ( pp.105-147). American Press.
    Valente, S. M. (1986). Adolescent bereavement after suicide: A review. ED 292006.
    van der Kolk,B.A.&Fisler,R.E.(1994).Childhood abuse and neglect and loss of self-regulation. Bull Menninger Clinic ,58, 145-168.
    Wallston, B. S., Alagna, S. W., DeVellis, B. M., & DeVellis, R. F. (1983). Social support and physical health. Health Psychology, 2, 367-391.
    Walsh, B. W., & Rosen, P. M. (1988). Self-mutilation: Theory, research, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
    Ward, B. (1993). Good grief: Exploring feelings, loss and death with over elevens and adults. Bristol, PA and London: Jessica Kingsley.
    Ward, B.(1996). Good Grief: Exploring feelings, loss and death with under elevens(2nd ed.).London and Bristol, Pennsylvania. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
    Weenolsen, P. (1988). Transcendence of loss over the life span. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corportation
    Weiss, R. S. (1974). The provisions of social relationships. In, Doing unto others-Joining, modeling, conforming, helping, loving, (Rubin Z ed.), Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1st ed., 7-26.
    Wellman, B. (1981). Applying network analysis to the study of support. In: B.H. Gottlieb (Ed.), Social networks and social support (pp. 171-200). Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
    White, K., Victoria, E., Gibson, D.M., & Reynolds, C.A. (2004). Adolescents Who Self-Injure: Implications and Strategies for School Counselors. Professinal School Counseling,7(3),195-202.
    Wolfelt,A.D.(1990).Adolescent Mourning,a Naturally Complicated Experience Part Ⅱ.Bereavement Magazine,4(3):34-35.
    Worden, J. W. (1991). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy. New York: Springer Publishing Co, Inc.
    Worden, J. W.,(1995). Grief counseling and grief therapy. Springer.
    Zila, L.M. & Kiselica, M.S.(2001).Understanding and counseling self-mutilation in female adolescents and young adults. Joumal of Counseling &Development,79 ,46-53.
    Zimet, D. G., Powell, S. S., Farley, K. G., Werkman, S. & Berkoff, A. K. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3), p610.
    Zinner, E. S., Ball, J. D., Stutts, M. L., & Mikulka, P.(1991). Modification and factor analysis of the grief experience inventory in non-death loss/bereavement situations. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 23(2), 143-151.
    Zuckerman, M.(1979). Sensation seeking: beyond the optimal level of arousal. NJ: Hiilsdale: Lawrence Er1baum Associates.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE